• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1381-1387
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• 1998

Laminated films were prepared by casting corn-zein and fatty acid mixed solutions onto ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ films, and the effect of various fatty acids with different concentrations on the film properties such as water vapor permeabilities (WVP), tensile strength (TS) and elongation was investigated. WVP of the film decreased as concentration of fatty acids increased, and the lowest WVP value $(0.497\;ng\;m/m^2\;s\;Pa)$ was achieved with laminated films containing 30% lauric acid/corn-zein. The TS of laminated edible film seemed to decrease as the concentration of fatty acids increased, and TS of the laminated film was the highest (36.21 MPa) when the film contained 10% oleic acid. Weight loss of the minced mackerels packaged with corn-zein/carrageenan film which did not contain fatty acid was 11.7%, but weight losses of the samples packaged with oleic acid and lauric acid were 6.97% and 0.81%, respectively, after 30 days storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. The laminated films had an effect on preventing oxidation of the minced mackerels during storage because of high oxygen barrier property of the film. All of the minced mackerels packaged with the laminated films greatly reduced the peroxide value (POV) compared with unpackaged minced mackerels during storage. Also, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of the minced mackerels packaged with the laminated films were lower than that of unpackaged minced mackerels during storage.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2007

Sprays containing chitosan, grain amino acids, or wood vinegar, were applied to vine leaves of the Campbell Early grape variety, and effects on the quality and storability of grapes were investigated. Weights of grape clusters and individual bemies did not differ significantly from the values seen when traditional agnicultural chemical treatment was used. The percentage of clusters over 300g in weight was, however, higher after spraying with chitosan, grain amino acids, or wood vinegar, than after agricultural chemical treatment, Grape moisture contents, levels of soluble solids, and reducing sugar concentrations, did not differ when the traditional treatment and the newer sparys were compared. Among minerals, the levels of potassium, iron and zinc measured in fresh grapes were increased by the clitosan, grain amino acids, and wood vinegar spray. After 8 weeks of MA storage, reducing sugar levels decreased, and titratable acidities increased, compared to levels measured at the beginning of storage. This was true regardless of the method of vine treatment the hardness of berries decreased slightly over 4-6 weeks of storage, and increased thereafter. The weight losses of grapes were relatively low(0.28-0.35%) on storage after any vine treatment tested. Grapes from vines sprayed with chitosan or grain amino acids showed a lower decay rate than did fruit from vines that had received a traditional agricultural chemical treatment. Sensory evaluation results indicated that the marketability of grapes from vines treated with traditional agricultural chemicals was better than that of grapes from vines sprayed with chitosan, grain amino acids, or wood vinegar.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.61-77
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• 2019

If a new utility tunnel is planned for high density existing urban areas in Korea, a rational decision-making process such as the determination of optimum design capacity by using the feasibility evaluation system based on quantitative evaluation indexes and the economic evaluation is needed. Thus, the previous study presented the important weight of individual higher-level indexes (3 items) and sub-indexes (16 items) through a hierarchy analysis (AHP) for quantitative evaluation index items, considering the characteristics of each urban type. In addition, an economic evaluation method was proposed considering 10 benefit items and 8 cost items by adding 3 new items, including the effects of traffic accidents, noise reduction and socio-economic losses, to the existing items for the benefit cost analysis suitable for urban utility tunnels. This study presented a quantitative feasibility evaluation method using the important weight of 16 sub-index items such as the road management sector, public facilities sector and urban environment sector. Afterwards, the results of quantitative feasibility and economic evaluation were compared and analyzed in 123 main road sections of the Seoul. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation method was proposed by the combination of the two evaluation results. The design capacity optimization program, which will be developed by programming the logic of the quantitative feasibility and economic evaluation system presented in this study, will be utilized in the planning and design phases of urban community zones and will ultimately contribute to the vitalization of urban utility tunnels.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 1971

The measures of contour-terracing with sod has been executed as a major measures for hillside erosion control works for a long time in Korea. It is, however, recognized that pair terracings make a new slope-face having the more steeper degree of slope between the upper and the lower terraces on hillsides and it also does not contribute for establishing the natural vegetation-cover by penetration of pioneer seeds on the slope faces or cut-faces of hillsides. The study was therefore conducted in connection with the above problems on the cut-face having slope of $40^{\circ}$ and 1.6 meter in slope length with clay soils. Plot allocation for the experiment consists of 3 kinds of 3 replica plots having each $1.6m^2$ of slope area, i. e., the control plot with direct seeding on slopes only ($T_1$), the covering plot with the straw-mats after seeding on slopes ($T_2$) and the seeding plot after covering with the straw-mats. ($T_3$). The main results obtained may be summarized as follows : 1. Effects of the straw-mat mulchings on surface soil loss control:-The total amount of soil losses from each treatments are measured as 4,651 gr from $T_1$, 163 gr. from $T_2$ and 2,891 gr. from $T_3$ treatment respectively. (Refer to table No. 2, 3 and 4). In short, it is recognized that effect of $T_2$ treatment is compared as 28.5 times than that of $T_1$ treatment and 17.7 times than that of $T_3$ treatment respectively. Effect of $T_3$ treatment compared with $T_1$ treatment is also such recognizable as 1.6 times in control of surface soil losses on a slope face. 2. Effect of the straw-mat mulchings on soil moisture content on slopes; -Average per cent of surface soil moisture content by treatments show as 21.60 at the $T_1$, 23.04 at the $T_2$ and 22.21 at the $T_3$ treatment respectively and that of subsurface soil moisture content by treatment show as 23.81 at the $T_1$, 26.16 at the $T_2$ and 24.81 at the $T_3$ treatment respectively. The variance of soil moisture content by treatments was highly significant (Refer table No. 7, 8 and 9). 3. Effect of the straw-mat mulchings on vegetation establishment;-Average numbers of germination by treatments are counted as 237 Nos. at the $T_1$, 246 Nos. at the $T_2$ and 262 Nos. at the $T_3$ treatment plots and the vegetation coverage on ground was almost same as about 90% of covers in all treatments. This effect is more or less lower than that of surface soil erosion control. 4. Regarding the effect on surface soil erosion control, the straw-mat mulchings would be effective as a new measures for control of soil erosion on erosion susceptible lands such slope-faced bare-lands as cut-fill faces, mass-movement faces and bare hillsides.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2010

This study was conducted to compare the chemical composition, dry matter digestibility (DMD), dry matter intake, and utilization of nitrogen and energy of dairy goats (Saanen), when fed on imported timothy hay (IT), mixture grass hay (MG) and native grass hay (NG), respectively. The experimental trials were conducted from April, 2008 to December, 2008 at the environmental controlled barn of Chungnam National University. Twelve dairy goats (Saanen) were selected which had nearly the same body weight (24.2kg, male). The content of crude protein (CP) of MG hay was higher than that of other diets (p<0.05), but the contents of NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin of IT and NG diet were higher than those of MG diet (p<0.05). The voluntary DM intake of dairy goats fed with herbage from MG diet (30.7/$BW_{kg}$/day) was higher than that of other diets, but no significant difference was observed between that of IT diet and NG diet (p>0.05). The DMD of MG diet (69.8%) was higher than that of NG diet (62.2%) and IT diet (60.8%) (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between that of IT diet and NG diet (p>0.05). In nitrogen utilization, the apparently digested N %, retained % and biological value of dairy goats fed with herbage from MG diet were higher and TG diet was lower (p<0.05). In energy utilization, digestible energy and the energy of apparently digested minus urinary losses of MG diet were higher than those of IT diet and NG diet (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found between IT diet and NG diet (p>0.05). Based on the results, the dry matter intake, DMD and utilization of nitrogen and energy of dairy goats of MG were higher than those of IT diet and NG diet (p<0.05), the DMD and biological value (%) of NG diet was higher than that of IT diet (p<0.05).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1980

Threshing operation may be one of the most important processes in the paddy post-production system as far as the grain loss and labor requirement are concerned . head-feeding type threshers commercially available now in Korea originally were developed for threshing dry paddy in the range of 15 to 17 % in wet basis. However, threshing wet-paddy with the grain moisture content above 20 % has been strongly recommended, especially for new high-yielding Indica -type varieties ; (1) to reduce high grain loss incurred due to the handling operations, and (2) to prevent the quantitative and qualitative loss of milled -rice when unthreshed grains are rewetted due to the rainfall. The objective of this study were to investigate the adaptability of both a head-feeding type thresher and a throw-in type thresher to wet-paddy , and to find out the possiblilities of improving the components of these threshers threshing. Four varieties, Suweon 264 and Milyang 24 as Tongil sister line varieties, minehikari and Jinhueng as Japonica-type varieties, were used at the different levels of the moisture content of grains. Both the feed rate and the cylinder speed were varied for each material and each machine. The thresher output quality , composition of tailing return, and separating loss were analyzed from the sampels taken at each treatment. A separate experiment for measurement opf the power requirement of the head-feeding type thresher was also performed. The results are summarized as follows : 1. There was a difference in the thresher output quality between rice varieties. In case of wet-paddy threshing at 550 rpm , grains with branchlet and torn heads for the Suweon 264 were 12 % and 7 % of the total output in weight, respectively, and for the Minehikari 4.5 % and 2 % respectively. In case of dry paddy threshing , those for the Suweon 264 were 8 % and 5% , and for the Minehikari 4% and 1% respectively. However, those for the Milyang 23 , which is highly susceptable to shattering, were much lower with 1 % and 0.5% respectively, regardless of the moisture content of the paddy. Therefore, it is desirable to breed rice varieties of the same physical properties as well as to improve a thresher adaptable to all the varieties. Torn heads, which increased with the moisture content of rall the varieties except the Milyang 23 , decreased as the cylinder speed increased, but grains with branchlet didnt decrease. The damaged kernels increased with the cylinder speed. 3. The thresher output quality was not affected much by the feed rate. But grains with branchlet and torn heads increased slightly with the feed rate for the head-feeding type thresher since higher resistance lowered at the cylinder speed. 4. In order to reduce grains with branchlet and torn heads in wet-paddy threshing , it is desirable to improve the head-feeding type thresher by developing a new type of cylinder which to not give excess impact on kernels or a concave which has differenct sizes of holes at different locations along the cylinder. 5. For the head-feeding type thresher, there was a difference in separating loss between the varieties. At the cylinder speed of 600 rpm the separating losses for the Minehikari and the Suweon 264 were 1.2% and 0.6% respectively. The separating loss of the head-feeding type thresher was not affected by the moisture content of paddy while that of the Mini-aged thresher increased with the moisture content. 6. From the analysis of the tailings return , to appeared that the tailings return mechanism didn't function properly because lots of single grains and rubbishes were unnecessarily returned. 7. Adding a vibrating sieve to the head-feeding type thresher could increase the efficiency of separation. Consequently , the tailing return mechanism would function properly since unnecessary return could be educed greatly. 8. The power required for the head-feeding type thresher was not affected by the moisture content of paddy, but the average power increased linearly with the feed rate. The power also increased with the cylinder speed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1971

Nutritional anemia is an important nutritional problem affecting large population groups in most developing countries. Nutritional anemia is caused by the absence of any dietary essential involed in hemoglobin formation or by poor absorption of these dietary components. The most likely causes are lack of dietary iron, and folate, vitamin $B_{12}$ and high qualify protein. Anemia is considered to be a late mainfeastation of nutritional deficiencies, and even mild anemia is not the earilest sign of such a deficiency. Therefore, the object of therapy is to correct underlying deficiency rather than merely its manifestation. Iron deficiency anemia is generally much the most common form of anemia. And it is very prevalent particularly in pregnant women and young children, especially under five year of life. According to the rapid growth rate of infants, dietary iron should he provided for infants over three months of age in adequate amounts for the synthesis of hemoglobin required by the increasing blood volume and for the demands of newly formed cells. The principal causes of iron deficiency anemia are an inadequate dietary iron content, interference with absorption of iron from the intestine, excessive losses of iron from the body, disturbance of iron metabolism by infection, and social and cultural environments. The present study is planned to obtain informations concerning nutritional anemia through anthropometric and biochemical determinations for the assessment of nutriture in pre-school children. Determination was taken in 226 pre-school children in ruraI arae in 1968, 122 pre-school children in 1970, and 1526 hospitalized pre-school children in 1970. The results of this study are as follows; (1) According to Iowa Malnutrition Borderline (85 percentile) for weight, the proportions of underweighed pre-school boys and girls in rural area were 47.2% and 46.2% in1968, and were 36.1% and 51.8% in 1970. According to Iowa Malnutrition Borderline for height, the proportions of underheight boys and girls in rural area were 30.5% and 33.7%, and were 26.2% and 21.8% in 1970. Malnutrition scores of underweight for height values of boys and girls in rural area were 19.3 and 17.3 in 1968, and the scores of boys and girls were 15.6 and 15.5 in 1970. (2) The mean hemoglobin values of boys and girls in rural area were $11.2{\pm}1.8g/100ml\;and\;11.4{\pm}1.6g/100ml$ in 1968. In 1970, the mean values of boys and girls in rural area were $11.3{\pm}1.3g/100ml\;and\;11.7{\pm}2.4g/100ml$. The mean hemoglobin values of hospitalized boys and girls were $11.9{\pm}2.2g/100ml\;and\;11.7{\pm}2.4g/100ml$ in 1970. It is found that 92 of 215 children (42.7%) in rural area had concentrations of hemoglobin less than 11.0g/100ml in 1968. In 1970, 55 of 121 children (45.4%) in rural area and 559 of 1526 hospitalized children (36.6%) had concentrations of hemoglobin less than 11.0g/100ml. (3) The mean hematocrit levels of hospitalized boys and girls were $35{\pm}26.8%\;and\;35.4{\pm}6.4%$ in 1970. And 443 of 1334 hospitalized children (33.2%) had hematocrit values below 33%. (4) The average mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration levels of hospitalized boys and girls were $32.4{\pm}2.2\;and\;32.3{\pm}2.2$ in 1970. And 1016 of 1352 hospitalized children (75.1%) had the mean corpuscular hemoglobin values below 34. (5) The mean iron values of young children in rural area and hospitalized children were $62.0{\pm}6.3{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;60.7{\pm}22.8{\mu}g/100ml$. The proportions of anemia cases below $50{\mu}g/100ml$ in rural area was 37.9%, and 34.3% in hospitalized children. (6) The mean total iron binding capacity of young children in rural area was $376{\pm}57.88{\mu}g/100ml,\;and\;342.2{\pm}6.15{\mu}g/100ml$ in hospitalized children. (7) The average transferrin saturation percentage of young children in rural area was $16.9{\pm}4.7%,\;and\;18.0{\pm}8.4%$ in hospitalized children. The proportions of anemia cases below 15% of young chi1dren in rural area and hospitalized children were 48.3% and 41.2%. Therefore, authors wish to recommend that the following further studies should be undertaken: (1) Standardization of simplied laboratory examination of nutritional anemia. (2) The prevalence of nutritional anemia and the requirements of iron, folate, and vitamin $B_{12}$ of pre-school children. (3) The content and absorption of iron in Korean food. (4) The pathogenesis of nutritional anemia and prevention of parasitic disease. (5) Maternal health and nutrition education.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 2017

This study was aimed at evaluating the additivity of crude protein digestibility in mixed diets of corn and soybean meal (SBM), and comparing direct and indirect methods for evaluating crude protein (CP) digestibility. Totally, five hundred and twenty-five 18-day-old broiler chickens were grouped into 7 blocks based on body weight, and randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups in a randomized complete block design. The basal diet, diet 3, was corn-SBM-based, containing 65% corn and 28% SBM. Diets 1 and 5 contained corn and SBM, respectively, as the sole CP source. To use the difference method, 2 diets, diets 2 and 4, were prepared by mixing corn and SBM at the expense of the basal diet, respectively. Diet 2 contained 79% corn and 14% SBM, and diet 4 contained 32.5% corn and 34% SBM. To evaluate the additivity of digestibility values, the difference between measured values for the mixed diets (diets 2, 3, and 4) and predicted values calculated using the measured values for diets 1 and 5 was examined. The apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of CP in SBM differed between the direct and indirect methods; however, corresponding digestibility did not differ for corn. Additionally, the predicted and measured digestibility of both AID and SID differed in diets 2 and 3, implying that the digestibility values obtained from diets 1 and 5 were not additive for mixed diets. In conclusion, this study showed that digestibility evaluated by direct and indirect methods depends on the ingredients having different CP concentrations, and this finding may be considered to improve the accuracy of feed formulation for broiler chickens.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.202-209
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of low temperature shipping condition and precooling treatments (forced air and room cooling) on everbearing strawberry through export simulation of 'Goha' and 'Flamenco' cultivars. After harvest, it took two days to prepare export procedure such as precooling, sorting, storage, transportation, quarantine and handling, and then everbearing strawberry was carried out shipping at room ($20-25^{\circ}C$) or low ($8^{\circ}C$) temperature conditions. In the case of shipping at room temperature, weight losses of both cultivars were increased up to 10% after 2 days where 'Goha' being 2% higher than that of ' Flamenco'. In 'Flamenco' cultivar, shipping temperature and precooling treatment were not effective in firmness and soluble solids contents during transporting periods. However, in 'Goha' cultivar, room cooling treatment and low shipping temperature were effective in maintaining firmness until 4 days after shipping. Especially titratable acidity was affected by shipping temperature ($P{\leq}0.001$) and precooling treatments ($P{\leq}0.05$) in 'Goha' cultivar. Also shipping temperature under $8^{\circ}C$ delayed coloring and decay incidence of both strawberry cultivars, and precooling treatments of both forced air and room cooling reduced frequency of decay. The shelf life of everbearing strawberry at low shipping temperature was extended more than 4 days compared with shipping at room temperature. Precooling treatment including forced air or room cooling will be useful for the two cultivars when they are transported at low temperature. In 'Flamenco' cultivar, the effect of forced air and room cooling was similar, whereas in 'Goha' room cooling was more effective.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.251-262
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• 2014

Inorganic binders were studied in order to apply a conservation material for stone monument. A pure inorganic binder and 3 species of inorganic binder which contain additives on the basis of a pure inorganic binder were selected as test samples. Through the application of inorganic binders on Geochang granite investigate their influences on stone. pH 4.0 and 5.6 acid solution, respectively were manufactured on the basis of the acidity of domestic rainfall. Alkaline water with pH 8.0 and deionized water with pH 6.85 were prepared as control group. Changes in weights of inorganic binders were not definite according to the acidity of water while weight losses in inorganic binder type were greater after reaction with the water. The compressive strengths of pure inorganic binder was largest before the test but its decrease rate were larger after reaction with the water. Water absorption rate of inorganic binders are 6.72 to $12.44kg/m^2{\cdot}t^{1/2}$ after reaction with the water. Such high absorption was considered that it forced water to move deep into inorganic binder and made the components of inorganic binder dissolve. Acidities of the water of pH 4.0, 5.6, 6.85 and 8.0, respectively were changed to pH 9.0-10.0 after reaction with the inorganic binders. Ion concentrations in the water changed after reaction with the inorganic binders and $Mg^{2+}$, and $K^+$ significantly increased, dissolved from the binder. The high concentration of ions detected showed that the binder reacted with water and formed white salts with high solubility such as $MgSO_4{\cdot}nH_2O$, $KNO_3$. Ion concentrations significantly decreased from the binder after treatment with consolidant and water repellent.