• 한국철학논집
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• 제42호
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• pp.233-258
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• 2014

이 글은 호굉의 사유 중 본성[성(性)] 개념에 대해서 고찰하였다. 본성을 최우선으로 하는 호굉의 철학적 구도는 성본론(性本論)으로 지칭되며, 그가 제시한 본성 개념의 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 호굉은 본성이 전체 세계의 근본이면서 구체적인 개별 사물과 관련된다고 봄으로써 본체론 측면에서 본성 개념을 구성하였다. 즉 본성은 전체 세계의 근본인 체(體)이면서 개별 사물들의 고유성으로 실현된다는 것이다. 또한 호굉은 본체론적 측면의 본성이 마음, 감정, 욕구 등 다양한 심성적 측면으로 전개된다고 보았다. 둘째, 호굉은 미발을 본성으로, 이발을 마음으로 규정하여 본성과 마음의 이상적인 관계를 '성체심용(性體心用)' 구도로 보았다. 그는 미발의 본성의 차원에서는 성인과 일반 사람들의 상태가 같지만 이발의 차원에서는 마음의 역량에 따라 차이가 생긴다고 보았다. 오직 성인만 마음이 적연부동하여 현실에서 그 관계를 실현한다는 것이다. 그래서 호굉은 일반 사람들이 그 관계를 실현하기 위해 본성의 온전한 실현인 인(仁)이라는 마음의 현상을 따르도록 함으로써, 마음에 본성을 완성한다는 수양의 가능성을 제시하였다. 셋째, 호굉은 본체론적 측면에서 본성 개념을 사유하면서 기존 관념과 달리 본성의 의미를 파악하였다. 그는 성선(性善)을 극도의 찬미를 나타내는 감탄사로 읽는데, 이는 본성이 선악의 상대적 개념을 초월해 있으며 전체 세계를 긍정하는 의미를 지니기 때문이다. 또한 호굉에 따르면, 본성은 호오(好惡)의 지향성을 함축하고 있으며 사물들은 이를 통해 자기와 다른 대상과의 관계를 형성한다. 그리고 이때 윤리적 가치 판단의 선악 개념이 발생한다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2005년도 학술발표회(1)
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• pp.815-816
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• 2005

• 한국자기학회:학술대회 개요집
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• 한국자기학회 2008년도 Asian Magnetics Conference
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• pp.114.2-114.2
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• 2008

• 동양고전연구
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• 제48호
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• pp.225-252
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• 2012

본 논문은 주자(朱子)의 중화설(中和說)의 변천과정을 살펴보고 후대의 평가에 대해서 살펴본 것이다. 주자(朱子)는 중화구설(中和舊說)의 단계에서 도남학파(道南學派)로 내려오는 이동(李?)의 학설을 무시하고, 장식(張?)을 만나 호상학파(湖湘學派)의 '선찰식후함양(先察識後涵養)'을 따르게 된다. 그는 이동(李?)으로부터 수양법(修養法)을 배웠지만 장식(張?)과 만나 토론하면서 호상학파(湖湘學派)의 '선찰식후함양(先察識後涵養)'의 방법론(方法論)에 매료되게 된다. 이는 미발(未發)은 없고 모든 것이 발(發)한 이발(已發)의 때만을 인정하는 것이었다. 중화신설(中和新說)의 단계에서는 중화구설(中和舊說) 때의 잘못을 깨닫고 다시 미발(未發)의 때를 중시하게 된다. 심(心) 성(性) 정(情)의 관계도 심통성정(心統性情)이라는 것으로 적립하게 된다. 또한 호굉(胡宏)의 '선찰식후함양(先察識後涵養)'으로부터 벗어나 '경(敬)'의 수양법(修養法)을 내세운다. 이러한 수양(修養) 방법은 호상학파(湖湘學派)의 이발(已發)위주의 수양법(修養法)에서 도남학파(道南學派)의 미발(未發)위주의 수양법(修養法)으로 바뀐 것을 의미한다. 이렇듯 완벽해 보이는 주자(朱子)의 중화설(中和說)은 조선(朝鮮)에 들어와서 16세기 율곡(栗谷)과 우계(牛溪)의 논쟁을 통해, 17세기 우암(尤庵)과 우헌(寓軒)의 논쟁을 통해, 18세기 남당(南塘)과 외암(巍巖)의 호락논쟁(湖洛論爭)을 통해 다시 논의된다. 주자(朱子)의 중화설(中和說)은 미비점을 가지고 있었기 때문에 위와 같은 논쟁을 겪게 된 것이다. 이러한 논쟁은 주자(朱子)의 중화설(中和說)이 미비점을 안고 있기 때문에 벌어진 논쟁이다.

• 한국자기학회:학술대회 개요집
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• 한국자기학회 2008년도 Asian Magnetics Conference
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• pp.19-19
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• 2008

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2021

To improve the fermentation quality of silage and reduce the nutrients loss of raw materials during the ensiling process, silage additives are widely used. The effect of additives on silage is also affected by the species of crop. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the effects of formic acid (FA) and lactic acid bacterial inoculant on the quality of main summer crop silage. The experiment was consisted on split-plot design with three replications. The experiment used the main summer forage crops of proso millet ("Geumsilchal"), silage corn ("Gwangpyeongok"), and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid ("Turbo-gold"). Treatments included silage with Lactic acid bacterial Inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum [LP], 1.0 × 106 CFU/g fresh matter), with FA (98%, 5 mL/kg), and a control (C, without additive). All silages were stored for 60 days after preparation. All additives significantly increased the crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the silages and also reduced the content of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and pH. Corn had the highest content of IVDMD, total digestible nutrients and relative feed value among silages. Compared with the control, irrespective of whether FA or LP was added, the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of three crops was largely preserved and the WSC content in the proso millet treated with FA was the highest. The treatment of LP significantly increased the lactic acid content of the all silage, while the use of FA significantly increased the content of acetic acid (p < 0.05). The highest count of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was detected in the LP treatment of corn. In all FA treatment groups, the total microorganism and mold numbers were significantly lower than those of the control and LP groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both additives improved the fermentation quality and nutritional composition of the main summer forage crops. The application of FA effectively inhibited the fermentation of the three crops, whereas LAB promoted fermentation. So, both FA and LP can improve the quality of various species of silage.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.2199-2206
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• 2012

Background: Our objective was to evaluate the MTHFR C677T-A1298C polymorphisms in patients with breast cancer and in individuals with no history of cancer, to compare the levels of genetic damage and apoptosis under folic acid (FA) deficiency between patients and controls, and to assess associations with breast cancer. Methods: Genetic damage was marked by micronucleated binucleated cells (MNBN) and apoptosis was estimated by cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN). PCR-RFLP molecular analysis was carried out. Results: The results showed significant associations between the MTHFR 677TT or the combined MTHFR C677T-A1298C and breast cancer risk (OR = 2.51, CI = 0.85 to 7.37, p = 0.08; OR = 4.11, CI = 0.78 to 21.8, p < 0.001). The MNBN from the combined MTHFR C677T-A1298C was higher and the apoptosis was lower than that of the single variants (p < 0.05). At 15 to 60 nmol/L FA, the MNBN in cases with the TTAC genotype was higher than controls (p < 0.05), whereas no significant difference in apoptosis was found between the cases and controls after excluding the genetic background. Conclusions: Associations between the combined MTHFR C677T-A1298C polymorphism and breast cancer are possible from this study. A dose of 120 nmol/L FA could enhance apoptosis in cases with MTHFR C677T-A1298C. Breast cancer individuals with the TTAC genotype may be more sensitive to the genotoxic effects of FA deficiency than controls.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.11-23
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• 2022

Conventional concrete needs some improvement in the mechanical properties, which can be obtained by different admixtures. However, making concrete samples costume always time and money. In this paper, different types of hybrid algorithms are applied to develop predictive models for forecasting compressive strength (CS) of concretes containing metakaolin (MK) and fly ash (FA). In this regard, three different algorithms have been used, namely multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF), and support vector machine (SVR), to predict CS of concretes by considering most influencers input variables. These algorithms integrated with the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm to increase the model's accuracy in predicting (GWMLP, GWRBF, and GWSVR). The proposed MLP models were implemented and evaluated in three different layers, wherein each layer, GWO, fitted the best neuron number of the hidden layer. Correspondingly, the key parameters of the SVR model are identified using the GWO method. Also, the optimization algorithm determines the hidden neurons' number and the spread value to set the RBF structure. The results show that the developed models all provide accurate predictions of the CS of concrete incorporating MK and FA with R² larger than 0.9972 and 0.9976 in the learning and testing stage, respectively. Regarding GWMLP models, the GWMLP1 model outperforms other GWMLP networks. All in all, GWSVR has the worst performance with the lowest indices, while the highest score belongs to GWRBF.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2022

Cables are critical components of cable-stayed bridges. A structural health monitoring system provides real-time cable tension recording for cable health monitoring. However, the measurement data involve multiple sources of variability, i.e., varying environmental and operational factors, which increase the complexity of cable condition monitoring. In this study, a one-class classification method is developed for cable condition assessment using Bayesian factor analysis (FA). The single-peaked vehicle-induced cable tension is assumed to be relevant to vehicle positions and weights. The Bayesian FA is adopted to establish the correlation model between cable tensions and vehicles. Vehicle weights are assumed to be latent variables and the influences of different transverse positions are quantified by coefficient parameters. The Bayesian theorem is employed to estimate the parameters and variables automatically, and the damage index is defined on the basis of the well-trained model. The proposed method is applied to one cable-stayed bridge for cable damage detection. Significant deviations of the damage indices of Cable SJS11 were observed, indicating a damaged condition in 2011. This study develops a novel method to evaluate the health condition of individual cable using the FA in the Bayesian framework. Only vehicle-induced cable tensions are used and there is no need to monitor the vehicles. The entire process, including the data pre-processing, model training and damage index calculation of one cable, takes only 35 s, which is highly efficient.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.759-769
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• 2021

Objective: To evaluate the application of laplacian-regularized mean apparent propagator (MAPL)-MRI to brain glioma-induced corticospinal tract (CST) injury. Materials and Methods: This study included 20 patients with glioma adjacent to the CST pathway who had undergone structural and diffusion MRI. The entire CSTs of the affected and healthy sides were reconstructed, and the peritumoral CSTs were manually segmented. The morphological characteristics of the CST (track number, average length, volume, displacement of the affected CST) were examined and the diffusion parameter values, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), mean squared displacement (MSD), q-space inverse variance (QIV), return-to-origin probability (RTOP), return-to-axis probabilities (RTAP), and return-to-plane probabilities (RTPP) along the entire and peritumoral CSTs, were calculated. The entire and peritumoral CST characteristics of the affected and healthy sides as well as those relative CST characteristics of the patients with motor weakness and normal motor function were compared. Results: The track number, volume, MD, RD, MSD, QIV, RTAP, RTOP, and RTPP of the entire and peritumoral CSTs changed significantly for the affected side, whereas the AD and FA changed significantly only in the peritumoral CST (p < 0.05). In patients with motor weakness, the relative MSD of the entire CST, QIV of the entire and peritumoral CSTs, and the AD, MD, RD of the peritumoral CST were significantly higher, whereas the RTPP of the entire and peritumoral CSTs and the RTOP of the peritumoral CST were significantly lower than those in patients with normal motor function (p < 0.05 for all). In contrast, no significant changes were found in the CST morphological characteristics, FA, or RTAP (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusion: MAPL-MRI is an effective approach for evaluating microstructural changes after CST injury. Its sensitivity may improve when using the peritumoral CST features.