• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.674-682
• /
• 2014

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of fat-soluble vitamin administration to sows or newborn pigs on plasma vitamin status. In Exp. 1 and 2, a total of 24 and 43 newborn pigs were allotted to control and vitamin treatments (vitamin $D_3$ with variable addition of vitamins A and E) orally or by i.m. injection. In Exp. 3, pigs from Exp. 2 were allotted to 2 treatments (${\alpha}$vitamins $D_3$ and E in drinking water) for 14 d postweaning. In Exp. 4, twenty-four gestating sows were used for 2 treatments (${\pm}injection$ of a vitamin $D_3$/A/E product 2 wk prepartum). In Exp. 1 and 2, when vitamin $D_3$ was administrated orally or by i.m. injection on d 1 of age, pigs had increased plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH $D_3$) concentration 10 d after administration compared with control pigs (p<0.05). The injectable administration with vitamin $D_3$ and E was able to achieve higher plasma 25-OH $D_3$ (p<0.05) and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (p<0.05) concentrations than oral administration. At weaning, the pigs in the injection group had higher plasma 25-OH $D_3$ concentration than those in the other groups in both studies (p<0.05). In Exp. 3, water supplementation of vitamin $D_3$ and E postweaning increased plasma 25-OH $D_3$ and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentrations at d 14 postweaning (p<0.01). In Exp. 4, when sows were injected with the vitamin $D_3$ product prepartum, serum 25-OH $D_3$ concentrations of sows at farrowing (p<0.01), and in their progeny at birth (p<0.01) and weaning (p<0.05) were increased. These results demonstrated that fat-soluble vitamin administration to newborn pigs increased plasma 25-OH $D_3$ concentration regardless of administration routes and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration by the injectable route, and that water supplementation of vitamin $D_3$ and E to nursery pigs increased plasma 25-OH $D_3$ and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentrations. Additionally, injecting sows with vitamin $D_3$ prepartum increased 25-OH $D_3$ in sows and their offspring. If continued research demonstrates that the serum levels of 25-OH $D_3$ are critical in weanling pigs, a variety of means to increase those levels are available to swine producers.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.525-530
• /
• 2017

Weaning is the most stressful event for nursery pigs because they are moved from familiar to unfamiliar environments. In addition, weaned pigs have immature digestive and immune systems. This situation makes weaned pigs susceptible to diseases and makes the absorption of nutrients from diets difficult. A feed approach, such as dietary enzyme supplementation, can be considered a solution. This study investigated the effects of dietary enzyme cocktail on diarrhea and immune responses of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.05% enzyme cocktail (Cocktail; combination of xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Incidence of diarrhea, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC) count, and immunoglobulin content were measured. A significantly lower incidence of diarrhea (p < 0.05) was observed in the Cocktail group as compared with the CON group. The Cocktail group also showed a decreased PCV (p < 0.1) on d 3 after weaning than the CON group. However, no differences were observed for number of WBC and contents of immunoglobulin G, M, and A between the Cocktail and CON groups. Consequently, inclusion of an enzyme cocktail in diets for weaned pigs had a positive influence on gut health by reducing the incidence of diarrhea in the present study.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.353-358
• /
• 1999

New emerging post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) threatening swine industry worldwide and investigation of the etiological agent is underway. The porcine circovirus (PCV) consistently identified from PMWS pigs and research result indicate that there is strong relationship between PCV and PMWS. Fauns with PMWS submitted pigs suffered from various PMWS typical signs and necropsy finding showed lymph node anomalies. The PCV DNA was amplified from inguinal lymph node collected from pigs with PMWS. PCV specific primers were successfully amplified PCV DNAs and were able to differentiate PCV type I and II. We have identified noble PCV virus with genetic variation. The virus showed insertion of the nucleic acid at the 5' of the genome but did not have PCR product with primer set corresponding to PCV type II virus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.74-81
• /
• 2010

The effects of different levels of natural clay enterosorbent on the growth, nutrient availability, and genital organs of post-weaning female pigs fed with an addition of zearalenone (ZEA) were investigated in the study. A total of thirty-five post-weaning gilts ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$) with an average body weight of 12.36${\pm}$1.46 kg were used in the test. The gilts were raised individually in metabolism cages and fed a corn-soybean meal-whey basal diet with an addition of 0 or 1 mg/kg of ZEA for 24 d with four levels of natural clay enterosorbent added in the feed. The treatments were: i) control; ii) control+2.5 g/kg clay; iii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA; iv) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+1.25 g/kg clay; v) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+2.5 g/kg clay; vi) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+5.0 g/kg clay; vii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA +10 g/kg clay. Pigs fed diets contaminated with additional purified ZEA had significantly reduced apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and apparent metabolic rate of GE (ME/GE, p<0.05) without changes of net protein utilization (NPU, p>0.05). Final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), vulva length, vulva width, vulva area, relative weights of genital organ and proliferative changes of the ovary tissues in gilts fed ZEA-contaminated diet were increased (p<0.05) compared to the gilts fed the control diet. Addition of natural clay enterosorbent in the ZEA-contaminated diet showed a positive protection effect on ZEA feeding, and the protection was increased linearly or quadratically as clay content increased. However, in pigs fed a diet with clay alone at 2.5 g/kg level there was no significant impact (p>0.05) on all the parameters as compared to the control. It is suggested that feeding ZEA at about 1.0 mg/kg for 24 days might result in a deleterious effect in pigs, and addition of 5 or 10 g clay enterosorbent per kg diet can effectively neutralize the detrimental effects of the ZEA feeding.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.62-65
• /
• 2010

Salmonellosis is one of the most important wasting diseases that leads to economic damage in the swine industry. Many risk factors have been reported to increase the spread of Salmonella infection; therefore, it is important to understand how to treat the risk factors of Salmonella to effectively prevent salmonellosis in commercial pig farms. To accomplish this, we conducted a study to determine if the seasons and porcine production stages affected the serological response to Salmonella in Korea. A total of 1,592 serum samples submitted to the School of Veterinary Medicine of Kangwon National University between Jan. 2001 and Dec. 2004 from commercial farms were tested by ELISA. The overall apparent seroprevalence of salmonellosis was 38.1% (95% CI, 38.0-38.2), while the prevalence of Salmonella according to seasons and production stages ranged from 17.9% to 62.8% for the former (24.6% in spring, 17.9% in summer, 38.5% in autumn, and 62.8% in winter) and from 16.1% to 68.3% for the latter (17.9% in suckling pigs, 16.1% in weaning pigs, 37.50% in growers, 41.9% in finishers, 48.0% in gilts, and 68.3% in sows). In this study of seroprevalence by production stage, most pigs were naturally infected by Salmonella during the weaning stage. Also, seroprevalences were found to have a seasonal pattern in which most pigs were infected in autumn to winter.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제62권4호
• /
• pp.460-467
• /
• 2020

The effects of arginine (Arg) and methionine (Met) supplementation on nutrient use in pigs were determined under hot season conditions. A total of five experimental diets including basal diet (CON) were supplemented with two types of amino acids (Arg and Met) and two different amounts of amino acids (0.2% and 0.4%). Under hot season condition, pigs fed with additional Arg were significantly higher in average daily gain (ADG) than the CON group and the ADG increased linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing Arg supplementation. But there was no significant difference with Met supplementation (p > 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids had no significant difference among treatments (p > 0.05), while d-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) concentration in treatments with Arg supplementation, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than other treatments. In conclusion, exposure of pigs to heat stress does not affect the AID of amino acid, whereas pig fed with additional Arg improved ADG and feed efficiency under heat stress condition.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.231-235
• /
• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the change of the body surface temperature during socialization of weaning pigs. A total of 108 piglets (Landrace 60 and Yorkshire 48) aged 31 (${\pm}1.1$) day was used for this study. Experiment was designed as follows; familiar group (T1), randomly mixed with unfamiliar piglets (T2), mixed based on weight of unfamiliar piglet (T3). The transport and mixing of pigs were performed at 10:00, and then body surface temperature was taken by thermo-graphic camera after 4 hours (14:00). Average surface temperature and hot-spot-temperature, which is the hottest spot of the body surface, were analyzed using Testo IRsoft 3.1 software. Average temperature of body surface were 36.0, 38.2, and 37.5 in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Average of body surface temperature in T2 and T3 were higher (p<0.001) than T1, and average temperature of body surface of T3 was greater (p<0.001) than that of T2. The hot-spot-temperature of T1, T2, and T3 were 38.7, 39.5, and 39.6, respectively. The hot-spot-temperature of T2 (p<0.01) and T3 (p<0.001) were significantly higher than that of T1. Above results demonstrate that grouping unfamiliar pigs leads to increase in the body temperature possibly by pigs aggressive behavior during social conflict. By the result on average body temperature, this study suggests that the mixing with similar body weight would increase the struggle time and frequency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권8호
• /
• pp.1075-1079
• /
• 2005

The main objective of this study is to examine genetic changes in growth rate and carcass composition traits in group housed, ad libitum fed pigs, from lines of Large White divergently selected over four years for high and low post-weaning daily gain on a fixed but restricted ration. Genetic parameters for production and carcass traits were also estimated by using average information-restricted maximum likelihood applied to a multivariate individual animal model. All analyses were carried out on 1,728 records of group housed ad libitum fed pigs, and include a full pedigree of 5,324 animals. Estimates of heritability (standard errors in parentheses) were 0.11 (0.04) for lifetime daily liveweight gain (LDG), 0.13 (0.04) for daily carcass weight gain (CDG) and 0.28 (0.06) for carcass backfat (CFT). Genetic correlations between LDG and CDG were highly positive and between LDG and CFT negative, suggesting that selection for lifetime daily gain under commercial conditions of group housing with ad libitum feeding would result in favourable improvement in carcass traits. CFT showed negative genetic correlations with CDG. Correlated genetic responses evaluated as estimated breeding values (EBVs) were obtained from a multivariate animal model-best linear unbiased prediction analysis. After four years of divergent selection for 6 week post-weaning growth rate on restricted feeding, pigs performance tested on ad libitum feeding in groups exhibited changes in EBVs of 6.77 and -9.93 (g/d) for LDG, 4.25 and -7.08 (g/d) for CDG, and -1.42 and 1.55 (mm) for CFT, in the high and low lines, respectively. It is concluded that selection for growth rate on restricted feeding would significantly improve genetic performance and carcass composition of their descendants when group housed and ad libitum fed as is a common commercial practice.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제50권6호
• /
• pp.819-830
• /
• 2008

본 시험은 쌀 가공품의 수준별 급여 시 유당 대체제로서의 가능성 여부를 자돈의 성장 능력과 설사빈도, 분내 대장균과 휘발성 지방산 조성 등을 통해 검증하였다. 5주간의 사양시험에서는 처리구간 체중, 일당증체량, 사료섭취량에서는 유의적인 차가 나타나지 않았지만 쌀 가공품을 유당을 대체하여 6%까지 첨가하였을 때 일당증체량과 일당사료 섭취량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 쌀 가공품의 첨가에 의한 설사빈도에 있어서는 L6 처리구의 설사 빈도가 낮게 나타났으나 처리구간 수치상 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 분 내 대장균 수 비교에서는 대조구에 비해 쌀 가공품의 첨가수준이 증가할수록 분 내 대장균의 수가 유의적으로 감소하는 것을 볼 수가 있었다(P<0.05). 분 내 미생물 대사산물인 휘발성 지방산 농도 비교에서는 L6 처리구가 대조구에 비해 acetate와 propionate, butyrate가 높은 수치를 보였으나 각 처리구간 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 본 시험을 통해 이유자돈 사료 내 유당 대체제로서 쌀 가공품의 첨가는 이유자돈의 성장능력을 향상시키는 경향을 나타났으며, 설사빈도 및 분변 내 대장균 수에 대해서도 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 경제성 분석을 통해 급등하는 유제품의 가격과 품질을 고려할 때 쌀 가공품의 6% 대체는 자돈사료비 절감을 통한 생산비 절감효과를 나타내고 있으므로 원료사료 수입에 따른 외화절약 및 양돈 농가의 경제적 이득을 증대시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 다만 유당을 쌀 가공품으로 대체 가능한 최대 적정 비율에 대한 추가적인 보완실험은 유익한 일이 될 것이라 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.352-360
• /
• 2014

이 연구의 목적은 이유자돈에 있어서 목장토에서 자체 분리 동정한 19종의 혼합 미생물 제제인 MR-1이 in vitro 실험(축 종별 병원성 미생물에 대한 항균효과 검정)과 in vivo 실험(성장, 혈액 생화학, 면역력 검정)에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 38일령 이유자돈 69두를 처리구 당 23두씩 나누어 대조구(basal diet; No-Antibiotics), 항생제구(Antibiotics), MR-1구(No-Antibiotics + MR-1)로 배치하여 45일 동안 급여시켰다. MR-1에 대한 축 종별 병원성 미생물에 대한 항균 효과 결과 E. coli K88와 S. Typhimurium균에서 약한 항균효과(+)를 나타내었으며, E. coli K99균에 대해서는 아주 강한 항균효과(++++)를 나타내었다. MR-1에 대한 일 당 증체량, 일 당 사료섭취량 및 사료요구율 결과는 MR-1의 사료 내 첨가에 의해 일 당 증체량은 증가 30 g 증가된 반면, 일 당 사료 섭취량은 감소하여 결과적으로 사료요구율이 대조구에 비해 유의하게 개선된 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 혈액 생화학적 분석의 결과는 WBC (백혈구)농도가 다른 처리구보다 높게 변화하였으며, MCH (평균 혈구 헤모글로빈 량) 농도 및 MCHC (평균 혈구 헤모글로빈 농도)는 각각 항생제구와 대조구보다 유의하게 높아졌다(p<0.05). 혈장 내 cytokine production의 농도 결과 MR-1의 사료 내 첨가에 의해 $TNF{\alpha}$의 경우 처리간 변화가 없었으나, $IFN{\gamma}$의 경우 항생제구에서 다른 처리구보다 유의하게 낮아진 반면, MR-1의 경우 대조구와 동일하게 유지된 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 이유자돈에 있어서 혼합 미생물 제제인 MR-1은 병원성 미생물에 대한 항균력이 있을 뿐 만 아니라 사료 내첨가 급여 시 생산성에서 효과가 유의하게 나타났으며, 항생제에 따른 바이러스 저항 인자인 $IFN{\gamma}$의 감소 없이 유지되는 것으로 나타나 이유자돈에 있어서 항생제 대체제로서 산업적으로 이용이 적합할 것으로 판단된다.