• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.183-196
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• 2010

아시아 주요 곡물 생산지의 경제 성장과 지표 이용 변화에 따른 인간 활동의 증가는 아시아 몬순의 경향을 변화 시켰다. 본 연구에서는 지표-해양 대비, 하층제트 기류(LLJ), 티벳 고층 및 상층 편동풍 제트 기류를 포함한 인도 여름 몬순의 중요한 구성 요소를 모사하여 지역기후 모형 (RegCM3)의 성능을 평가하였다. 3년(1994: 다우 해, 2002: 평균 해, 2002: 가뭄 해)의 비교 자료를 선택하여 RegCM3은 매년 4월 1일부터 10월 1일까지 60 km의 해상도로 적분하였다. 순환과 강수 모사 결과는 NCEP/NCAR 재해석 자료와 Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC)의 관측 자료로 검증하였다. RegCM3 모형 모사의 중요 결과는 다음과 같다. (a) LLJ 는 다소 강하였으며 아라비아해에서 다우 해에 두 개로 분할되었으나, 평균 및 가뭄 해에서는 분할되지 않았다. (b) 단일의 대형 고기압이 다우 해에 존재하였으나, 가뭄 해에는 약하고 두 개의 고기압대로 분할되었다. (c) 강수의 공간분포 모사는 대부분 인도 지역에서 GPCC의 관측 강수량과 유사하였다. (d) NIMBUS-7 SMMR 적설 자료를 이용한 민감도 실험에서 북동 및 남부 인도 반도 지역에서 주로 강수량의 감소가 나타났으며, 티벳 지역에서는 4월 적설량이 0.1m 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.226-239
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• 2006

Background : Medical records are documents in files which consist of all diagnostic studies and medical treatments patients had received while they were hospitalized or treated as outpatients. A doctor or medical team can use medical records as a data for diagnosis, treatment, and education. In traditional eastern asian medicine, medical reports have different forms and contents. The most important thing in medical reports of traditional eastern asian medicine was how to express practitioner's medical ideas. So it has a weak point, for example, it has poor information about patient and clinical process, which make some trouble to understand it. Methods and Results : We studied medical records in Gyojubuin-yangbang, a commentary book of Chen-zi-ming's Obstetrics and Gynecology textbook done by Xue-ji in Ming dynasty, China. This book consists of 10 parts; treatment of menstruation disorders and leukorrhea, general gynecology, treatment of infertility, education for fetus, diagnosis of fetus and gravida, treatment of general and obstetrical disease in gravida, care for delivery, postpartum care and treatment, and treatment of mass and inflammation. It has 546 medical records about women's disease that commonly believed as Xue-ji's case reports. They are all review articles and made during about 23 years from A.D 1523 to 1546. Most patients of Xue-ji's case reports were common people, this fact is different from that of case reports in Chen-zi-ming's Obstetrics and Gynecology textbook. Conclusion : Xue-ji was a very famous Ob&Gy doctor who was from Suzhou Jingsu province in China. He was born in A.D 1468, died in A.D 1588. He emphasize emotional factors in pathology and to tonify spleen and kidney. We think Xue-ji's medical records are good references for us to treat psychosomatic Ob&Gy disease and chronic women's disease.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.41-62
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• 1999

Recently the request of the patients to participate in the medical courses has been expanding due to elevated sense of right on the people's health. merchandised medical treatment by mass supply, human right declaration of the patients, generalized medical informations by the mass media and the change of human relation between the medical personnels and the patients. Under these phenomena the accident by the nurses have been increasing by the area of the nurses having been expanded and their independent roles having been increased. Such nursing accidents are the important subject which the professional occupation of the nurses has been facing but legal protective capability of the nurses has been very weak. Therefore this study has examined the degree of the experience of the nursing accident that happens in the clinical nursing scenes in the general hospital to provide the basic materials for the protection and the counter measures of the nursing accidents. The following is the conclusion based by the above examination. 1) The general characters of the subjects of this study is that they are mostly single in their twenties and graduate from nursing college. Their total clinical career is above 5 years$(44.8\%)$ and their current clinical parts' career is between 1-3 years$(40.1\%)$. So these facts suggest that most hospitals has taken the working rotation policy on nurses. 2) The level of nurses' knowledge on the nursing law is accurate partially but isn't it patially. So it is suggested that nurses need the accurate information and education about the nursing law. But the nurses' attitude is very approved of the establishment of a unilateral nursing law. 3) The relation between the demographic characters of the subjects and their attitudes on the nursing law shows that there is no significant differences except the relation between the attitude 6(the sufficient level of education on nursing law in formal education course) and age. total clinical career. 4) The perception of the nurses shows that the cause of the nursing accident has been due to the heavy work$(78.2\%)$. short of professional knowledge and skill$(60.2\%)$, discordance with Doctors. patients and patients' families. They report the accident to the head nurse first$(81.8\%)$ and within 30 minute$(75.1\%)$. The hour of nursing accident frequently happened is regardless of service hour with $49.4\%$ in response rate. the highest rate. and the nursing accident happens in the night more than the daytime. Even though most nurses think that they are themselves responsible for nursing accident. it is found that the chief cause of the nursing accident is due to the nurses' heavy work$(78.2\%)$. So the causes of nursing accidents is analysed. it may be suggested that the endeavor of hospital and nursing organizations to decrease nursing accidents is very important. 5) The coping patterns of patients with nursing accidents are mostly active attitude such as a violent words$(69\%)$. sue or accusation$(36.4\%)$, monetary compensation $(35.6\%)$ except a understanding cases$(38.7\%)$. But the coping patterns of hospitals with nursing accidents are mostly to investigate the accurate cause.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.565-575
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• 2014

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of weight of load and time on the physical workload of repetitive upper-limb tasks with handling light weight loads using EMG and perceived discomfort, and to investigate the relationship between EMG and perceived discomfort for those repetitive tasks of moving light weight loads. Background: Repetitive upper-limb motion is known as one of the main risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders, and a lot of repetitive tasks are carried out while handling light weight loads in the industry. In evaluating the workload of repetitive tasks handling light weight loads, EMG and perceived discomfort can be used, though their relationship in those work conditions are not much investigated. Method: A laboratory experiment with 18 healthy males were conducted to record EMG signals from 5 muscle sites of the right arm and shoulder and rate perceived discomforts for the body parts and the whole body while carrying out repetitive materials-handling tasks for 52min. The subjects were divided into 3 groups which handled the loads of 1kg, 2kg and 3kg, respectively. ANOVAs were conducted to analyze the effects of the weight and time on RMS of EMG amplitude (normalized RMS: NRMS), median frequency of power spectrum of EMG (normalized MDF: NMDF) and perceived discomfort. The correlations between NRMS and NMDF and perceived discomfort were also analyzed. Results: Statistically significant muscular fatigue effects were not found from NRMS and NMDF in most muscles, while there were significant increases of discomfort as the task time elapsed. It was shown that there were an increasing trend of the muscular activity as the weight of load increased and a decreasing trend of median frequency of EMG of upper and lower arms as time elapsed. It was found that there were significant negative correlations between NMDFs from the lower arm and discomfort ratings, though the relationships were weak. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the working conditions adopted in this study were not enough to induce muscular fatigue, while there was significant increase in perceived discomfort. A further study is necessary to integrate the objective and subjective measures for more reliable and sensitive evaluation of workload of repetitive tasks of handling light weight loads. Application: This study can be used as a basic study for the evaluation of workload of repetitive tasks handling light weight loads.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.400-409
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• 2000

흰쥐의 안면신경핵을 구성하는 신경세포들의 시냅스 연결 양태 및 세포막 특성을 규명하기 위해 in vivo 필드전위 및 세포 내 전위 측정법을 이용하여 전기생리적 반응을 관찰하였다. 말초 안면신경 분지를 역행성으로 전기자극시 자극세기에 비례하여 전위의 크기가 증가되었고 필드 전위의 양태는 두 가지 반응으로 나타났는데 전기자극 직후 1ms 부근에서 정점을 나타내는 양태와 이와 더불어 $7\sim8ms$ 부근에서 후기 정점을 동반하는 양태가 있었다. 안면신경핵은 염색시 내측, 배외측, 중간측 및 외측등 4부분의 소핵으로 구분되었다. Neurobiotin으로 채워진 단일 신경세포를 형태학적으로 재구축하였는데 세포체는 추체형태를 나타내었고 주 수상돌기는 모든 방향으로 뻗어져 있었고 각 수상돌기의 영역은 해당 소핵 내에 한정되어 있었다. 일련의 과분극 전류 $(-1.2\sim+1.2nA)$를 세포내에 가하였을 때 동반되는 세포내 전위변화를 입력저항 값으로 계산하였을 때 그 기울기가 직선형으로 나타났다. 탈분극 전류를 세포내 주입시 지속적인 활동성 전위가 나타났으며 전류의 크기에 비례하여 각 전위의 개수가 증가하였고 spike-빈도 적응 현상이 나타났다. 그러나 시간 의존성 내향성 정류현상은 관찰되지 않았고 anodal break excitation이 나타났다. 이상의 실험결과로 보아 안면신경핵을 구성하고 있는 세포들 사이의 시냅스는 다양한 형태로 존재할 가능성이 있다고 사료되며 이들 시냅스간의 변화를 통하여 안면 신경마비, 반쪽 안면 경련, hypoglossal-facial anastomosis등에서 나타날 수 있는 임상적 신경성 증상 기전을 설명할 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.474-485
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• 2014

한국 남동해역 간절곶 주변 연안 20개 정점에서 2011년 1월, 4월, 8월, 11월에 조사한 수온 및 염분의 구조와 시공간적 변동 특성을 살펴보았다. 수온은 4월이 가장 낮고, 8월에 가장 높았으며, 염분은 1, 4월이 높고, 회야강의 영향으로 8월에 가장 낮았다. 수온 염분은 1, 4월 해면냉각으로 전 수심이 균일하였고 8월 하천수 유출에 의한 성층과 저층냉수 출현, 11월 표, 저층간 연직혼합에 의한 수온 염분의 균일화 구조를 보였다. 간절곶 주변은 지형적 용승에 의한 난류혼합으로 연중 낮은 수온과 높은 염분을 나타냈다. 표층수온은 간절곶을 중심으로 1~2일의 시간차를 가지고 변하였다. 수온은 내부조석파와 해저마찰, 비선형 천해조석 및 하천수 영향으로 해역에 따라 1/4~1.4일의 다양한 탁월주기 변동을 나타냈다. 수온변동은 간절곶 주변이 수층 간 동시성이 가장 컸고 회야강 주변에서 가장 작았다. 동 해역을 수온 염분구조와 그 시공간적 변동특성으로 볼 때, 간절곶 남쪽, 간절곶, 간절곶 북쪽이 각기 특징적 형태를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2013

Hydrogen penetration into a metal leads to damages and mechanical degradations and its content measurement is of importance. For a precise measurement, a sample preparation procedure must be optimized through a series of studies on sample washing and drying. In this study, two-step washing with organic solvents and thermal soaking in inert gas were tried with a rod-shaped, API X65 steel sample. The samples were machined from a steel plate and then washed in acetone and etyl-alcohol for 5 minute each and dried with compressed air. After then, the samples were thermally soaked in a home-made nitrogen gas chamber during 10 minute at different heat gun temperatures from 100 to $400^{\circ}C$ and corresponding temperature range in the soaking chamber was from 77 to $266^{\circ}C$ according to the temperature calibration. Hydrogen residue in the samples was measured with a hot extraction system after each soaking step; hydrogen residue of $0.70{\pm}0.12$ wppm after the thermal soaking at $77^{\circ}C$ decayed with increase of the soaking temperature. By adopting the heat transfer model, decay behavior of the hydrogen residue was fitted into an exponential decay function of the soaking temperature. Saturated value or lower bound of the hydrogen residue was 0.36 wppm and chamber temperature required to lower the hydrogen residue about 95% of the lower bound was $360^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, a thermal desorption spectroscopy was done for the fully soaked samples at $360^{\circ}C$. Weak hydrogen peak was observed for whole temperature range and it means that hydrogen-related contaminants of the sample surface are steadily removed by heating. In addition, a broad peak found around $400^{\circ}C$ means that parts of the hydrogen residue are irreversibly trapped in the steel microstructure.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2017

조선소에서 사용되는 대형 셧오프 밸브의 개폐를 위한 용기의 경우, 저압의 고정식 대형 공기탱크가 사용되고 있는데, 이는 먼 거리에 있는 밸브에 공압을 공급해야 할 경우, 추가 배관이 필요하며 수송도중 압력 강하가 발생하는 문제점이 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 작업자들의 편의성을 증대시키고, 공기누설로 인한 폭발 방지를 위하여 고압의 휴대형 용접식 질소용기(11 kg, 10 L 및 50 bar)의 설계를 수행하였다. 구조적으로 취약한 용접부를 최소화하기 위하여 용기의 외형을 타원형으로 설계하였으며, 기준 무게 및 용적 충족과 사용압력에 대한 구조안전성을 확립하기 위하여 용기의 두께와 장단축 비를 설계하였다. 또한 용접 잔류응력 예측을 위해 APDL(ANSYS Parametric Design Language)을 이용하여 과도 열-구조 연성해석을 수행하였으며, 내압에 의한 구조안전 및 피로수명을 검증하였다.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.19-40
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• 2014

전라북도 고창군 상하면의 가막도에 대한 지형 조사의 일환으로 암석 반발 강도 조사와 각 부분의 화학적 조성을 분석하였다. 가막도의 암체 최상부는 지중 풍화 기원인 핵석이 일부 나타나고 있으며, 그보다 고도가 낮은 부분엔 지중에서 풍화 전선을 형성하던 기반암이 노출되어 있다. 가막도 암체의 반발 강도는 암체의 정상부에서 해안 대지 쪽으로 가면서 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 정상부가 침식에 대한 저항 정도가 약한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 한편 암체 각 부분의 화학적 풍화 지수, 풍화각 조성 물질의 변화 등으로 볼 때 암체의 하부가 정상부에 비하여 화학적 풍화가 덜 진행된 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 이는 암체 상부의 표면부에서 나타나는 현상으로 풍화층이 제거될 경우 생경한 암석의 풍화대가 나타날 것으로 보인다. 풍화각에 발달한 다각형 균열의 경우 전반적으로 화학적 조성과 화학적 풍화 정도에서 정상부와 하부의 중간 정도의 수준이었다. 풍화각의 특성을 파악하기 위한 분석 결과 풍화각의 표면에 다각형 균열이 형성되는 경우, 표면 부분에 비하여 기저 부분이 화학적 풍화 지수가 높은 경향성이 나타났다. 이는 이전의 연구와 일치하나, SiO2의 함량 등은 이전의 연구와 일치하지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 풍화 환경과 기반암 조성의 차이에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 이들을 종합할 때 가막도는 풍화 산물이 제거된 풍화 전선의 잔류물로 하부의 풍화 산물제거가 상부보다 활발히 진행된 것으로 보인다.

• 한국연극학
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• 제40호
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• pp.307-344
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• 2010

Cultural Studies built on the critical mind of New Left exposes the relationship between culture and power, and investigates how this relationship develops the cultural convention. It has achieved the new perspective that could make us to think culture and art in terms of political correctness. However, the critical voices against the theoretical premises of Cultural Studies have been increased as its heyday in 1980s was nearly over. For instance, Terry Eagleton, a former Marxist literary critic, declared in 2003 that the golden age of cultural theory is long past. This essay, therefore, intends to show the weak foundations on which the approaches of cultural studies to theatre rest and to clarify the general problem of their introduction to theatre studies. The approach of cultural studies to theatre takes the form of 'top-down inquiry' as it applies a theory to a particular play or historical period. In other word, from the theory the writer moves to the particular case. The result is not an inquiry but rather a demonstration. This circularity can destroy the point of serious intellectual investigation as the theory dictates answers. The goal-oriented narrow viewpoint as a logical consequence of 'top-down inquiry' makes the researcher to favor the plays or the parts of a play that are proper to test a theory. As a result it loses the fair judgment on the artistic value of a play, and brings about the misinterpretation. The interpreter-oriented reading is the other defect of cultural studies as it disregards the inherent meaning of the text, distorting a play. The approach of cultural studies also consists of a conventionality as it arrives at a stereotyped interpretation by using certain conventions of reasoning and rhetoric. The cultural theories are fundamentally the 'outside theories' that seek to explain not theatre but the very broad features of society and politics. Consequently their application to theatre risks the destructive criticism, disregarding the inherent experience of theatre. Most of, if not all, cultural theories, furthermore, are proven to be lack of empirical basis. The alternative method to them is a 'cognitive science' that proves scientifically our mind being influenced by bodily experience. The application of cultural materialism to Shakespeare's is one of the cases that reveal the limits of cultural studies. Jonathan Dollimore and Water Cohen provide a kind of 'canonical study' in this application that is imitated by the succeeding researchers. As a result the interpretation of has been flooded with repetitive critical remarks, revealing the problem of 'top-down inquiry' and conventional reasoning. Cultural Studies is antipodal to theatre in some respect. It is interested chiefly in the social and political reality while theatre aims to create the fiction world. The theatre studies, therefore, may have to risk the danger of destroying its own base when it adopts cultural studies uncritically. The different stance between theatre and cultural theories also occurs from the opposition of humanism vs. antihumanism. We have to introduce cultural theories selectively and properly not to destroy the inherent experience and domain of theatre.