• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

This research case-study places are chosen Seoul Metropolitan City and Yong-In City where the distinction characteristics of outdoor spaces are introduced in Apartment Complex. In this study, the standard of waterscape facilities will be set through preliminary researches and detail design factors are prepared for each characteristics. Analyze and research the characteristics of design factors through the field research of places. The Group data from Cluster Analysis, which is about waterscape facilities, is analyzed and classified by types of waterscape facilities in common residence. and then each type of characteristics and representatives of waterscape facilities founded. Waterscape facilities are charactered in 4 main types. I Type is appeared to the natural artificially mountain stream, slope and a rest space type, and feelings type. This type has twenty sites. II Type is appeared to the fewest sites(11 sites). This type is appeared to the Eco-pond, Border planting next to the waterscape facilities. III Type is appeared to the largest sites(28 sites), that is, play style water facilities of no-plantation patterns. IV Type is appeared to the retaining wall type, the rest space of bench type. Research result led, detailed plan element 64 are selected with design elements Seoul Metropolitan City and the Yong-In City at the time of the fact that well is only reflected commonly from external spaces, the type by quality which leads a statistical analysis the type quality was well reflected relatively was judged.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.50-61
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to establish design guidelines for waterscape facilities of healing gardens in psychiatric hospitals. Data were collected through simulation and interview. The subjects included schizophrenic (n=42) and alcoholic (n=41) inpatients as well as medical staff personnel (n=40) at Maeumsarang Hospital. The results of this study are as follows: It was revealed that for all three groups the first preference was a natural flowing waterscape, and the second preference was a natural descending waterscape. The schizophrenic subjects had a greater preference for a static artificial waterscape and a descending artificial multistory waterscape than the other two groups. The alcoholic subjects preferred an ascending natural multistory waterscape. The analysis on the preference towards an ascending type and a descending type from the perspective of naturalness and complexity. Complexity had a greater influence than naturalness in the ascending waterscapes, and naturalness had more influence than complexity in the descending style waterscapes. Therefore, these factors need to be taken into consideration when designing either ascending or descending waterscape facilities. In general, the subjects preferred natural, dynamic and descending waterscapes to the artificial, static and ascending variety.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1223-1231
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• 2016

To create urban landscapes that take human emotion into consideration, the present study verified the psychological effects of artificial waterscape facilities on users, as these facilities significantly impact their psychological comfort. Data was collected using the SD scales and POMS of 60 male and 60 female participants after they watched a video of four waterscape facilities. Participants deemed the video clip of a fountain waterscape to be artificial and linked it with changeable images that increased their vigor. The video clip of waterfall stimulated various impressions (e.g., vital, liked, active, etc.) and changed participant' mood states by increasing their vigor and decreasing fatigue. The video clip of the pond yielded familiar impressions, produced less free images, and decreased tension among participants. Finally, the video clip of the stream stimulated quiet and comfortable images as well as reduced negative feelings of anger, confusion, and depression among participants. Furthermore, males experienced more positive effects than females, regardless of the type of waterscape facility. The study findings indicate that the four different waterscape facilities influenced participants' mood states. Additionally, the psychological effects differed by gender. The data suggest that landscape planners need to carefully consider their choice of waterscape facility when designing green spaces to ensure that the space is psychologically comforting to users.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1213-1222
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• 2016

Given the growing attention to nature and health in modern society, this study considered the role of a waterscape facility as a key element in a landscape's influence on users' physiological and psychological responses. The subjects were 28 university students, and the collected data included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, salivary amylase concentration, semantic differential (SD) scales, and profile of mood states (POMS). As compared to a space without any waterscape element (Type G), relaxation in a space with a waterscape element (Type W) was found to significantly reduce of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and salivary amylase concentration. The SD scale and POMS findings showed that Type W evoked active, bright, dynamic, free, vital, interesting, and cheerful images and improved mood states by enhancing vigor while inhibiting depressive feelings. These findings indicate waterscape facilities can improves users' mood states and may enhance their health.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.38-46
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively examine the physiological and psychological effects of a waterscape facility in an interior landscape space. Data were collected as participants under stress relaxed in either an interior space with greenery(Type G) or an interior space with a waterscape facility(Type W). The participants relaxing in the Type W space showed significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and an impression evaluation by the SD method indicated that their impressions were expressed in more positive terms, such as 'vigor', 'dynamism', 'pleasantness', and 'vitality'; when compared to participants relaxing in the Type G space. A POMS analysis showed waterscape elements influenced participants' psychological mood states by decreasing tension and fatigue, but increasing vitality. Introduction of waterscape facilities into interior landscape spaces could therefore provide stressed individuals with health benefits, including decreased blood pressure and positively changed psychological mood states.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.300-308
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• 2015

Landscape planning system established in 2007. It is necessary that forest landscape management will be established based on the long-term and wide scope plan for forest management. This study suggested the considering factor while the establishing forest landscape plan for forest characteristics. Forest landscape type was consisted of 4 medium classification(geographical resources, waterscape, forest resources, cultural resources) and 12 small classification(geographical resources: panorama of ridge, ridge of curious rock peaks, waterscape: waterfall, valley, lake, forest resources: crown layer scenery, royal azaleas of main ridge, autumnal tints of ridge slope, flowers in herbaceous plants, inside of forest, forest trail scenery, cultural resources: facilities). This study suggested that consideration on 6 functions of forest in landscape zone planning and forest landscape management plan each classification (main ridge, sense of season, waterscape, rock resources).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.751-762
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• 2010

In order to understand the influence that the plant cover condition of the high-rise building outer space causes to the temperature change, we selected 12 high-rise building constructed in Seoul City. The land cover type of the outside was classified into six type(outer road, paved surface, shrub/grassland, single-layer tree planting-site, multi-layer planting-site, and waterscape facilities) and the temperature was measured at the representative point for each type in order to analyze the land cover temperature differential for each type of the high-rise building outer space. The study area showing the temperature tendency to be similar based upon one way analysis of variance after selecting the central part of the outer road for a control and measuring a temperature in order to consider the neighboring environmental difference of the dozen building was classified into 4 groups. As to the one-way layout result of variance analysis with the land cover type of the classified group and outer space temperature, the single-layer tree planting-site, waterscape facilities, and multi-layer planting-site belonged mainly to the low temperature section. The shrub/grassland, paved surface, and outer road belonged to the high temperature region. The temperature difference between low temperature region and high temperature region is about $1.06{\sim}6.17^{\circ}C$. However, the temperature in the Outer Space of the Super-High-Rise Building was variously appeared by the influence such as the cramped of the created planting-site and waterscape facilities area, the increase of amount of solar radiation and the reduction of reflection amount of light due to building etc.. Thus, the composition all produced the area of the green quantity required for each space and water space in advance. It was determined that there were the minimum area displaying an effect and the necessity to it secures the green quantity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.55-67
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• 2004

This study aims to analyze the actual state, the satisfaction index, and the satisfaction factor of the residents in the apartment adopting thematic outdoor rest space design. This study also proposes the basic data for the standard of resident-centered rest space design, not designer-centered or fashion-followed design. The results are as follows : First, most residents use near by rest space, and more use occur during the evenings; 17 hr. ∼ 21 hr. Most of residents use the rest space with their children, partner, or family. Residents usually take walks and take a rests in the rest space. Most residents use the rest space quietly. Of the rest facilities in the outdoor rest space, benches are most used, walks and pergolas are more frequently used. But waterscape facilities are not particularly used. The satisfaction index of the outdoor rest space is generally low. However, the satisfaction index of the rest space and facilities type shows that the evaluation of rest facilities(e.g. benches) is high. The satisfaction index of the decoration shows that the evaluation for the color and design of facilities is high. In the satisfaction index of the physical environment, the item about the size of rest space is highly appreciated. In the mental satisfaction index of the rest space, the item about whole atmosphere is highly appreciated. Of the factors affecting the general satisfaction index with outdoor rest space, the factor of physical environment is the most important independent-variable. Physical environment and facilities are more important influential factors than the atmosphere of outdoor rest space. In the future, the practical study searching for the preferences of the residents and the activation of use should be preceded.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.72-88
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to analyze user behavior and preference factors in the outdoor spaces of mental hospitals. Among hospitals with 250 or more beds, 5 hospitals were selected in consideration of size of garden and diversity of garden elements. The subject of the study was restricted to mild cases of schizophrenia while 30~50 patients were selected on the recommendation of their doctor from 5 hospitals, respectively. The physical environment was analyzed, focusing on space components, after visiting the sites of study. A face to face interview method was selected in consideration of patients' cognitive abilities, a total of 230 questionnaires were used for the analysis. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. Rest facilities occupy the largest numbers in the components of garden, and those are followed by landscape facilities, walking/exercise facilities, and experience facilities. Outdoor walking/exercise programs are classified into group walks and free walks with most patients taking group walks. Most of the patients visit these outdoor spaces every day but some of them rarely use the outdoor areas. In order to increase the efficiency of using these outdoor spaces, the percentage of space for ensuring a sense of control should properly harmonize with the percentage of space to facilitate patients in having social contact. With regard to the reasons for preferring the most widely-used outdoor spaces, landscape/environment property was the most important, followed by functionality and then accessibility. Major activities in the preferred space are mainly composed of walking/exercise and rest. The preferred facilities are waterscape facilities such as ponds, waterfalls and fountains, rest facilities such as pergolas and shade trees, and lawn. It was understood that naturalness should be considered to be the most important factor in constructing a new healing garden, followed by aesthetics and amenities. Single facilities rated by preference for introduction were flower beds, trails, and lawn. According to type, waterscape facilities such as fountains, ponds, waterfalls and waterwheels were most preferred. Space for natural distraction and programs for the cultivation of flower beds were also preferred. The ideal image of a healing garden should be bright, familiar, and orderly as a whole, having plenty of introduced facilities. Open spaces were preferred to enclosed spaces. Finally, the image of a garden that helps patients feel calm was thought to be that of the most ideal garden.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.25-38
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• 2010

This study focused on the analysis of satisfaction and preference of residents' for water space as a environmental friendly facility in residential complex. The purpose of this study is to serve design data of water space in residential complex, in order to make water space that residents' satisfaction are high. In this study, residents' satisfaction and preferences of water space in 5 residential complex were analyze through a questionnaire survey of residents. The major findings of the study are as follows. First, in terns of the need of the water space, 60.4% of the respondents answered that water space are need to improve the amenity. Secondly, in terms of satisfaction, 57.3% of the respondents have been satisfied with location of water space in the residential complex, and the maintenance satisfaction degree is above average level. Overall satisfaction degree is above average level too, but it is are not high as compared construction cost. Thirdly, in terms of preference, 26.5% of respondents have been prefer to the combined type of water space, and 25.9% of respondents prefer to dropping water type, and 25.9% of respondents prefer to flowing stream type. It appeared that the preference levels of 3 type is high similarly, so we can assume that residents prefer to moving water type because of having a feeling refreshed through the sound of water. The results of this study can be used as the design data of water space in residentialcomplex and expected to contributed in making the water space that residents' satisfaction are high.