• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2015

This study was conducted to simultaneous analysis methods for water soluble vitamins B group (vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin $B_6$) which is used as health functional foods etc. Analytical methods of water-soluble vitamins B group by HPLC were established through instrumental analytical conditions, and the examination of data such as domestic and foreign reliable methods, and papers of journal. HPLC method analyzing water soluble vitamins B group was established using Capcell Pak C18 UG 120 column in 270 nm through test of columns. The validation has been performed on the method to determine linearity, accuracy, limits of quantification (LOQ) and repeatability for water soluble vitamins B group. An excellent linearity ($r^2=0.999$) was observed for vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin $B_6$ in the concentration range ($0.1{\sim}2{\mu}g/mL$). Observed recovery of vitamin $B_1$ was found to be between 100 and 103%, vitamin $B^2$ was found to be between 104 and 112%, nicotinic acid was found to be between 82 and 85%, nicotinamide was found to be between 121 and 124% and vitamin $B_6$ was found to be between 95 and 104%. LOQ of vitamin $B_1$ was found to be $0.04{\mu}g/mL$, vitamin $B_2$ was found to be $0.05{\mu}g/mL$, nicotinic acid was found to be $0.15{\mu}g/mL$, nicotinamide was found to be $0.08{\mu}g/mL$ and vitamin $B_6$ was found to be $0.63{\mu}g/mL$. Repeatability precision for vitamin $B_1$ was found to be 0.4%, vitamin $B_2$ was found to be 0.4%, nicotinic acid was found to be 0.5%, nicotinamide was found to be 0.7% and vitamin $B_6$ was found to be 0.4% relative standard deviation (RSD). Also, verify the accuracy of the simultaneous analysis methods, we monitored the labeled contents of the health functional foods and children's preferred foods.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.270-278
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• 2016

Purpose: We have investigated for the purpose of studying change of vitamins and minerals in frequently used vegetables by low moisture cooking method. Methods: Vitamin B complex, vitamin C and mineral (Mg, Ca, K, Zn, Fe) contents are analyzed in vegetables such as spinach, cabbage, bean sprouts and carrot which are heat-treated with degrees of water contents. Low moisture cooking method represents heat-treated vegetable (LM experiment group) with 25 wt.% water content for the vegetable weight while general blanching method includes heat-treated vegetable (GB experiment group) with 500-1,000 wt.% water content for the vegetable weight. Results: Retention rate of vitamin B1 (thiamin) in the LM experiment group is relatively high (87.50-95.68%) and dosen't show considerable differences from raw vegetables. On the other hand, the retention rate of vitamin $B_1$ in GB group's cabbage and spinach dramatically decreased to 19.46-25.00%. Retention rate of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is sustained stably in LM experiment group (75.00-87.50% in bean sprouts, cabbage and spinach), represents that low moisture cooking method has relatively higher contents in vitamin $B_2$. The LM experiment group has 71.43-85.71% on retention rate of niacin while the GB group shows relatively lower niacin (57.14-64.58%), represents conflicting results from the general idea that vitamin $B_3$ is relatively stable in heat treatment and blanching. Retention rate of pantothenic acid is considerably higher in both LM and GB experiment group, indicates vitamin pantothenic acid is relatively stable in the various cooking condition such as amount of water and heat treatment. In the experiment under various water contents, vitamin C is not detected in both bean sprouts and carrots, while the contents in cabbage and spinach are 19.87 mg/100 g and 26.65 mg/100 g respectively. In the same experiment, the retention rate of Vitamin C in LM experiment group (91.65%, 92.23%) is considerably higher than GB group (58.08%, 61.61%). Retention rate of Mg, K, Fe in the LM experiment group is relatively higher than GB group. Conclusion: Resultingly, the observations suggests that minimum water quantity and minimum heat treatment processes should be established in cooking vegetables which have soluble vitamins and minerals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.563-567
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• 2006

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effect of various vitamins on performance and digestibility in growing pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 54 pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $42.73{\pm}2.40kg$) were assigned to three treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates (6 pigs/pen) for 40 days. The three dietary treatments were: 100% fat-soluble vitamins (FSV) and water-soluble vitamins (WSV); 150% FSV and 100% WSV of NRC (1998); and 100% FSV and 150% WSV of NRC (1998). In experiment 2, a total of 180 pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $28.20{\pm}3.05 kg$) were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design with three replicates for four weeks (15 pigs/pen). The four dietary treatments were, 150% vitamin A and 100% other vitamins, 150% vitamin D and 100% other vitamins, 150% vitamin E and 100% other vitamins, and 150% vitamin K and 100% other vitamins. In experiment 1, there were significant differences in growth performance and digestibility of nutrients among the treatments. The ADG, ADFI and FCR of pigs fed 150% FSV diet were better (p<0.05) than those fed the control diet. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) in ADG, ADFI and FCR between pigs fed the control and 150% WSV diets. Digestibilities of dry matter, gross energy and calcium were improved in 150% FSV treatment group compared with control (p<0.05). However, the improvement was similar when compared with 150% WSV except for Ca. In experiment 2, there were no differences (p>0.05) in ADG, ADFI and FCR and nutrient digestibility between the fat-soluble vitamin treatments when fed at the 150% level. In conclusion, growing pigs were more responsive to additional fat-soluble vitamin supplements over the requirements suggested by NRC (1998) than to water-soluble vitamin supplements as measured by growth performance and digestibility of nutrients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1091-1099
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• 1995

The cyutotoxic effects of hot water soluble polysaccharides extract(PS) from the mushroom, Lentinus edodes, and in combinations with vitamin A or vitamin E on life span of ICR mice bearing P388 cancer cells and in vitro against P388 cancer cells were examined. The chemical components of PS and fractions were analyzed and survival time and cell number of P388 treated with extract fractions with and without vatamin A or E supplementation were also measured. The results obtained were summarized as follows; The extract of fraction B was shown to have the highest antitumor activity against P388 implanted in ICR mice. The antitumor fraction B was consisted of 82.0% of polysaccharide and 4.2% of protein. All three fractions seemed to have in vivo antitumor activity against P388, and fraction B showed the highest activity, In vitro P388 cell growht was inhibited 76%, 89%, 54% by the addition of fraction A, B and C respectively. Vitamin A or E did not appear to have any accelerating effects on either in vivo or in vitro cell cytotoxicity when each of them was combined with the PS and fractions. All three fractions contained more than 68% of polysaccharides. The fraction B showed the highest value of 88% in polysaccharides. Monsaccharides of the fraction B were identified as galactose(59.1%), glucose(29.2%), fructose(2.8%) and uronic acid(4.2%). Hydrolysis of protein from the fraction B was didentifed to have 17 kinds of defined and 5 undifined amino acids. The inhibitory effects of the hot water extracts from mushroom against cancer cell growth of P388 were stronger than the control group. And the survival time of ICR mice was shown to be 161% between the control group and the experimental groups.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2009

Folate is generally considered as a safe water-soluble vitamin for supplementation. However, we do not have enough information to confirm the potential effects and safety of folate supplementation and the interaction with vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency. It has been hypothesized that a greater methyl group supply could lead to compensation for vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency. On this basis, the present study was conducted to examine the effects of high-dose folic acid (FA) supplementation on biomarkers involved in the methionine cycle in vitamin $B_{12}$-deficient rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing either 0 or $100{\mu}g$ (daily dietary requirement) vitamin $B_{12}/kg$ diet with either 2 mg (daily dietary requirement) or 100 mg FA/kg diet for six weeks. Vitamin $B_{12}$-deficiency resulted in increased plasma homocysteine (p<0.01), which was normalized by dietary supplementation of high-dose FA (p<0.01). However, FA supplementation and vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency did not alter hepatic and brain S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) concentrations and hepatic DNA methylation. These results indicated that supplementation of high-dose FA improved homocysteinemia in vitamin $B_{12}$-deficiency but did not change SAM and SAH, the main biomarkers of methylating reaction.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1831-1841
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• 2023

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the effects of supplementation with blends of water and fat-soluble vitamins on animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. Methods: Forty-three Nellore bulls, with an initial weight of 261±27.3 kg and a mean age of 8±1.0 months, were used. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), to determine the initial empty body weight of the bulls that remained in the experiment. The remaining 38 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with or without supplementation of water-soluble (B-blend+ or B-blend-) and fat-soluble (ADE+ or ADE-) vitamin blends. Diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg dry matter [DM] of total mixed ration) and consisted of a roughage:concentrate rate of 30:70 based on total DM of diet. The experiment lasted 170 days, with 30 days of adaptation and 140 days for data collection. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, the bulls were weighed to determine the average daily gain. To estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency, spot collections of feces and urine were performed for five consecutive days. Results: DM, ashes, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for residual ash and residual nitrogenous, and N intake and apparent digestibility were not influenced by vitamin supplementation, but total digestible nutrients intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility were influenced by B complex vitamin supplementation. Nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency, and performance data were not influenced (p>0.05) by vitamin supplementation. Conclusion: Vitamin supplementation (a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins or their combinations) does not influence the animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2016

Gelatin soft capsules, manufactured by the press through package(PTP) process, are widely used in the production of multivitamin dietary supplements and other health functional foods. Gelatin capsules can prevent light and air from having a direct contact with the contents in the capsule, and the nutrients inside the capsules are preserved without any loss. In the present study, on the basis of the results on the safety of gelatin capsules. The parameters investigated included degradation of the capsules before their shelf life, capsule deformation, and changes in specific nutrients. Moisture and heat in the production and storage environments of the capsules caused the gelatin to swell and attach some of the inorganic salts in the vitamin contents. Nutritional component analysis showed that B1, B5, B9, and B12 contents were decreased, while mineral elemental analysis shown calcium, chloride, and zinc compound were found to be infused into the gelatin of the capsule shell.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2007

A multiwavelength spectrophotometric titration method was applied to study protolytic constants of four water-soluble vitamins, folic acid(vitamin B9 or B0), thiamine(vitamin B1), riboflavin(vitamin B2) and pyridoxal (vitamin B6) in binary ethanol-water mixtures at 25oC and an ionic strength of 0.1M NaNO3. The protolytic equilibrium constants, spectral profiles, concentration diagrams and also the number of components has been calculated from the curve fitting of the pH-absorbance data with appropriate mass balance equations by an established factor analysis model. DATAN program was used for determination of acidity constant and SPECFIT program was used for calculation of standard deviations and partial correlation coefficients. A glass electrode calibration procedure based on the four parameter equation pH=α+SpcH+JH+[H+]+ JOH-Kw/[H+] based on the Gran,s plots was used to obtain pH-readings in the concentration scale (pcH). The effect of the solvent on the protolytic constants was discussed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.355-365
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• 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of CO₂ supplement on growth and quality in greenhouse lettuce cultivation. When CO₂ was supplied at 1,500 ppm in lettuce cultivation, overall growth parameters such as number of leaves, leaf area, plant length, fresh weight, and dry weight were superior compared to those of the control group. While there was no significant difference in relative growth rate due to CO₂ supplement, an increase in leaf area index was observed with CO₂ usage. Furthermore, although there was no significant difference in the content of water-soluble vitamins such as Vitamin C, B1, B2, B5, and B6 due to CO₂ supplement, the Vitamin B3 content in the CO₂ treatment group was 0.5 mg/kg higher than in the control group. Therefore, the use of CO₂ in lettuce cultivation resulted in increased yield and promoted growth, enabling early harvesting.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.62-65
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• 2008

Purpose: Vitamin $B_{12}$ and folic acid are type of water-soluble vitamin and those work as a secondary vital enzyme, but especially those are involved in the nuclear DNA synthesis. Those are mainly measured in order to diagnose megaloblastic anemia and to assess the storage of folic acid during pregnancy. It is generally known that the hemolyzed serum is useless for folic acid and vitamin $B_{12}$, but it is not easy to abide by this information because our lab (Samkwang Medical Laboratories) is reference laboratory. We tested how much the extent of hemolyzed serum had influence on the results. Materials and Method: We performed the tests of vitamin $B_{12}$, folic acid. For the hemolysis effect study, we used 40 cases. According to the level of A, B and C groups, each group had 10 samples which were mechanically hemolyzed serum. Results: Hemolysis did not affect the vitamin $B_{12}$ results. However in case of folic acid, the value increased according to the degree of hemolysis. And severe hemolyzed cases had the highest value (greater than 20 ng/ml). Conclusions: Preventing the hemolysis, it has to be informed that blood-collecting, separation and storage are performed more carefully. As you see from the above results, hemolyzed serum is not proper for folic acid test, and hemolysis does not affect the results of vitamin $B_{12}$. However, for the more accurate results, it is necessary to avoid hemolysis.