• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.231-237
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• 1981

In order to obtain the basical data for utilization of protein in hazel nut, protein was extracted from defatted hazel nut meal with salt solutions and alkaline solutions, and precipitated by adjusting pH of extract to 5.5 or addition of organic solvents. Amino acid composition of the isolated protein and defatted hazel nut meal were analyzed, protein isolates were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results summarized were as follows. 1. Defatted hazel nut showed highly nutritional value as the content of 'protein was 53.6%. 2. Extractabilities of salt-soluble protein treated with 2.5M $MgCl_2$, and 1M NaCl(pH 11.0) were 53.0%, 31.5%, respectively 3. Protein in hazel nut were contained 53% of salt-soluble globulin, 14% of water-soluble albumin, 29.5% of glutelin based on solubility. 4. At pH 5.5, 85% of the extracted protein was precipitated, and about 90% of the extracted protein was separated by addition of organic solvents such as acetone and ethanol at 60-70% concentration. 5. Proteins extracted from defatted hazel nut with water and 0.027N NaOH showed 3 and 6 hands by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. 6. Amino acids of defatted hazel nut and protein isolate were chiefly composed of glutamic acid, arginine and aspartic acid.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.740-746
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• 2009

In the present study, the drowning-out crystallization of L(+)-calcium lactate was investigated in order to develop the crystallization separation process. The crystallization of the calcium lactate was induced by injecting the alcoholic anti-solvent into the aqueous solution of calcium lactate and the control of the calcium lactate crystal size during the crystallization was primarily investigated under the consideration of the anti-solvent species, anti-solvent composition and agitation speed as the key operating factors. Alcohols of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and i-propanol were used as the anti-solvent for the drowning-out crystallization. Prior to the crystallization experiment, the solubility of calcium lactate in the water-alcohol mixture was measured along with the variation of the alcohol species and composition, which was necessary to estimate the supersaturation level of the crystallization. By the drowning-out crystallization, the calcium lactate crystals of the fabric shape were obtained. Using the ethanol as the antisolvent, the fabric crystals close to the needle shape were produced. However, the hairy crystals were obtained by using the propanol as the anti-solvent. Due to such morphological features, the crystals was highly apt to form the aggregates. The aggregation of the crystals was intensified as increasing the alcohol fraction in the water-alcohol mixture. Meanwhile, the agitation caused the breakage of crystals, resulting in the decrease of the crystal size. Therefore, the crystal size in the crystallization was predominantly determined by the competition between the crystal aggregation and breakage.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.789-795
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• 2014

Acetic acid is the most abundant and serious ethanol fermentation inhibitor in dilute-acid hemicellulosic hydrolysates. A mixture of xylose, acetic acid and sulfuric acid was chosen as a simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysate so as to find an optimal separation system to selectively remove acetic acid from the hydrolysates. In order to attain the purpose, emulsion liquid membrane was applied to removal of acetic acid from the simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysate. The effects of main constituents of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, such as amine extractant type, surfactant composition, additive type, and type and concentration of stripping agent, on extraction of acetic acid, xylose, and sulfuric acid in the simulated hemicellulosic hydrolysate were investigated. Under specific experimental conditions, degree of extraction of acetic acid was higher than 95% while loss of xylose was insignificant, which means that the current emulsion liquid membrane can be an economically feasible process.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1140-1148
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• 2017

For the purpose of developing new immunomodulatory agents from broccoli, ethanol extract (BCEE), hot water extract (BCHW), and crude polysaccharide (BCCP) were isolated from broccoli, and their immunomodulatory activities and chemical properties were examined. In the in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, BCHW and BCCP did not affect the growth of tumor cells and normal cells. Murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with BCCP showed higher production of IL-6, IL-12, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ cytokines than those stimulated with BCHW. Also, BCHW and BCCP did not show proliferation of splenic lymphocytes. In the in vitro assay for intestinal immunomodulatory activities, only BCCP enhanced GM-CSF secretion and the bone marrow cell-proliferating activity via cells in Peyer's patches at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. Also, BCHW mainly contained 33.7% neutral sugars, such as arabinose, glucose, and galactose, and 30.7% uronic acid, and BCCP consisted of 42.6% neutral sugars, including arabinose, galactose, and glucose, and 50.5% uronic acid. The above results lead us to conclude that crude polysaccharide (BCCP) isolated from broccoli causes considerably high cytokine production in peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow cell proliferation, and the polysaccharide extraction process is indispensable for separation of new immunomodulatory agents from broccoli.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2017

Butanol has an ability to improve the ignition quality due to its lower latent heat of vaporization; it has an advantage to reduce a volume of a fuel tank because its energy density is higher than that of ethanol. Also, butanol-diesel oil blending quality is good because butanol has an effect to prevent the phase-separation between two fuels. Even if the blended oil contains water, it can reduce the corrosion of the fuel line. Thus, it is possible to use butanol-diesel oil blended fuel in diesel engine without modification, and it may reduce the environment pollution due to NOx and particulate and the consumption of diesel oil. Therefore, some studies are being advanced whether butanol is adequate as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, and the results of the combustion and exhaust gas emission characteristics are being presented. Though the injection and spray characteristics of butanol are more important in diesel combustion, the has not yet dealt with the matter. In this study, the influence in which differences of physical properties between butanol and diesel oil may affect the injection and spray characteristics such as injection rate, penetration, spray cone angle, spray velocity and process of spray development were examined by using CRDI system, injection rate measuring device and spray visualization system. The results exhibited that the injection and macroscopic spray characteristics of two fuels were nearly the same.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.76-82
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• 2006

The dried ground needles (2.0 kg) of Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endlicher were extracted with acetone-$H_2O$ (7:3, v/v), concentrated, and fractionated with a series of n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and water on a separation funnel. Each fraction was freeze dried, then a portion of ethyl acetate soluble powder was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a series of aqueous methanol and ethanol-n-hexane mixture as eluents. The isolated compounds were identified by cellulose TLC, $^1H$-, $^{13}C$-NMR, COSY, HETCOR, FAB and EI-MS. (+)-catechin, taxifolin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-xylopyrano-side, quercetin-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Chamaecypairs pisifera needle. Antioxidative tests on the isolated compounds indicated that all of the compounds showed similar values to ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and BHT as controls.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 2014

In this study, we performed quantification determination of four major components including aurantio-obtusin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in the 70% ethanol extracts of non-processed Cassiae Semen and processed Cassiae Semen using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector. The analytical column for separation of the 4 constituents used a Gemini $C_{18}$ column kept at $40^{\circ}C$ by the gradient elution with 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid in water and 1.0% (v/v) acetic acid in acetonitrile as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the injection volume was $10{\mu}L$. The amount of aurantio-obtusin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in non-processed Cassiae Semen were 0.07%, 0.02%, 0.25%, and 0.10%, respectively. The amount of aurantio-obtusin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in processed Cassiae Semen were 0.04-0.14%, 0.01-0.03%, 0.02-0.42%, and 0.01-0.24%, respectively. Consequently, the optimal processing condition of Cassiae Semen for the improvements of amounts of four anthraquinone compounds was obtained by roasting at $240^{\circ}C$ for 15 min.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.216-226
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• 2024

This study screened the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of three extracts [1% acetic acid (HAc), distilled water (D.W.), and ethanol] from the common stalked barnacle Pollicipes mitella. Among the extracts, the 1% HAc extract showed the strongest antibacterial activity against several bacteria, but exhibited no activity against Candida albicans. To improve the degree of separation of the 1% HAc extract, solid-phase extraction was performed using a C18 cartridge with three solvents (D.W., 60A, and 100A). The 1% HAc 60A eluate showed the strongest antibacterial activity and enzyme, salt, and temperature stability, with no hemolytic activity. In addition, strong DNA-binding ability but no bacterial membrane permeability was observed. These results indicate that the P. mitella 1% HAc 60A eluate may contain antibacterial organic compounds that target intracellular components but not bacterial membranes. In addition, the 1% HAc 60A eluate exhibited potent inhibitory activity to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β) with no cytotoxicity. Therefore, the P. mitella 1% HAc 60A eluate has anti-inflammatory activity. Collectively, our results suggest that the P. mitella 1% HAc 60A eluate can be used as a bioactive source with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2021

Antibiotics are compounds broadly used to treat patients with infectious diseases and to enhance productivity in agriculture, fisheries, and livestock industries. However, due to the overuse of antibiotics and their low biodegradability, a substantial amount of antibiotics is leaking into the sewer, subsequently resulting in pollution and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study explores biodegradable serum albumin's potential as an adsorbent to remove antibiotics from water. Serum albumin is a natural blood protein that transports various metabolites and hormones to all tissues' extravascular spaces. While serum albumin is highly water-soluble, it has intrinsic binding sites which readily accommodate ionic, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic molecules, rendering it a good building block for a nano-adsorbent. To induce coacervation, a desolvating agent, ethanol, was added dropwise into the aqueous albumin solution, resulting in dehydration and liquid-liquid phase separation of albumins into albumin nanoparticles within a size range of 150 ~ 170 nm. The addition of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker improved the size stability and homogeneity of albumin nanoparticles. Adsorption of amoxicillin antibiotics on albumin nanoparticles was dependent upon glutaraldehyde concentration used in desolvation and pH during adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity measured by spectrophotometry was found to be 12.4 micrograms of amoxicillin per milligram of albumin nanoparticle. These results demonstrate serum albumin's potential as a building block for fabricating a natural nano-adsorbent to remove antibiotics from water.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.88-101
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to attempt the efficacy of antifungal activity of the wood extracts against Botrytis grey mold. Wood chip derived from Quercus mongolica was obtain from steam explosion process and extracted by hot water and methanol and ethanol. The conidial germination was maximum growth with the application temperature for 20 and $25^{\circ}C$. In pH test, we observed the maximum growth in pH 5.0 and 7.0. Antifungal activity was the best in the hot water extractives against Botrytis cinerea. The separation of the antifungal substances was performed using a silica-gel column (n-hexane : chloroform : ethyl acetate : formic acid = 12 : 17 : 8 : 0.2, v/v/v/v), TLC and UV-Spectrophotometer, and isolated 6 fraction group. The result of antifungal activity in 6 fraction group, fraction group I and fraction group II were the highest antifungal activity against grey mold with the present study. Three peaks in fraction group I and II were detected by HPLC and this compounds were suppose to effective of antifungal activity.