• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.351-356
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• 2004

A transdermal preparation containing diclofenac diethylammonium (DDA) was developed using an O/W microemulsion system. Of the oils tested, lauryl alcohol was chosen as the oil phase of the microemulsion, as it showed a good solubilizing capacity and excellent skin permeation rate of the drug. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to obtain the concentration range of oil, surfactant and cosurfactant for microemulsion formation, and the effect of these additives on skin permeation of DDA was evaluated with excised rat skins. The optimum formulation of the microemulsion consisted of 1.16% of DDA, 5% of lauryl alcohol, 60% of water in combination with the 34.54% of Labrasol (surfactant)/ethanol (cosurfactant) (1:2). The efficiency of formulation in the percutaneous absorption of DDA was dependent upon the contents of water and lauryl alcohol as well as Labrasol: ethanol mixing ratio. It was concluded that the percutaneous absorption of DDA from microemulsions was enhanced with increasing the lauryl alcohol and water contents, and with decreasing the Labrasol:ethanol mixing ratio in the formulation.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2004

In this study, the spray cooling heat transfer and working characteristics of the screen wick heat pipe with ultrasonic spray cooling system in condenser were experimentally investigated. The heat pipe was made of copper tube 300 mm long with inner diameter of 11.1 mm. The evaporator and condenser lengths of heat pipe were 40, 200 mm and the wick structure consists of two layer of 100 mesh copper screen. The experimental results show that the ultrasonic spray cooling increases the heat transfer rate on the condenser surface, and the total thermal resistance of heat pipe system decreases remarkably. A comparison is made for the two working fluids, water and ethanol. The surface temperature of the ethanol tube in evaporator section becomes higher than that of the water tube. Thus, the experimental result shows that water is more useful than ethanol as the working fluid because of increasing the operational limit within this experimental conditions.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.563-568
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• 2007

Water and ethanol extracts of A. koreanum were prepared and tested for their improving effects on the rat's dry skin induced by household detergent. Rats treated with ethanol extracts of A. koreanum had higher serum HDL-cholesterol and lower LDL-cholesterol levels, when compared to the ones treated with water extracts. Animals treated with ethanol extracts showed that improved protein recovery patterns over time, when it compared to the ones treated with water extracts.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 1991

This study was divised to observe an inhibitory toward a lipolytic action of toxohormone-L from large root and small root Nepal pseudo ginseng(NPG ; Nepal products) components by water extract and ethanol precipitate in vitro. Toxohormone-L Is known to be a lipolytic factor that was partially purified from the ascites fluid of sarcoma 180-hearing mice and of patients with hepatoma. The inhibitory effect that inhibited the lipolytic action of toxohormone-L by ethanol precipitate component of large root NPG(mean 46.8%) was higher (mean 1.8 times) than that of water extract component in final reaction concentration ,5001g1m1, on the other side inhibitory effect of water extract component in small root NPG(mean 43.9%) was higher(mean 1. 2 times) than that of ethano1 precipitate component, respectively. In a way inhibitory effect of ethanol precipitate component in large root NPG(47.6%), when final reaction concentration of sample were 1,000 U g/ml, was about 4095 lower than that of Korean red ginseng, respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 1981

For bioassay of the various extracts of ginseng, the growth determination method using Saccharomyces cerevisiae which was cultured with various doses of the extracts, was studied The water extract, Powder. and ethanol extract were more effective (about 45∼ 110% increase) than saponins or its fractions (about 20∼35% increase). The cold methanol residue showed a increase effect but it was not significant. The bioassay curves for the water extract, ethanol extract, the butanol extracted saponins and the cold methanol- residue were made from the experimental data. From these curves it is possible to find the relation between dose and effectiveness and the optimal doses of various ginseng extracts, and the amount of extract in a sample can be estimated The .angers of sample amount were 0.01% (100ppm) ∼0.32% (3200ppm) fo. the water extract, 0.025% (150ppm)∼0.1% (1000ppm) for the ethanol extract, and 0.008% (80ppm)∼0.016% (160ppm) for the saponins. It was impossible to determine the range for the cold methanol- residue, The acceleration effects on the cell proliferation by a only 0.0008% (8ppm) of the diol- and triol-saponin were measurable in earlier Period (24 hour treatment).

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.143-147
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• 2006

Physiological activities of Korean-grown ginger (KG) and Chinese-grown ginger (CG) extracts were examined. Ginger was extracted with water, and 50 and 100% ethanol, and then nitrite-scavenging activity (NSA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and electron-donating ability (EDA) of extracts were investigated. NSA at pH 1.2 was the most effective in 50% ethanol extracts of both origins. SOD-like activities of water and 50% ethanol extracts of both samples were 8.66-35.95% lower than those of 1 and 0.1% L-ascorbate solutions. SOD-like activity of KG extracts was higher than that of CG extracts, and water extracts of samples were the highest. EDA of KG extract was higher (22.23-86.95%) than that of CG extract, while both sample extracts showed lower EDA than those of 1 and 0.1% L-ascorbate solutions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.647-649
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• 1992

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in some alcohol-aqueous solutions were determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy at 25$25^{\circ}C$. The CMC of CPC was increased with the addition of methanol and ethanol, while with the addition of propanol it was decreased because of the solubilization of propanol into the micelle of CPC. The ratio (${\beta}$) of the number of counterions to that of surfactant ions associated into micelles in alcohol (methanol, ethanol and propanol) aqueous solutions was measured by using the Shinoda $equation^{17}$. The ratio of counterion binding to the CPC micelles in methanol-and ethanol-water mixtures was larger than in pure water, while the ratio in propanol-water mixture might be much decreased.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.258-264
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• 2004

The ice thermal storage system is to use consolation latent heat of water. But, supercooling phenomenon of water during phase change is to increase the cooling capacity and to decrease COP of the refrigerator. Furthermore, this causes the operation cost of system to increase and the efficiency of energy to decrease. Therefore, the better thermal storage material than the water is required. The purpose of this study is to improve supercooling characteristics and thermal properties of TMA 30wt% clathrate by using Ethanol.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2019

Antioxidant activity in water and ethanol extracts of dried Lycium chinense fruit, as a result of the total phenolic and tannin content, was measured using a number of chemical and biochemical assays for radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, with the analysis being extended by applying a bootstrapping statistical method. Previous statistical analyses mostly provided linear correlation and regression analyses between antioxidant activity and increasing concentrations of phenolics and tannins in a concentration-dependent mode. The present study showed that multiple component or multivariate analysis by applying multiple regression analysis or regression planes proved more informative than linear regression analysis of the relationship between the concentration of individual components and antioxidant activity. In this paper, we represented the multivariate analysis of antioxidant activities of both phenolic and tannin contents combined in the water and ethanol extracts, which revealed the hidden observations that were not evident from linear statistical analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.625-632
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• 2009

This study determined the effects of added buckwheat extract on the rate of corn starch hydrolysis in vitro as well as blood glucose responses through its supplementation in healthy subjects. The rate of corn starch hydrolysis in the presence or absence of various buckwheat extracts was determined in an in vitro enzyme/dialysis system for 2 hr. The buckwheat was extracted by water, ethanol(40%, 70%, 100%) and methanol(40%, 70%, 100%), respectively. Twenty percent(w/w) additions of the ethanol, methanol and water buckwheat extract to corn starch solution significantly reduced the starch hydrolysis at every minute for 2 hr(p<0.05). The calculated hydrolysis indices of the buckwheat extracts were in the order of 100% ethanol extract(50), 100% methanol(54), 40% ethanol(58), 40% methanol(62), 70% methanol(64), 70% ethanol(68), water (82). For the blood glucose response study, groups of 12 volunteers were given 50 g of boiled rice with or without buckwheat extract(10% and 20% of starch weight) using the 100%, 70%, and 40% ethanol extracts, respectively. The addition of each buckwheat ethanol extract significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations at three or more points during 2 hr and also reduced the mean peak rise and area under the blood glucose curve(p<0.05). The calculated glycemic index(GI) values for all ethanol buckwheat extract groups were significantly decreased compared to the control(rice). At the concentrations of 20%, the buckwheat 100% ethanol extracts lowered the GI by 68%. The 100% ethanol extract was more effective than the 70% and 40% extracts for reducing GI. Therefore, the 100% ethanol buckwheat extract would be the most therapeutically useful in modifying postprandial hyperglycemia.