• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.402-411
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• 2008

Grazing effects of two freshwater shellfish, Unio douglasiae (UNIO) and Cipangoplaudina chinese malleata (CCM), on the hibernal diatom communities in eutrophic water was examined in a laboratory. Two animals having different feeding types used in the study were collected from Keum River (Boryeong, Korea), acclimatized in the artificial management system in a laboratory over at least one month, and starved in a laboratory for 2 days before the experiment. Experimental waters, which dominated by Synedra ulna-Scenedesmus sp. (ca. 80%), was collected from eutrophic lake, Lake Ilgam (Seoul) in Feb., 19, 2008 at AM 10:00, and used in the study after the filtration with 1 mm Nylon mesh. Feeding experiments were largely divided into three kinds of animal treatments; five densities of UNIO (U0, U1, U2, U3, U4) and CCM (C0, C1, C2, C3, C4), and four combined densities of two shellfish (M0, M1, M2, M3). U0 and C0 were control (no addition of UNIO or CCM), U1 or C1 (each animal density at 0.5 ind. $L^{-1}$), U2 or C2 (1.0 ind. $L^{-1}$), U3 or C3 (1.5 ind. $L^{-1}$), and U4 or C4 (2.0 ind. $L^{-1}$), respectively. Four combined treatments were consisted of M0 (no animals), M1 (U1+C3), M2 (U2+C2), and M3 (U4+C1), respectively. Under the presence of animal, the concentration of Chl-a and algal abundance were clearly decreased with the increase of UNIO density and the treated time, while in combined group a strong decrease of algal density showed with the increase of UNIO density. Total phytoplankton density shifted as the similar patterns to that of Chl-a concentration (r=0.6527, p<0.0001), however, there showed the differences following a species. There were strong decreases of dominant species Synedra ulna, Scenedesmus sp., Ankistrodesmus falcatus in UNIO treatment group, Diatoma vulgare in combined group, while Cryptomonas ovata in high density of CCM increased about 20% in algal density. Grazing rates (GRs) based on the concentration of Chl-a was depend on the kind of shellfish and treatment time; a strong feeding of CCM showed in the initial stage, and four hours later, UNIO and combined group with high UNIO density showed the high GRs. Interestingly, faeces production of shellfish was highest in combined group with high density of CCM, while their size over 60 ${\mu}m$ was much higher in production magnitude than that less 60 ${\mu}m$. Collectively, these results suggest that two domestic shellfish and its combined treatment have a strong potential as an effective biological controller of diatom bloom in cold eutrophic waters.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.616-621
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• 2013

Aconitum pesudo-laeve var erectum has been known to possess anti-inflammatory activity and modulate the intestinal immune system. In addition, it has traditionally been used for the treatment of water retention in the body. In this study, the anti-aging and anti-diabetes effects of water and ethanol extracts from Aconitum pesudo-laeve var. erectum were investigated. The activities of each extract were measured by antioxidant tests such as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, antioxidant protection factor (PF), TBARs content, and ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity assay. DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in over 50% of water and ethanol extracts at $100{\mu}g/ml$, $50{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract was $99.8{\pm}0.1$% at $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ in water, which was highest among the ethanol extract concentrations. PFs measured with ${\beta}$-carotene-linoleate model systems were in the order of ethanol (1.49 PF at $1,000{\mu}g/ml$) > ethanol (1.40 PF at $500{\mu}g/ml$) > water (1.33 PF at $1,000{\mu}g/ml$) > water (1.27 PF at $500{\mu}g/ml$). TBARs content in ethanol extracts ($1,000{\mu}g/ml$) was $0.16{\pm}0.03{\mu}M$, which was lower than that of water extracts and other ethanol extract concentrations. The extracts also showed over 90% of ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibition and over 60% of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition ratio in water ($1,000{\mu}g/ml$) and ethanol extracts (100~$1,000{\mu}g/ml$). These results suggest that Aconitum pesudo-laeve var. erectum extracts could be used as a cosmetic source and preventive agent for aging and diabetes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 2005

To control Phytophthora blight of red pepper biologically caused by Phytophthora capsici, we developed Trichoderma harzianum DYMC for commercial product. DYMC was storage at room temperature and was investigated their population every 3 months for 1 year. For investigating the dynamic population of T. harzianum in the pot soils, we applied powder and suspension applications with DYMC, and then investigated for 95 days. The efficacy of powder and suspension applications of DYMC for control of Phytophthora blight of red pepper and plant growth were investigated for 50 days in greenhouse experiment. The population of T. harzianum was decreased at the room temperature for 1 year but there was not statistically significance. After soil treated in the pot with DYMC, the population of Trichoderma spp. was the highest when DYMC powder at 5 g was applied to mix with pot soil, and the population was deceased significantly among treatment means as time goes by ($R^2=0.76$, F=10.5960, P=<.0001). Incidence of Phytophthora blight of, red pepper was significantly reduced among treatment means on 50th day after treated with DYMC ($R^2=0.82$, P=16.4758, P=<.0001). Disease control value was the highest at 62.5% when DYMC powder at 5 g was applied to mix with pot soil. No significant difference (P=0.05) of effects of plant and root growth showed by treated with DYMC on 60th day, except stem. Mixing the application of DYMC powder with soil to control Phytophthora blight of red pepper was greater than suspension application to dilute with water. DYMC could be used as an effective biocontrol agent to control Phythophthora blight of red pepper.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.317-322
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• 2022

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), a chronic contagious disease in small ruminants. The prevalence of CLA has been reported to be >50% in Korean black goats. CLA is difficult to control due to a lack of efficient vaccines and treatment methods. Effective disinfection of the farm environment may be an alternative strategy for reducing the spread of C. pseudotuberculosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of commercial disinfectants against CLA. The six commercial disinfectants, largely composed of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, sodium hypochlorite, potassium monopersulfate triple salt, quaternary ammonium, citric acid, and copper sulfate, were tested against five different genotypes of C. pseudotuberculosis isolated from goat farms in Korea. Efficacy tests were performed in accordance with the disinfectant efficacy test guidelines recommended by the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency of Korea with slight modifications. All disinfectants except for copper sulfate exhibited >99.99% killing efficacy under hard water conditions following 30 min of incubation, which is the recommended standard treatment time according to guidelines. The minimum bactericidal treatment time was evaluated by employing treatments for durations of 1, 5, and 15 min. The most effective compounds under hard water conditions were sodium dichloroisocyanurate, potassium monopersulfate triple salt, and sodium hypochlorite, exhibiting >99.99% killing efficacy after 1 min of treatment. In the aqueous solution forms, citric acid and the quaternary ammonium compound were the most effective, but required at least 5 min to kill >99.99% of the bacteria. The current study characterizes the killing efficacy of six commercial disinfectant active compounds against C. pseudotuberculosis. Thus, this study provides essential information regarding the efficacy of the disinfectants used to control CLA in goat farms.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.79-86
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• 2015

Korean territories has formed about 70% of mountainous areas that have acidified serious level to average pH 4-5. There are a number of abandoned metal mines about 1,000 in Korea. However, mine tailings and waste rock included heavy metals are exposed to long-term environment without prevention facility or treatment system. Thus, ongoing management and monitoring of soil environment are required. Most of abandoned mine scattered in forest areas of slopes. Soil erosion due to continuous rainfall in the slopy areas can cause the secondary pollution by the influence eutrophication of water system and the productivity loss of the plant. Therefore, this study would like to estimate pH leaching rate by artificial rainfall using waste neutralization-agent in lysimeter. Moreover, the potentially of secondary pollution related to precipitation is figured out through the experiments, and the optimal planting methods would examinate after neutralizing treatment in soil. Experiments composed three kinds of lysimeter; lysimeter 1 had filled only acidic soil, lysimeter 2 had neutralized soil, and lysimeter 3 had planting plants after neutralized soil. In the results, lysimeter 2 showed the lowest pH leaching, and there is not specific relativity with pH leaching of the seasonal characteristics.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2001

Background: A previous study has shown that Euonymus alatus (EA) has an antidotic activities against inflammation, suggesting possibility that EA can exert this beneficial effects to liver injury by an initial protection against drug-induced hepatocyte demage. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of EA-extract on experimentally induced hepatitis in ICR mice and to investigate some mechanisms responsible for its action. Methods: Water EA extract was used in this experiments. The mice received i.p. a dose of 700 mg/kg galactosamine (GalN) together with $5{\mu}g/kg$ of endotoxin (LPS), or received i.v. 12 mg/kg of concanavalin A (Con A). EA (4 mg/mouse) was administrated on day -2, -1 and 0 before induction of liver injury. Liver injury was assessed by measurement of serum alanin amino-transferase (SGPT) levels on 9 hr after GaIN.LPS, or 8 hr after con A administration. Results: Treatment with either GaIN or LPS alone did not cause hepatitis. However, simultaneous administration of GalN and LPS to mice resulted in LPS-dose dependent fulminant hepatitis. GaLN/LPS-induced liver injury was reduced when mice were given EA for 3 days before induction. This preventive effect of Ea was more prominent when EA was given by intraperitoneal route rather then by oral route. Pretreatment of EA or dexamethasone inhibited significantly $TNF{\alpha}$ production in GalL/LPS-injured mice. However, EA-treatment did not influence $TNF{\alpha}$-induced hepatitis in GalN-sensitized mice, suggesting that $TNF{\alpha}$ is likely to act as one of final mediators of endotoxin action and the protective effect of EA might be manifested chiefly by inhibition of endotoxin-induced $TNF{\alpha}$ production, not by blocking the $TNF{\alpha}$-action. Injection of Con A into mice evoked remarkable liver injury in a dose dependent fashion. This liver damage was reduced by EA-pretreatment. Dexamethasone significantly reduced both GalL/LPS-induced and Con A-induced liver damages, showing synergism with EA. However, indomethacin reduced only GalN/ LPS-induced hepatitis, not for Con A-induced hepatitis. Conclusion: These results led to the conclusion that EA may be able to contribute at least in part to prevent the drug-induced hepatotoxicity, and that its anti-hepatitis effects might be manifested directly by modulation of endogenous mediators, such as leukotriese D4, $TNF{\alpha}$ and free radical, and indirectly by regulation of immune mediated responses. Also these results suggested that EA could be developed as a potential antidotic agent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.909-914
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• 2007

Fluorine compounds are the essential chemicals for wet processes of semiconductor and LCD production line. Problems of conventional treatments for fluoride wastewater are their high operation costs and low fluoride removal capacity. In this study, cement paste containing various Ca-bearing hydrates such as portlandite, calcium silicate hydrate(CSH), and ettringite was investigated for fluoride removal. The objectives of this study are to assess the feasibility of using cement paste cured mixture of cement and water as an alternative agent for treatment of fluoride wastewater and to investigate fluoride removal capacity of the cement paste. The performance of cement paste was comparable to that of lime in the kinetic test. In column experiment where the effluent fluoride concentrations were below 0.5 mg/L. Then the leached calcium reached the maximum level of 800 mg/L. The nitrate reduced to the level of less than 10 mg/L. Nitrate in the wastewater was exchanged with interlayer sulfate of these cement hydrate LDHs. Phosphate concentration could be reduced to 10 mg/L by forming calcium phosphate. These results indicate that the cement paste generally has advantageous characteristics as an economical and viable substitute for lime to remove fluoride.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-19
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• 2013

This study was carried out to select new pelleting binder and material for seeds from Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz. The optimum treatments of the various concentrations and species of priming agents to improve seed germination of both woody medicinal plants were also estimated. Germinability was increased when the seeds of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance was soaked in -1.0 MPa of PEG6000 solution at $15^{\circ}C$ for 4 days significantly, the optimum treatment for improving germination of Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz was observed when the tested seeds was soaked in 100 mM of KCl at $15^{\circ}C$ for 4 days. The influence of physical and chemical properties of pelleting solid materials, the mixture of gypsum, diatomaceous earth, dalma ceramic and vermicuolite (6:1:1:1 ratio) were found as the best pelleting materials for Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Alnus sibirica Fisch. ex Turcz. seeds. To satisfy the requirements of absorption and compatibility for multi-layer seed pelleting, SGPA (Starch-grafted cross-linked polyacrylates) hydrogel was prepared using starch, acrylonitrile, ceric ammonium nitrate, nitric acid, methyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide. The resulting SGPA hydrogel showed high water absorption but not plant compatibility. It suggested that seed pelleting using pelleting materials and SGPA hydrogel (multi-layer coating) after priming agent treatment is to increase germinability and seedling growth and it can reduced irrigation labours and can also save seed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.458-463
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• 2011

Recent studies have revealed that collagen peptide (CP) plays a protective role in skin by improving the activity of antioxidants and acts as an inducer of skin regeneration by positive feedback. In this study, we focused on the beneficial effect of reinforcing the CP skin barrier. To evaluate the skin barrier, hairless mice were exposed to UVB irradiation and acetone-treatment, with or without oral administration of CP. The effects on skin appearance, trans-epidermal water loss, epidermal thickness, and cytokine content were measured using bioengineering and histochemical methods. In the CP treated group, the skin had better appearance and less damage than that of the control. Furthermore, in HaCaT cells, the amount of serinepalmytoyl transferase (SPT) mRNA increased by about 1.6-fold after treatment (CP, 100 mg/L), reflecting that CP can induce SPT expression and reinforce the recovery of skin barrier function. These results suggest that CP is not only an anti-wrinkling agent but also a potent candidate as an epidermal moisturizer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1993

Panax ginseng has been extensively used in the traditional oriental medicine as a restorative, tonic and Prophylactic agent. Recently, several reports regarding to anticancer effects of Panax ginseng has accumulated. These studies emphasized the fact that the anticancer activities might be due to a glycoside group called ginsenoside or pan.u saponin which has a water soluble characteristic. However, the authors and collaborates demonstrated that a highly lipid soluble component in extract of Panax ginseng roots contains a considerable cytotoxic activities against marine leukemic cells (L1210, P388) and human censer cells (HRT-18, HT-29, HCT48). This study was devised to observe the cytotoxic activities of Petroleum-ether extract of Panax giuseng roots (crude GBD and its Partially Purified fraction from silicic acid column chromatography (7 : 3 GX) against sarcoma-180 (5-180) and Walker carcinosar- coma 256 (Walker 256) in vivo, and murine leukemic Lymphocytes (L1210) and human rectal cancer cells (HRT-18) and human colon cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT48) in vitro. Each cell-line was cultured in medium containing serial concentration of the crude GX or 7 : 3 GX in vitro. A highly lipid soluble compound in the extract of Panax ginseng root was cytocidal to murine leukemic cells and human colon and rectal cancer cells in vitro. In the meantime, ginseng saponin derivatives did not have cytotoxic effects at its corresponding concentration. The growth rates of the cancer cells in medium containing ginseng extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree roughly in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. The cytotoxic activity of 7 : 3 GX was about 3 times more potent than that of crude GX, one unit of cytotoxic activity against L1210 cells being equivalent to 2.54 Ug and 058 Ug for the crude GX and 7 : 3 GX, respectively. The Ri value of the active compound on silica- gel thin layer chromatography with petroleum-ether/ethyl ether/acetic acid mixture (90 : 10 : 1, v/v/v) as a developing so lvent was 053. While, the Panaxydol and Panaxynol as active compounds were purified from Petroleum-ether extract of Panax ginseng root by Drs. Ahn and Kim, and author found out that the one unit of cytotoxic activity of the Panaxydol and Panaxynol against L1210 cells being equivalent to 056 Ug and 0.3918 respectively. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times by the 7 : 3 GX treatment compared with their control group. The significantly decreased hemoglobin values of rats after inoculation with Walker 256 were recovered to normal range by oral administration of the crude Gt The synthetic levels of protein, DNA and RNA in human colon and rectal cancer cells were significantly diminished by treatment with the crude GX, which can explain a part of the origin of its anticancer activity.