• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.227-238
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• 2016

This review article highlights different types of nano-sized catalysts for the selective alcohol oxidation to form aldehydes (or ketones) with supported or immobilized metal nanoparticles. Metal nanoparticle catalysts are obtained through dispersing metal nanoparticles over a solid support with a large surface area. The nanocatalysts have wide technological applications to industrial and academic fields such as organic synthesis, fuel cells, biodiesel production, oil cracking, energy conversion and storage, medicine, water treatment, solid rocket propellants, chemicals and dyes. One of main reactions for the nanocatalyst is an aerobic oxidation of alcohols to produce important intermediates for various applications. The oxidation of alcohols by supported nanocatalysts including gold, palladium, ruthenium, and vanadium is very economical, green and environmentally benign reaction leading to decrease byproducts and reduce the cost of reagents as opposed to stoichiometric reactions. In addition, the room temperature alcohol oxidation using nanocatalysts is introduced.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 2012

This study was conducted to improve quality of takju where natural honey is used to control the ripening fermentation and the amount of sediment derived from takju mash. A koji was prepared using rice starch and Aspergillus awamori var. kawachii. Takju mash was prepared by alcohol fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a 3-step addition of steamed rice. The clean part of the mash (CPM) was separated from the sediment at $5^{\circ}C$ and 5% (w/v) of natural honey was added and then ripened for 23 days at 5, 10, or $15^{\circ}C$. Temperature, pH, acidity, and total sugar content showed no significant differences, but a 0.2 percent reduction in alcohol content occurred during storage. However, CPM ripened with honey had a comparatively higher score on sensory evaluation than did immature CPM with added honey added. Takju with 8% alcohol content was prepared by mixing the water from the mixed CPM ripened with honey together with 100, 50, and 25% of the frozen sediment. Several quality characteristics of the takju were checked over 37 days of fermentation at $10^{\circ}C$. The pH was sustained between 4.1 and 4.3, and changes in the number of viable yeast cells, acidity, total sugar amounts, and alcohol content showed similar patterns but differences in scale. Smaller amounts of sediment affected the stability of the takju. Mixing the CPM ripened with natural honey at low temperature moderately reduced the amount of sediment in the mash and resulted in a highly flavorful takju with an extended shelf life.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.94-98
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• 1994

Hardness and elasticity for SurichwijuIPyun(Korean rice cake supplemented with Surichwi) made with various levels of Surichwi(O∼40%) boiled in 1% sodium bicarbonate added water were decreased by increasing additional rate of Surichwi, but adhesiveness and cohesiveness didn't show constant increase or decrease. Guminess and chewiness showed significant differences by decreasing additional rate of Surichwi. As a results of sensory evaluation of Surichwiiulpyun, Julpyun supplemented with 20fs Surichwi showed the most favorite tendency in color, flavor and overall acceptability. Textural characteristics of Surichwijulpyun supplemented with 20 and 30% Surichwi in storing at 20$^{\circ}C$ showed less change than those of 0 and loft group. Gumminess and chewiness showed similar trend to hardness, and there were significant differences in additional rate of Surichwi and storage time.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 1993

The processing conditions and quality of sardine surimi were examined: Raw sardine meat was separated, washed in 0.2% $NaHCO_3$ and 0.15% NaCl solution, and then dewatered by centrifuge. The dewatered sardine meat was chopped, mixed with 20% emulsion curd (soybean protein : water : refined sardine oil=1:5:2.6), 4% sorbitol, 4% sucrose, 0.2% polyphosphate and 0.1% sodium erythorbate by stone mortar. The mixed sardine meat was frozen with contact freezer, packed in carton box and then stored at $-25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The moisture, crude protein and lipid contents of the sardine surimi product was 73.3%, 15.0% and 6.9%, respectively. Fatty acid composition of product consisted of 28.8% of saturates, 24.3% of monoenes and 47.7% of polyenes and the major fatty acids were 16:0, 20:5, 18:1, 22:6 and 16:1. The results of changes in POV, TBA value, fatty acids, texture and sensory score of products during frozen storage showed that lipid oxidation and freeze denaturation of product could be retarded, and flavor enhanced by addition 20% emulsion curd and 0.1% sodium erythorbate. In an attempt to apply sardine surimi in producing surimi-based product, it was concluded that pollack surimi could be substituted with sardine surimi up to 40% without showing any significant changes in texture and taste of surimi-based product.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1622-1633
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• 2002

The effects of tuna oil supplementation (0, 1, 2 and 3%) to pig diets on growth and carcass yield as well as meat quality were determined in 40 crossbred pigs. Animals were fattened from 30 to 90 kg of live-weight. Twenty-four hours after slaughter, following various early- and late-post mortem measurements, loin, backfat and belly were prepared from the carcasses. Bacon was produced from the belly part by curing and smoking. Neither performance (feed intake, daily gains, feed conversion efficiency) nor carcass quality (slaughter weight, dressing percentage, lean percentage, nutrient composition of the loin) were significantly affected by tuna oil supplementation. Tuna oil also had no clear effects on early- and late-post mortem meat quality traits, water-holding capacity and tenderness of the M. longissiumus dorsi (LD). Colour traits of LD and backfat, and backfat firmness were not significantly affected by tuna oil, either. However, there was a certain trend to elevated fat contents of LD (and bacon), but not of backfat, with increasing levels of tuna oil in feed. Pigs receiving elevated proportions of tuna oil expressed lower VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in blood plasma, whereas the cholesterol content of LD, backfat and bacon did not reflect this trend. Effects of tuna oil on fatty acids in LD, backfat and bacon were often small in extent, except those concerning the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. With 3% tuna oil in the diet, the contents of the particularly desired omega-3 fatty acids, C20:5 and C22:6, were 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg in LD. The corresponding values for backfat and bacon were 2.6 and 12.6 g/kg, and 1.3 and 9.2 g/kg, respectively. Tuna oil supplementation was associated with significant adverse effects on flavour and overall acceptance of bacon (not significant in LD although numerically the same trend was noted), but these effects on sensory ratings were limited in extent. Also shelf life of the products, determined as TBA value after different storage periods at $4^{\circ}C$ in LD, backfat and bacon, was significantly reduced. Overall, the present study suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may be enriched in pork by feeding tuna oil with few undesired side-effects, particularly those on sensory perception and shelf life, suggesting immediate consumption of the products is advisable. Most economically important traits (performance, slaughter and physical meat quality) remained unaffected.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2013

The study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of Mozzarella cheese analogue generation by using a mixture of soy milk and raw milk and to compare the quality of the resultant cheese with that of Mozzarella cheese manufactured using the traditional method. The mixtures showed increase in protein and decrease in lactose and SNF in a dose-dependent manner with the addition of soy milk. The Mozzarella cheese analogue had lower total solids content than the control cheese product, while the fat content was similar between both. The analogue cheese had lower ash content than the traditionally prepared cheese; the content was proportional to the amount of soy milk in the mixture. Higher soy milk quantities within mixtures also resulted in proportionally higher levels of fat content within analogue cheese. Water-soluble nitrogen content was lower in the analogue cheese than in the control cheese. While the WSN level increased in the control cheese, it was almost constant in the analogue cheese. The control cheese had much higher actual and predicted yield than the analogue cheese, while the analogue cheese had a higher stability level. The control cheese had a higher transfer rate than the analogue cheese, with the exception of lactose. Electrophoresis analysis showed bands for Mozzarella cheese analogues that were present in addition to the normal ${\alpha}$-casein and ${\beta}$-casein bands. Physical characteristic analysis showed that hardness was affected by the addition of soy milk to cheese, while cohesiveness and brittleness were affected by the addition of raw milk, and elasticity was barely affected by milk composition. The meltability of the control cheese was higher than that of the analogue cheese and increased during 30 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Browning, oiling-off, and stretching characteristics were almost identical between the 2 types of cheeses. Sensory evaluation findings showed that the control cheese had much better body texture, appearance, and flavor than the analogue cheese.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.290-293
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• 2006

A fruit rot of sweet persimmon(Diospyros kaki cv. 'Fuyu') that infected with blue mold was found during the storage and transport in Jinju Gyeongnam Province, Korea. Fruit surfaces that infected with the fungus were formed water soaked lesion at first then gradually colonized with the fungus and formed mycelial mats. From the point of infection, fruits become sunken and mostly ruptured. The pathogenic fungus was isolated from infected fruits and cultured on potato dextrose agar. The colonies of the pathogenic fungi were white at frist then became greyish green on malt extract agar. Conidia were ellipsoidal and $2.6{\sim}3.8{\times}2.4{\sim}3.8{\mu}m$ in size. Phialides were ampulliform, verticilate of 3-7, $8.0{\sim}9.2{\times}2.0{\sim}3.0{\mu}m$ in size. Metulae were verticils of 2-4, smooth, $9.0{\sim}12.6{\times}3.0{\sim}4.6{\mu}m$ in size. Ramuli were groups 1-3, smooth, $11.0{\sim}17.6{\times}2.3{\sim}3.0{\mu}m$ in size. Rami were groups 1-2, $7.5{\sim}32.6{\times}2.6{\sim}4.2{\mu}m$ in size. Stipes were septate, smooth, thin walled, $56{\sim}302{\times}2.8{\sim}4.0{\mu}m$ in size. Penicilli were mostly quaterverticillate. Based on the cultural and mycological characteristics as well as pathogenicity test on host plants, the fungus was identified as Penicillium expansum. This is the first report on the blue mold of sweet persimmon(Diospyros kaki) caused by P. expansum in Korea.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.383-387
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• 2006

To investigate the effect of GyeongshinhaeGihwan 1(GGT1) frequently used as an anti-obesity herbal medicine in oriental medicine on the expression of obesity-related genes, we measured the changes in mRNA levels of these genes by GGT1 in human growth hormone transgenic (hGHTg) obese female rats, and these effects by GGT1 were compared with those of reductil (RD), an anti-obesity drug approved by FDA. Rats received once daily oral administrations of autoclaved water, RD, or GGT1 for 8 weeks. At the end of study, rats were sacrificed and tissues were harvested. Total RNA from adipose tissue, liver and kidney was prepared and the mRNA levels for LPL (lipoprotein lipase), $PPAR{\gamma}$ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma), $PPAR{\delta}$ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-delta), leptin, $TNF{\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and internal standard G3PDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Compared with control group, $PPAR{\gamma}$ mRNA levels of liver and kidney were decreased in both RD and GGT1 groups, and the effects were more prominent in GGT1 group than in RD group, suggesting that GGT1 is effective in the inhibition of lipid storage by decreasing the $PPAR{\gamma}$ expression. $PPAR{\delta}$ mRNA levels of adipose tissue were increased by RD and GGT1 compared with DW, and the magnitude of increase were higher in GGT1 group than in RD group, indicating that GGT1 stimulates fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism by activating $PPAR{\delta}$ expression. GGT1 group had higher concentrations of serum leptin, a well-known inhibitor of appetite, than control and RD groups. However, The mRNA levels of leptin, LPL, and $TNF{\alpha}$ were not changed by GGT1. These results indicate that GGT1 can prevent obesity in hGHTg obese female rats by down-regulating and up-regulating the mRNA expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $PPAR{\delta}$, respectively, and that this anti-obesity effects were more pronounced in GGT1 group compared with RD group. In addition, GGT1 seems to inhibit obesity by increasing the circulating leptin levels.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 1996

An integrated model is presented to describe underground flow and mass transport, using a multicomponent multiphase approach. The comprehensive governing equation is derived considering mass and force balances of chemical species over four phases(water, oil, air, and soil) in a schematic elementary volume. Compact and systemati notations of relevant variables and equations are introduced to facilitate the inclusion of complex migration and transformation processes, and variable spatial dimensions. The resulting nonlinear system is solved by a multidimensional finite element code. The developed code with dynamic array allocation, is sufficiently flexible to work across a wide spectrum of computers, including an IBM ES 9000/900 vector facility, SP2 cluster machine, Unix workstations and PCs, for one-, two and three-dimensional problems. To reduce the computation time and storage requirements, the system equations are decoupled and solved using a banded global matrix solver, with the vector and parallel processing on the IBM 9000. To avoide the numerical oscillations of the nonlinear problems in the case of convective dominant transport, the techniques of upstream weighting, mass lumping, and elementary-wise parameter evaluation are applied. The instability and convergence criteria of the nonlinear problems are studied for the one-dimensional analogue of FEM and FDM. Modeling capacity is presented in the simulation of three dimensional composite multiphase TCE migration. Comprehesive simulation feature of the code is presented in a companion paper of this issue for the specific groundwater or flow and contamination problems.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2006

Understanding characteristics of claypan soils has long been an issue for researchers and farmers because the high-clay subsoil has a pronounced effect on grain crop productivity. The claypan restricts water infiltration and storage within the crop root zone, but these effects are not uniform within fields. Conventional techniques of identifying claypan soil characteristics require manual probing and analysis which can be quite expensive; an expense most farmers are unwilling to pay. On the other hand, farmers would be very interested if this information could be obtained with easy-to-use field sensors. Two examples of sensors that show promise for helping in claypan soil characterization are soil profile strength sensing and bulk soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa). Little has been reported on claypan soils relating the combined information from these two sensors with grain crop yield. The objective of this research was to identify the relationships of sensed profile soil strength and soil EC with nine years of crop yield (maize and soybean) from a claypan soil field in central Missouri. A multiple-probe (five probes on 19-cm spacing) cone penetrometer was used to measure soil strength and an electromagnetic induction sensor was used to measure soil EC at 55 grid site locations within a 4-ha research field. Crop yields were obtained using a combine equipped with a yield monitoring system. Soil strength at the 15 to 45 cm soil depth were significantly correlated to crop yield and ECa. Estimated crop yields from apparent electrical conductivity and soil strength were validated with an independent data set. Using measurements from these two sensors, standard error rates for estimating yield ranged from 9 to 16%. In conclusion, these results showed that the sensed profile soil strength and soil EC could be used as a measure of the soil productivity for grain crop production.