• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 추계 학술발표회 제16권2호
• /
• pp.241-244
• /
• 2004

The evaluation of Single or multi-degregation of concrete coated by high performance surface penetration agency was examined through various tests, i.e., carbonation, absorption, carbonation + chloride ion and carbonation + chemical solution according to various high performance surface penetration agencies and various compressive strengths of base concrete. The 2 types of high performance surface penetration agencies were used i.e., inorganic and alcohol soluble. And 2 types of compressive strength of base concrete were used such as 21 30. MPa. The characteristics of concrete coated high performance surface penetration agency was more improved than that of non-coated concrete, and especially, water soluble inorganic agency was most effective. And if compressive strength of base concrete was low, the improved effects would be larger.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.171-179
• /
• 2003

본 실험에서는 천연 추출물중 항산화성이 우수한 추출물을 선발하여 계육 양념육 제품을 개발하고, 둘째. 양념육의 침투속도를 높이기 위하여 수용성 미네랄 성분과 Ge-132를 이용하여 양념계육 제품에 대한 이화학적 특성을 검토하였다. 이상의 게르마늄, 녹차, 수용성 미네랄 및 녹차+게르마늄+수용성 미네랄 복합 첨가 양념 닭고기 제품의 이화학적 결과를 보면, pH는 염지전 가슴부분이 6.00～5.94, 다리부분이 6.55～6.38로 염지 기간 중 처리구간의 pH의 차이는 나타나지 않았으며, 닭고기 부위에 따른 차이는 가슴부분보다 다리부분이 조금 높게 나타났다. 염도와 당도는 염지기간 중 증가하는 경향이었으며, 염도의 경우 염지 24시간째 대조구의 가슴과 다리부분이 각각 1.11%, 1.21%를 나타내었다. 그러나 수용성 미네랄 첨가구 모두 저장 6시간과 12시간째 대조구의 염도보다도 높은 값을 나타내었다. 당도의 경우도 마찬가지로 대조구 24시간째 19.94 brix, 18.89 brix를 저장 6시간째 천연물과 기능수 첨가구 모두 가슴과 다리부분에서 높은 당도를 나타내었다. 가열조리 후 각 처리양념 닭고기제품의 경도 변화는 대조구에 비하여 모든 처리구가 부위에 관계없이 낮은 값을 나타내 었으며 특히, 녹차 첨가구는 가슴부분과 다리부분이 각각 122.59, 142.59kg/$cm^2$로 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 항균성의 경우 대조구의 가슴부분 4.23CFU/g, 다리부분 4.24CFU/g에 비하여 가슴부분은 녹차 첨가구가 3.76CFU/g, 녹차+게르마늄+수용성 미네랄 복합첨 가구가 3.61CFU/g으로 낮은 값을 나타내었고, 다리부분은 녹차 첨가구가 3.49CFU/g, 녹차+게르마늄+수용성 미네랄 복합 첨가구가 3.55 CFU/g으로 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 지방산화도의 경우는 부위에 관계없이 대조구에 비하여 낮은 TBARS값을 나타내었고 특히, 녹차 첨가구가 가슴부분 0.43, 다리부분 0.47로 TBARS값이 낮게 나타났다. 다즙성, 연도 및 종합적인 기호도에서는 대조구에 비하여 녹차, 수용성 미네랄 및 녹차+게르마늄+수용성미네랄 복합 첨가구가 양념 닭고기제품의 다리와 가슴부분 모두에서 유의하게 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 대조구의 유리아미노산 함량 1462.7mg에 비하여 녹차첨가구의 유리아미노산 함량은 1661.46 mg으로 증가하였고, 고기의 추출물에서 맛과 풍미에 중요한 역할을 하는 아미노산인 glutamic acid의 함량이 대조구에 비하여 녹차 첨가구가 534.24mg으로 높은 값을 나타내었다.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.643-647
• /
• 2010

키토산의 응용성을 높이기 위해 제조된 O-carboxymethyl water soluble chitosan (OCMCh)의 구조에 인체 내 순환시간을 증가시키기 위하여 PEG를 도입하였으며, 약물 및 유전자 전달체로 응용하기 위하여 PEG가 결합된 OCMCh-PEG를 Poly(L-Lysine) (PLL)과 이온복합체를 형성함으로써 OCMCh-PEG-PLL를 제조하였다. 제조된 OCMCh-PEG-PLL의 물리화학적특성은 적외선 분광광도계와 핵자기공명장치를 이용하여 분석하였으며, 성공적으로 PLL이 결합되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 동적광산란장치와 투과전자현미경을 통하여 PLL의 양을 고정하였을 때, PEG의 양이 증가함에 따라 입자의 크기가 감소하는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 구형의 입자형태를 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과는 OCMCh-PEG-PLL이 약물 및 유전자 전달체 등과 같은 생체재료로의 응용 가능성을 가지는 것을 볼 수 있다.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.227-235
• /
• 2006

In order to understand chemical characteristics and formation of dewfall in Miryang area, we analysed monthly distribution of dewfall, and investigated its chemical composition of dewfall. The modified teflon plate ($1m{\times}1m$) was used qualitatively to collect water soluble components at Miryang weather station from August 2002 to April 2003. Dewfall amount during the sampling periods (37 day) collected 5.28 mm. The behaviors of water soluble ions in dewfall showed the highest concentration ($555.8{\mu}eq/l$ for $Cl^-$, $338.6{\mu}eq/l$ for ${NO_3}^-$, $1118.2{\mu}eq/l$ for ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $262.7{\mu}eq/l$ for ${NH_4}^+$, $1341.0{\mu}eq/l$ for ${Ca_2}^+$, $177.8{\mu}eq/l$ for ${Mg_2}^+$, and $325.5{\mu}eq/l$ for $Na^+$) during the April, the lowest concentration ($243.6{\mu}eq/l$ for ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $39.3{\mu}eq/l$ for ${NH_4}^+$ and $456.2{\mu}eq/l$ for ${Ca_2}^+$) during the September. Monthly equivalent ratio of [${SO_4}^{2-}$]/[${NO_3}^-$] showed the highest value (6.45) during the March, the lowest value (1.86) during the September, and the mean value was 2.70.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.52-60
• /
• 2005

This study was carried to assess the accuracy of material safety data sheets (MSDS) for some water-soluble metalworking fluid (MWF) with respect to mono- ethanolamine(MEA), di-ethanolamine(DEA) and tri-ethanolamine (TEA). 39 fresh and 52 used MWFs for this study were taken from the workplace. The quantification and qualification of MEA, DEA and TEA were done using ion-chromatography. Three main findings of this study were 1) EA that was not addressed in material safety & data sheets (MSDS) was found to be enough higher than 1%, 2) 33.3% of 39 fresh MWF showed ingredient and concentration of MEA, DEA and TEA in MSDS and 3) the concentrations of MEA(20.5%), DEA(41.3%) and TEA(15.4%) were much higher than those indicated in MSDS. Consequently, we concluded that the accuracy on ingredients and concentrations of MEA, DEA and TEA provided in MWF was very low. Our study recommends that the limit concentration of chemical except for carcinogen that employer has to indicate in MSDS should be lowered from 1% to 0.1% .

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.61-71
• /
• 2010

Intensive measurements of airborne respirable $PM_{2.5}$ and inhalable $PM_{2.5}$ were conducted in the downtown area of Iksan city. The $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected twice a day in the Iksan city of Korea from October 17 to November 1, 2004. The purpose of the study was to determine the inorganic water-soluble components and trace elements of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in the atmospheric environment and estimate the contribution rate of major chemical components from a mass balance of all measured particulate species. The chemical analysis for PM samples was conducted for water-soluble inorganic ions using ion chromatography and trace elements using PIXE analysis. The mean concentrations of respirable $PM_{2.5}$ and inhalable $PM_{2.5}$ were $51.4{\pm}29.7$ and $79.5{\pm}39.6\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the ratio was 0.62. The ion species of $NO_3$, $SO_4^2$, and $NH_4^+$ were abundant in both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. These components predominated in respirable $PM_{2.5}$ fraction, while $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ mostly existed in coarse particle mode. Elemental components of S, Cl, K, and Si were abundant in both $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. These elements, except for Si, were considered to be emitted from anthropogenic sources, while Si, Al, Fe, Ca existed mainly in coarse particle mode and were considered to be emitted from crustal materials. The averaged mass balance analysis showed that ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, crustal component, and other trace elements were composed of 18.4%, 13.2%, 4.8%, 3.5% for PM2.5 and 17.0%, 11.6%, 13.7%, 4.4% for $PM_{2.5}$, respectively.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.147-153
• /
• 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the seasonal characteristics of metallic and ion elements of $PM_{10}$(Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ${\leq}10\;{\mu}m$) and the effects of vessels exhaust emission from ships harboring in Busan City. The $PM_{10}$ samples were collected from January 2010 to October 2010 at Dongsam-dong(coastal area), in Busan City. The particulate matters were analyzed for major water soluble ionic components and metals. The ranges of the $PM_{10}$ mass concentrations were from 29.8 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 47.0 ${\mu}g/m^3$ in Dongsam-dong. The $PM_{10}$ mass concentrations in Dongsam-dong are very similar to Gwangbok-dong during same sampling periods. These results were understood by the effects of the shipping source emitted from ships anchoraging and running. The concentrations of water-soluble ions and metals in the $PM_{10}$ had a level of as high as the order of $SO_4^{2-}$>$NO_3^-$>$Cl^-$ and $NH_4^+$>$Na^+$>$Ca^{2+}$>$K^+$>$Mg^{2+}$, respectively. The correlation coefficients($R^2$) for $SO_4^{2-}/PM_{10}$ and $NH_4^+/PM_{10}$ of were 0.7446 and 0.7784, respectively, and it showed the high correlation with each other.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.57-66
• /
• 1988

Sandy dust phenomena was observed from April 19 to 23, 1988 in Seoul and suspended particulate was collected by Andersen air sampler during this period. The samples were analyzed for 16 components $(SO_n^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, PO_4^{3-}, NH_4^+, F^-, Al, Fe, K, Cu, Mn, Na, Pb, Mg, Ca, Cd)$. The conclusions are as follwes: 1. Total suspended particulate concentation during the period of sandy dust phenomena was 489 $\mug/m^3$ (ordinary times: 140-125 $mug/m^3$) 2. The water - soluble ion component concentration of suspended particulate during the period of sandy dust phenomena was few and the metal concentration of that was more than that of ordinary times. 3. The cumulative frequency distribution of suspended particulates in logarithmic diagram did not show similar to normal log distribution during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 4. $SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^-, Cl^-, and PO_4^{3-}$ was onsided to coarse particle, and $NH_4^+$ and F to fine particle in the size distribution of water - soluble ion components during the period of sandy dust phenomena. 5. Metal concentration was high and Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Na, Mg, and Ca was onsided to coarse particle, and K, Pb, and Cd to fine particle in the size distribution of metal components. 6. During the period of sandy dust phenomena the quantity of respirable particle (< 1 $\mum$) was about 3 times and that of metal components were about 2 - 11 times than that of ordinary times. 7. The concentrations of $NO_3^-, Cl^-, NH_4^+$ at ordinary times were 1.1 - 4 time than that of the period of sandy dust phenomena.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.664-672
• /
• 2011

A series of hydrophilic chromophores was synthesized through introduction of dendritic sulfonate anions using click chemistry. A dendron structure bearing several sulfonate groups enhances hydrophilicity of attached chromophores. A click triazole formation connects chromophores with hydrophilic groups. A neutral trichloroethyl sulfonate has versatile features such as easy introduction, chemical endurance for isolation or storage, and convenient transformation to a hydrophilic anion. Zinc and OH mediated cleavage of trichloroethyl group from the neutral sulfonate undergoes to generate a water-soluble sulfonate anion. The solubility was examined with different counter cations and in different pH media and thus increased with the number of attached sulfonate ion. Two hydrophilic chromophores of stilbene-derived and azobenzene-derived dipolar structures exhibit clear negative and positive solvatochromism in protic solvents, respectively.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국건축시공학회 2016년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
• /
• pp.51-52
• /
• 2016

This paper researches the Chloride Binding of Cement Paste according to the Ca/Si and Ca/Al Ratio. The mechanisms of chloride ion binding are not completely known, although it is believed that Alumina contents in cementitious system have an important role. For changing cement paste composition, Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC) paste is substituted by Granulated Ground Blast Slag(GGBS). With increasing the ratio of GGBS substitution(Thus alumina contents is increasing), The chloride binding capacity has a tendency to increase of binding chloride ion capacity.