• 제목/요약/키워드: Water diffusion coefficient

검색결과 278건 처리시간 0.023초

Study of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Changes According to Spinal Disease in MR Diffusion-weighted Image

  • Heo, Yeong-Cheol;Cho, Jae-Hwan
    • Journal of Magnetics
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.146-149
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    • 2017
  • In this study, we compared the standardized value of each signal intensity, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) that digitizes the diffusion of water molecules, and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) using b value 0 400, 1400 ($s/mm^2$). From March 2013 to December 2013, patients with suspicion of simple compound fracture and metastatic spine cancer were included in the MR readout. We used a 1.5 Tesla Achieva MRI system and a Syn-Spine Coil. Sequence is a DWI SE-EPI sagittal (diffusion weighted imaging spin echo-echo planar imaging sagittal) image with b-factor ($s/mm^2$) 0, 400, 1400 were used. Data analysis showed ROI (Region of Interest) in diseased area with high SI (signal intensity) in diffusion-weighted image b value 0 ($s/mm^2$) Using the MRIcro program, each SI was calculated with images of b-value 0, 400, and 1400 ($s/mm^2$), ADC map was obtained using Metlab Software with each image of b-value, The ADC is obtained by applying the ROI to the same position. The standardized values ($SI_{400}/SI_0$, $SI_{400}/SI_0$) of simple compression fractures were $0.47{\pm}0.04$ and $0.23{\pm}0.03$ and the standardized values ($SI_{400}/SI_0$, $SI_{400}/SI_0$) of the metastatic spine were $0.57{\pm}0.07$ and $0.32{\pm}0.08$ And the standardized values of the two diseases were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The ADC ($mm^2/s$) for b value 400 ($s/mm^2$) and 1400 ($s/mm^2$) of the simple compression fracture disease site were $1.70{\pm}0.16$ and $0.93{\pm}0.28$ and $1.24{\pm}0.21$ and $0.80{\pm}0.15$ for the metastatic spine. The ADC ($mm^2/s$) for b value 400($s/mm^2$) was statistically significant (p < 0.05) but the ADC ($mm^2/s$) for b value 1400 (p > 0.05). In conclusion, multi - b value recognition of signal changes in diffusion - weighted imaging is very important for the diagnosis of various spinal diseases.

차세대 반도체용 유-무기 나노 복합재료의 에폭시 수지변화에 따른 흡습특성 (Moisture Absorption Properties of Organic-Inorganic Nano Composites According to the Change of Epoxy Resins for Next Generation Semiconductor Packaging Materials)

  • 김환건;김동민
    • 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.23-28
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    • 2013
  • Epoxy resins are widely used in microelectronics packaging such as printed circuit board and encapsulating for semiconductor manufacturing. Water can diffuse into and through the epoxy matrix systems and moisture absorption at boarding interfaces of matrix resin systems can lead to a hydrolysis at the interfaces resulting in delamination of encapsulating materials. In the study, the changes of diffusion coefficient and moisture content ratio of epoxy resin systems with nano-sized fillers according to the change of liquid type epoxy resins were investigated. RE-304S, RE-310S, RE-810NM and HP-4032D as a epoxy resin, Kayahard AA as a hardener, and 1B2MI as a catalyst were used in these epoxy resin systems. After curing, moisture content ratios were measured with time under the 85 and 85% relative humidity condition using a thermo-hydrostat. The maximum moisture absorption ratio and diffusion coefficient of EMC decrease with the filler content. It can be seen that these decreases are due to the increase of filler surface area and the decrease of moisture through channel with the content of nano-sized filler.

이온교환법에 의한 탈질소 공정개발의 기초연구(III) - 회분식 반응기에서의 반응속도론- (Basic Study for Development of Denitrogenation Process by Ion Exchange(III) - A kinetic study in the batch reactor -)

  • 채용곤;이동환;김승일;윤태경;홍성수;이민규
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.165-171
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    • 2000
  • A kinetic study for anion exchange was performed for commercially available Cl- type anion exchange resin in use to remove nitrate in water. The obtained results from the batch reactor were applied to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The constants for Lagmuir model were qmax =29.82 and b=0.202, and for Freundlich model were K=5.509 and n=1.772. Langmuir model showed betterfit than Frendlich model for the experimental results. Ion exchange reaction rate was also calculated and the the approximate first-order reaction, rate constant k1 was 0.16 L/mg.hr. Effective diffusion coefficient was obtained in the range from $9.67$\times$10^{-8} cm^2/sec$ for initial concentration change, and from $6.09$\times$10^{-7} to 3.98$\times$10^{-6} cm^2/sec$ for reaction temperature change. Activation energy during the diffusion was calculated as 26 kcal/mol.

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Mass Transfer in an Adiabatic Rectifier of Ammonia-Water Absorption System

  • Kim, Byong-Joo
    • International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.69-79
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    • 2000
  • Falling film rectification involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer between vapor and solution film. In the present work, the adiabatic rectification process of ammonia-water vapor by the falling solution film on the vertical plate was investigated. The continuity momentum, energy and diffusion equations for the solution film and the vapor mixture were formulated in integral forms and solved numerically, The model could predict the film thickness, the pressure gradient, and the mass transfer rate. The effects of Reynolds number and ammonia concentration of solution and vapor mixture, rectifier length, and the enhancement of mass transfer coefficient in each phases were investigated. The stripping of water in vapor mixture occurred near the entrance of ammonia solution, which imposed the proper size of an adiabatic rectifier. Rectifier efficiency increased as film Reynolds number increased and as vapor mixture Reynolds number decreased. The improvement of rectifier efficiency was significant with the enhancement of mass transfer coefficient in falling film.

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인공경량골재 콘크리트의 수분이동 특성에 관한 연구 (A Study on Moisture Transport of Artificial Lightweight Concrete)

  • 이창수;최상현;박종혁;김영욱
    • 대한토목학회논문집
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    • 제29권4A호
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    • pp.373-384
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    • 2009
  • 다공성 경량골재의 사전흡수수에 따른 콘크리트 수축 저감 효과의 정량적 평가와 부등수축해석모델 상수 제공을 위한 첫번째 단계로서, 수분이동모델을 설정하고 이에 따른 수분이동 특성상수인 유효수분확산계수, 수분용량, 습도공급도, 습도소모도를 물-결합재비, 골재 종류를 변수로 하여 측정하였다. 콘크리트 내, 외부 습도차에 의한 정상상태에서의 유효수분확산계수는 물-결합재비가 낮을수록 낮은 값을 나타내었으며 동일한 물-결합재비인 경우 일반골재를 사용한 배합이 경량골재를 사용한 배합보다 낮은 유효수분확산계수값을 나타내었다. 콘크리트 내 수분의 저장 능력 즉, 수분용량을 산정하기 위해 9가지 습도에서 콘크리트의 수분량을 측정하였으며 경량골재를 사용한 배합이 일반골재를 사용한 배합보다 모든 습도조건에서 수분량이 크게 나타났다. 일반 대기환경 습도 50% 이상 조건에서 적용할 수 있는 경량골재의 습도공급도를 측정하여 정량화 하였으며, 경량골재에서의 수분 방출량은 주변 습도에 반비례하고 시간에 비례하는 뚜렷한 경향을 나타내는 지수함수의 형태로 설정하였다. 시멘트 수화 자기건조에 의한 수분의 내부소모에 따른 콘크리트 내 습도소모도를 측정하였으며, 측정결과 물-결합재비 0.3의 경우 7~10일 이내의 초기재령에서 약 10% 내외의 급격한 습도감소를 나타내었으며 물-결합재비 0.4, 0.5의 경우 완만한 형태로 약 5%, 1% 내외의 습도 감소를 나타내었다.

Process Modeling and Optimization Studies in Drying of Current Transformers

  • Bhattacharya, Subhendu;D'Melo, Dawid;Chaudhari, Lokesh;Sharma, Ram Avatar;Swain, Sarojini
    • Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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    • 제13권6호
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    • pp.273-277
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    • 2012
  • The vacuum drying process for drying of paper in current transformers was modeled with an aim to develop an understanding of the drying mechanism involved and also to predict the water collection rates. A molecular as well as macroscopic approach was adopted for the prediction of drying rate. Ficks law of diffusion was adopted for the prediction of drying rates at macroscopic levels. A steady state and dynamic mass transfer simulation was performed. The bulk diffusion coefficient was calculated using weight loss experiments. The accuracy of the solution was a strong function of the relation developed to determine the equilibrium moisture content. The actually observed diffusion constant was also important to predict the plant water removal rate. Thermo gravimetric studies helped in calculating the diffusion constant. In addition, simulation studies revealed the formation of perpetual moisture traps (loops) inside the CT. These loops can only be broken by changing the temperature or pressure of the system. The change in temperature or pressure changes the kinetic or potential energy of the effusing vapor resulting in breaking of the loop. The cycle was developed based on this mechanism. Additionally, simulation studies also revealed that the actual mechanism of moisture diffusion in CT's is by surface jumps initiated by surface diffusion balanced against the surrounding pressure. Every subsequent step in the cycle was to break such loops. The effect of change in drying time on the electrical properties of the insulation was also assessed. The measurement of capacitance at the rated voltage and one third of the rated voltage demonstrated that the capacitance change is within the acceptance limit. Hence, the new cycle does not affect the electrical performance of the CT.

2단계 배합방법으로 제조된 순환굵은골재 콘크리트의 장기재령 역학적 성능 및 내구성 평가 (Evaluation on Long-term Mechanical Performance and Durability of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete Produced by Two-stage Mixing Approach)

  • 허성욱;손정진;정철우;김영찬
    • 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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    • 제10권4호
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    • pp.475-481
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    • 2022
  • 순환골재는 생산과정에서 발생하는 미세균열 및 순환골재 표면에 존재하는 시멘트 페이스트 성분의 존재로 인해, 천연골재에 비해 높은 흡수율을 가지며, 이로 인해 콘크리트에 골재로서 사용할 경우 작업성 저하, 강도의 저하 등의 문제가 발생하게 된다. 골재의 수급이 점점 어려워지고 있는 현 상황에, 골재 수급의 대안이 될 수 있는 순환골재를 적극적으로 활용하기 위한 방법으로, 본 연구에서는 Tam et al.이 제안한 2단계 배합과정을 활용하였고, 이를 이용해 제조한 콘크리트의 압축강도, 탄성계수, 및 염소이온 확산계수를 일반 배합과정을 적용한 천연골재 콘크리트 및 100 % 치환율의 순환골재 콘크리트와 비교 분석하였다. 실험 결과에 따르면, 압축강도와 탄성계수는 물시멘트비에 관계없이, 2단계 배합방법으로 제작한 순환골재 콘크리트가 일반배합과정으로 배합된 순환골재 콘크리트에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 천연골재 콘크리트에 근접하는 역학적 성능을 발휘하였다. 그러나 염소이온 확산계수의 경우 순환골재 콘크리트가 천연골재 콘크리트보다 높게 측정되었으며, 2단계 배합과정의 적용에 따른 염소이온 확산계수의 감소는 확인할 수 없어, 2단계 배합이 내구성에는 크게 기여하지 않는 것으로 판단된다.

기계학습 기반 해양 노출 환경의 콘크리트 교량 데이터를 활용한 염화물 확산계수 예측모델 개발 (Development of a Machine Learning-Based Model for the Prediction of Chloride Diffusion Coefficient Using Concrete Bridge Data Exposed to Marine Environments)

  • 남우석;임홍재
    • 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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    • 제28권5호
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    • pp.20-29
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    • 2024
  • 염화물 확산계수는 해양환경에 위치한 콘크리트 교량의 내구성 평가를 위한 중요한 지표 중 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 기존 연구에서 고려하지 않았던 해양 노출 환경(대기중, 비말대, 간만대)과 공용 중인 콘크리트 교량의 데이터를 활용해 염화물 확산계수 예측 모델을 개발하였다. 이를 위해 교량 하부구조에서 취득한 염화물 프로파일 데이터를 활용하였고 데이터 전처리 후 기계학습 모델인 RF, GBM, KNN을 하이퍼파라미터 튜닝을 통해 최적화 하였다. 콘크리트 물성치를 포함한 6개 변수(W/B, 시멘트 종류, 굵은골재 부피 비율, 공용연수, 강도, 노출 환경) 모델과 노출 환경을 고려하지 않은 5개 변수 모델, 정밀안전진단에서 취득 가능한 3개 변수(공용연수, 강도, 노출 환경) 모델을 개발하여 성능을 비교·검토 하였다. 그 결과 해양 환경에 위치한 콘크리트 교량의 경우 노출 환경을 고려함에 따라 염화물 확산계수 예측 모델의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 또한 정밀안전진단 데이터만으로도 염화물 확산계수를 효과적으로 예측할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Nonlinear calculation of moisture transport in underground concrete

  • Ba, M.F.;Qian, C.X.;Gao, G.B.
    • Computers and Concrete
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.361-375
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    • 2014
  • The moisture transport in underground concrete was experimentally investigated and the nonlinear model of moisture transport considering the effects of water diffusion, hydration of cementicious materials and water permeability was proposed. The consumed moisture content by self-desiccation could be firstly calculated according to evolved hydration degree of cement and mineral admixtures. Furthermore, the finite differential method was adopted to solve the moisture transport model by linearizing the nonlinear moisture diffusion coefficient. The comparison between experimental and calculated results showed a good agreement, which indicated that the proposed moisture model could be used to predict moisture content evolution in underground concrete members with drying-wetting boundaries.

포장에서 물리적 진행과정에 의해 영향을 받은 물질과 수분의 이동성 (Mobility of Water and Solute Intluenced by PHYSICAL PROCESSES in field Soils)

  • Doug Young Chung
    • 한국토양환경학회지
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    • 제1권2호
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    • pp.73-81
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    • 1996
  • 실험실 내에서 부피비로 약 50%내외의 수분함량을 가진 3개의 서로 다른 깊이의 토양에서 염소와 중수의 확산계수는 4.8$\times$ $10${-7}$ 부터 7.2$\times$ $10${-7}$ $\textrm{cm}^2$/sec와 5.5 $\times$ $10${-5}$ 부터 1.6$\times$ $10${-4}$ $\textrm{cm}^2$//sec였다. 한편, 물과 물질의 이동성에 대한 연구는 중간사로 구성된 토양층 위에 위치하는 점토로부터 미사질 양토에 속하는 약 70cm깊이의 토양에서 실시되었고, 87일간의 실험기간동안 리터당 15.2$m\ell$의 염소와 0.6bq의 중수로 처리된 물을 일정한 유량(2cm/일)으로 관개하였다. 토양의 깊이와 시간에 따른 염소와 중수의 변동위치는 suction probe에 채취된 토양수를 가지고 측정하였는데 실험지 안에서 서로 다른 깊이 또는 동일 위치에서 염소와 중수가 발견되었다. 이러한 실험의 결과로부터 추정컨대 토양수의 유속과 표면확산 계수가 염소와 중수의 분포에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤고 24개의 suction probe에서의 결과는 실질적 물질과 토양의 상호작용의 효과를 나타내는 순수치의 25% 내외에서 평가치를 추정할 수 있었다.

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