• 한국농공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.4592-4598
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• 1978

The purpose of this research is to find out mathemetically an economical intake water depth in the design of head works through the derivation of some formulas. For the performance of the purpose the following formulas were found out for the design intake water depth in each flow type of intake sluice, such as overflow type and orifice type. (1) The conditional equations of !he economical intake water depth in .case that weir body is placed on permeable soil layer ; (a) in the overflow type of intake sluice, {{{{ { zp}_{1 } { Lh}_{1 }+ { 1} over {2 } { Cp}_{3 }L(0.67 SQRT { q} -0.61) { ( { d}_{0 }+ { h}_{1 }+ { h}_{0 } )}^{- { 1} over {2 } }- { { { 3Q}_{1 } { p}_{5 } { h}_{1 } }^{- { 5} over {2 } } } over { { 2m}_{1 }(1-s) SQRT { 2gs} }+[ LEFT { b+ { 4C TIMES { 0.61}^{2 } } over {3(r-1) }+z( { d}_{0 }+ { h}_{0 } ) RIGHT } { p}_{1 }L+(1+ SQRT { 1+ { z}^{2 } } ) { p}_{2 }L+ { dcp}_{3 }L+ { nkp}_{5 }+( { 2z}_{0 }+m )(1-s) { L}_{d } { p}_{7 } ] =0}}}} (b) in the orifice type of intake sluice, {{{{ { zp}_{1 } { Lh}_{1 }+ { 1} over {2 } C { p}_{3 }L(0.67 SQRT { q} -0.61)}}}} {{{{ { ({d }_{0 }+ { h}_{1 }+ { h}_{0 } )}^{ - { 1} over {2 } }- { { 3Q}_{1 } { p}_{ 6} { { h}_{1 } }^{- { 5} over {2 } } } over { { 2m}_{ 2}m' SQRT { 2gs} }+[ LEFT { b+ { 4C TIMES { 0.61}^{2 } } over {3(r-1) }+z( { d}_{0 }+ { h}_{0 } ) RIGHT } { p}_{1 }L }}}} {{{{+(1+ SQRT { 1+ { z}^{2 } } ) { p}_{2 } L+dC { p}_{4 }L+(2 { z}_{0 }+m )(1-s) { L}_{d } { p}_{7 }]=0 }}}} where, z=outer slope of weir body (value of cotangent), h1=intake water depth (m), L=total length of weir (m), C=Bligh's creep ratio, q=flood discharge overflowing weir crest per unit length of weir (m3/sec/m), d0=average height to intake sill elevation in weir (m), h0=freeboard of weir (m), Q1=design irrigation requirements (m3/sec), m1=coefficient of head loss (0.9∼0.95) s=(h1-h2)/h1, h2=flow water depth outside intake sluice gate (m), b=width of weir crest (m), r=specific weight of weir materials, d=depth of cutting along seepage length under the weir (m), n=number of side contraction, k=coefficient of side contraction loss (0.02∼0.04), m2=coefficient of discharge (0.7∼0.9) m'=h0/h1, h0=open height of gate (m), p1 and p4=unit price of weir body and of excavation of weir site, respectively (won/㎥), p2 and p3=unit price of construction form and of revetment for protection of downstream riverbed, respectively (won/㎡), p5 and p6=average cost per unit width of intake sluice including cost of intake canal having the same one as width of the sluice in case of overflow type and orifice type respectively (won/m), zo : inner slope of section area in intake canal from its beginning point to its changing point to ordinary flow section, m: coefficient concerning the mean width of intak canal site,a : freeboard of intake canal. (2) The conditional equations of the economical intake water depth in case that weir body is built on the foundation of rock bed ; (a) in the overflow type of intake sluice, {{{{ { zp}_{1 } { Lh}_{1 }- { { { 3Q}_{1 } { p}_{5 } { h}_{1 } }^{- {5 } over {2 } } } over { { 2m}_{1 }(1-s) SQRT { 2gs} }+[ LEFT { b+z( { d}_{0 }+ { h}_{0 } )RIGHT } { p}_{1 }L+(1+ SQRT { 1+ { z}^{2 } } ) { p}_{2 }L+ { nkp}_{5 }}}}} {{{{+( { 2z}_{0 }+m )(1-s) { L}_{d } { p}_{7 } ]=0 }}}} (b) in the orifice type of intake sluice, {{{{ { zp}_{1 } { Lh}_{1 }- { { { 3Q}_{1 } { p}_{6 } { h}_{1 } }^{- {5 } over {2 } } } over { { 2m}_{2 }m' SQRT { 2gs} }+[ LEFT { b+z( { d}_{0 }+ { h}_{0 } )RIGHT } { p}_{1 }L+(1+ SQRT { 1+ { z}^{2 } } ) { p}_{2 }L}}}} {{{{+( { 2z}_{0 }+m )(1-s) { L}_{d } { p}_{7 } ]=0}}}} The construction cost of weir cut-off and revetment on outside slope of leeve, and the damages suffered from inundation in upstream area were not included in the process of deriving the above conditional equations, but it is true that magnitude of intake water depth influences somewhat on the cost and damages. Therefore, in applying the above equations the fact that should not be over looked is that the design value of intake water depth to be adopted should not be more largely determined than the value of h1 satisfying the above formulas.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2012

In this study, the behavior of pollutant was calculated at Paldang reservior according to several scenarios of the accidental water pollution by means of the numerical models for forecasting water quality. Also managemental plans for situation of the accidental water pollution happening at Paldang watershed were simulated. According to the simulating results, a plan of increase of discharge at Cheongpyeong dam reduced the peak concentration of pollutants, whereas extended the time for stopping water intake. Another plan, drop of water elevation at Paldang dam, decreased seriously the time for stopping water intake although there were a little effect to decrease the peak concentration. Thus it was concluded that appropriate combinations of the plans for the increase discharge and the dropping water elevation should be used to deal with the accidental water pollution at Paldang watershed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.123-126
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• 1996

Sixteen Harnai males were used to evaluate the influence of varying levels of fourwing saltbush hay on feed and water intakes as well as the blood serum mineral status in a completely randomized design. The animals were grouped randomly into four, with four animals in each. The four groups were randomly allotted low, medium, high and very high levels of saltbush hay supplementation in addition to wheat straw. The animals were given fresh water at free of choice. Weekly body weight was recorded for each individual animal. Blood serum was collected for mineral contents. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The inclusion of saltbush leaves in the diet showed a non-significant effect on the total dry matter intake. There has been a significant increase in the water intake when very high levels of saltbush were included in the ration. Lower levels showed no effect on the water intake. The animals maintained their body weight from week 1 to week 8. No treatment by weeks interactions on the potassium and sodium levels were detected. However higher levels of saltbush increased significantly the potassium and sodium contents in the serum. Calcium contents were significantly(p<0.01) lowered with the inclusion of saltbush leaves in the diet. Whereas Phosphorous contents showed an increasing(p<0.05) trend with the higher levels of saltbush. No clinical or sub-clinical toxicological symptoms were observed in the sheep with the higher mineral contents.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제52권8호
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• pp.565-573
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 지능형 정수장 운영시스템 개발 연구의 일환으로 선형계획법(Linear Programming, LP)을 이용한 정수장 취수계획 최적화 모형을 개발하였다. 개발된 최적화 모형은 원수의 정수처리비용의 최소화를 목적함수로 설정하였으며, 취수 후 정수처리에 소요되는 지연시간과 시간별 전력단가를 고려하여 취수가능량, 예측수요량, 정수지 운영수위 등의 제약조건을 만족하는 최적 취수계획을 제시하였다. 국내 H 정수장을 대상으로 경제적이고 안정적인 정수장 운영을 위해 세 가지 최적화 전략을 적용하고, 그 결과를 경제성과 안정성 측면에서 비교, 분석하였다. 개발 모형은 국내 정수장의 보다 효율적인 취수계획 수립을 위한 의사결정 지원시스템의 형태로 실무에서 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.929-934
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• 2001

The physiological role of brain somatostatin in the central regulation of feed intake in sheep was investigated through a continuous intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of somatostastin 1-28 (SRIF) at a small dose of $5{\mu}g/0.2ml/hr$ for 98.5 hours from day 1 to day 5. Sheep (n=5) were fed for 2 hours once a day, and water and 0.5 M NaCI solution were given ad libitum. Feed, water and salt intake were measured during ICV infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and SRIF. The feed intake during SRIF infusion on days 2 to 5 increased significantly compared to that during CSF infusion. Water intake, when compared to that during CSF infusion, only increased significantly on day 4. NaCI intake during SRIF infusion was not different from that during CSF infusion. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate during SRIF infusion were not different from those during CSF infusion. The plasma concentrations of Na, K, Cl, osmolality and total protein during SRIF infusion were also not different from those values during CSF infusion.There are two possible mechanisms, that is, the suppression of brain SRIF on feed suppressing hormones and the direct actions on brain mechanisms controlling feed intake, explaining how SRIF works in the brain to bring about increases in feed intake in sheep fed on hay. The results indicate that brain SRIF increases feed intake in sheep fed on hay.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1756-1762
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• 2002

To effectively meet current regulations on the exhaust emissions of diesel engine required to control the deterioration of air pollution in the whole world, this study is to investigate the effects of water induction through the air intake system on the characteristics of combustion and exhaust emissions in IDI diesel engine. A method fur supplying water through the air intake system to reduce the exhaust emissions has been considered with other methods such as water introduction in the form of water-in-fuel emulsion or water injection directly into the combustion chamber, but it has not been studied about the effects of water on the combustion concepts and the characteristics of exhaust emissions in detail until now. In this study, the formation of NOx was significantly suppressed by decreasing the gas peak temperature during the initial combustion process because the water play a role as a heat sink during evaporating in the combustion chamber, but the smoke was slightly increased by increasing water amount.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권4B호
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• pp.343-352
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 상류단 경계조건으로 입력되는 본류 유량에 생성과 소멸로 작용하는 지천유입량과 취수량을 포함하여 취수장에서의 취수가 하천흐름 및 수질에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 팔당댐 직하류부터 잠실수중보 구간에 RMA-2 모형과 RMA-4 모형을 적용하였다. 수치모의 결과, 잠실수중보 상류에 위치해 있는 5개 취수장에서의 취수는 해당 하천 구간의 유량을 변화시키게 되며, 이는 하천의 수위, 유속 등 수리학적 인자를 변화시키는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 취수량 반영에 따른 수위 및 유속 변화는 해당 하천 구간의 수질의 변화를 초래하는 것으로 나타났다. 취수장에서 빠져나가는 유량을 포함하여 모의한 경우, 구의, 자양, 풍납취수장 부근에서 취수에 의한 유량 손실로 인하여 유속구조가 심하게 교란되었으며, 취수를 고려하지 않은 경우에 비해 유속은 평균 25% 낮게, 수위는 1.5 cm 높게 나타났다. 취수를 고려하지 않은 경우 전 구간에 걸쳐 농도분포가 평행하게 나타났으나, 취수의 영향을 고려한 경우 구의, 암사 및 자양 취수장 부근에서의 농도분포가 크게 변화함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 취수를 고려한 경우 취수에 의한 유랑소멸로 하류구간에서 취수를 고려하지 않은 경우에 비해 BOD 농도가 높게 나타났다. 따라서 자연하천의 동수역학적 흐름 및 오염물질 혼합거동을 보다 정확히 해석하기 위해서는 지천 합류량 뿐만 아니라 취수장으로부터 유출되어 빠져나가는 취수량을 동시에 고려해야 하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.850-854
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• 2001

Feed intake, egg weight, rate of lay and shell quality characteristics were measured in an Australian tinted egg laying strain from 31-42 weeks of age, housed at $30^{\circ}C$ and provided drinking water at 5, 10, 17 and $30^{\circ}C$. In a second experiment a European brown egg laying strain (59-66 weeks of age) housed at $30^{\circ}C$ were provided drinking water at 5, 10, 15 and $30^{\circ}C$. Brown egg layers given cool drinking water (5, 10 and $15^{\circ}C$) consumed more (p<0.05) feed and produced significantly (p<0.05) thicker and heavier shells than hens given drinking water at ambient temperature ($30^{\circ}C$). However the tinted egg layers given chilled drinking water only consumed more (p<0.05) feed and produced thicker (p<0.05) and heavier (p<0.05) shells when consuming drinking water at $5^{\circ}C$. As the tinted egg layers acclimatised to the environmental temperature there was a decline in the influence of cool drinking water on feed intake and shell quality. For brown egg layers, however, cool drinking water resulted in an improvement (p<0.05) in feed intake and shell quality over the entire period birds were provided cool water. These studies suggest that there is potential for using cool drinking water to improve feed intake and shell quality of hens housed under hot conditions. The combination of high ambient temperature and high drinking water temperature, a common occurrence in Australian layer sheds, should be avoided.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2016

Appropriate control of diet and water intake is important for maintaining normal blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the body. It is relatively understood that the amount of sodium and potassium intake directly affects blood pressure and regulates ion transporters; Na and K channel functions in the kidney. However, little is known about whether diet and water intake regulates Aquaporin (AQP) function. AQPs, a family of aquaporin proteins with different types being expressed in different tissues, are important for water absorption by the cell. Water reabsorption is a passive process driven by osmotic gradient and water permeability is critical for this process. In most of the nephron, however, water reabsorption is unregulated and coupled to solute reabsorption, such as AQP1 mediated water absorption in the proximal tubule. AQP2 is the only water channel founded so far that can be regulated by hormones in the kidney. AQP2 expressed in the apical membrane of the principal cells in the collecting tubule can be regulated by vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) controlling the final volume of urine excretion. When vasopressin binds to its receptor on the collecting duct cells, it stimulates the translocation of AQP2 to the membrane, leading to increased water absorption via this AQP2 water channel. However, some studies also indicated that the AQP2 is also been regulated by vasopressin independent mechanism. This review is focused on the regulation of AQP2 by diet and the amount of water intake on salt and water homeostasis.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.75-88
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• 2007

Objective : This study was designed to test the anti-craving effect of Gigaltang(extracts of Oriental medicinal herbs ; Hovenia dulcis and Puerariae flos) in C57BL/6 mice. Anti-craving effect was substituted by alcohol intake amount of C57BL/6 mice. Method : 60 C57BL/6 mice was randomized into vehicle(water) group and Gigaltang group. Only 39(vehicle group(21) and Gigaltang group(18)) was eligible for this study, and 21 C57BL/6 mice was dropped out. The procedure was composed of 5 days of adjustment period and 32 days of alcohol exposure and withdrawal period with limited access paradigm and 10 days of treatment period. Alcohol was offered only for 2 hours a day from 2 to 4PM and water was offered for 22 hours left. Food was offered for 24 hours a day. 1140mg/Kg/day of Gigaltang was administrated to 18 mice of Gigaltang group for 10 days whereas water to 21 mice of vehicle group. The amount of alcohol intake, water intake, food intake, body weight were measured every other day. Result : There weren't significant differences in 2 hours of alcohol intake, 22 hours of water intake, 24 hours of food intake and body weight for ten days between Gigaltang and vehicle group. Conclusion : Anti-craving effect of Gigaltang on C57BL/6 mice wasn't verified. To verify the anti-craving effect, further study with advanced animal model, various dose of Gigaltang and diverse period of drug administration should be taken.