• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1204-1211
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• 2009

Hericium erinaceus is an edible mushroom used as a medicinal food in Asian countries. In this study, the chemopreventive effects of H. erinaceus mycelia hot water extract (HEW) were evaluated. HEW remarkably induced the luciferase activity of the antioxidant response element (ARE), located in the promoter region of phase 2 and antioxidant genes and regulated by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The up-regulation of ARE activity by HEW corresponded with the induction of Nrf2 and the antioxidant enzyme, hemeoxygenase-1. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity is a promising effective approach in cancer chemoprevention, and HEW prominently suppressed COX-2 protein expression in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, HEW showed anti-inflammatory activity by modulating inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, and the transcription factor, nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$, in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that H. erinaceus possessed anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects via the modulation of Nrf2/ARE and inflammatory signaling pathways, and may therefore have potential use as a natural chemopreventive agent.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.458-463
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• 2011

In vivo에서 10주간의 UV 조사에 의해 유발되는 피부 손상 및 2주간의 아세톤 도포에 의해 유발되는 급성 피부장벽손상에 대한 콜라겐 펩타이드의 보호 효능을 관찰한 결과, 주름 증가, 비정상적 각질 세포 증식에 의한 피부 두께 증가, 염증성 사이토카인의 증가 등이 콜라겐 펩타이드의 경구 섭취에 의해 개선됨을 확인하여, 콜라겐 펩타이드가 피부 손상을 방어하고, 피부 장벽회복기능이 정상적으로 작용할 수 있도록 도움을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다. 콜라겐 펩타이드의 피부 장벽 회복 기전을 살펴보기 위하여 사람 각질세포를 이용하여 평가한 결과, 콜라겐 펩타이드는 SPT 발현을 농도 의존적으로 증가시킴을 확인하였으며, 이를 통하여 콜라겐 펩타이드가 광노화 및 급성 피부장벽 손상에 의해 유발되는 피부 진피 및 표피 층의 손상을 회복 혹은 보호하는 효능이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터 콜라겐 펩타이드가 광노화 보호 또는 피부장벽 개선 효능을 갖는 새로운 미용 식품 소재로써 이용 가능성이 높음을 확인할 수 있다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 8가지 한약재(가지, 금은화, 감초, 천궁, 당귀, 황련, 치자, 연교)로 구성된 가지청열소 독음의 항산화 효과와 항염증 효과를 검증하여 효과적인 화장품소재로서의 가능성을 확인하는 것이다. 한약재의 구성과 비율은 동의보감에 수록된 청열소독음(淸熱蘇毒飮) 처방을 변형시켜 사용하였고 추출은 열수와 70% 에탄올로 하여 동결건조 분말화하였다. 항산화 효능을 확인하기 위해 라디칼 소거능력(DPPH, $ABTS^+$, superoxide), superoxide dismutase (SOD)유사활성능력, 총 폴리페놀 화합물 함량을 조사하였고 항염증 효능을 확인하기 위해 LPS (lipopolysaccharide)로 염증반응을 유도시킨 RAW264.7 대식세포에서의 nitric oxide(NO)생성 저해력과 western blot 분석을 통한 염증 관련 단백질 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)와 cyclooxygenase (COX-2)의 발현 저해를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 가지청열소독음은 뛰어난 항산화 효과와 항염증 효과를 나타내었고 화장품을 위한 효과적인 성분으로 사용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.699-704
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• 2013

메밀 속성장은 메밀과 콩으로 제조된 별미장이다. 항균 및 효소활성이 우수한 B. subtilis HJ18-4 균주를 starter로 사용하여 메밀 속성장을 제조하였다. 메밀 속성장 제조과정 중, starter 첨가 시기는 메주 제조단계(Treat-1) 및 염수 첨가단계(Treat-2)로 접종시기를 달리하였다. 발효 중 아미노태질소 함량, 환원당, 효소활성(protease, amylase)의 이화학적 품질특성과 총균 수, 유산균 수 및B. cereus 양 변화 등의 미생물학적 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 총균 수는 발효 15일부터 7~8 log CFU/mL로 증가되었고 아미노태 질소함량은 발효기간 동안 65.38~202.52 mg%로 증가되었다. 반면, 환원당과 효소활성(amylase, protease)은 모든 처리구 에서 감소하였다. 발효기간 중 PlcR 발현에 미치는 영향을 측정한 결과, Treat-1 처리구에서 발효 23일 이후 검출되지 않았다. 메주 제조단계에서 B. subtilis HJ18-4를 접종한 Treat-1이 발효관련 이화학적 특성과B. cereus 저해효과가 우수하였다. 단일 균을 접종하여 제조되는 개량식장 제조 시, 자연발효에 제조된 장의 품질을 재현하기가 매우 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구는 자연발효방법으로 제조되는 메밀 속성장에 항균 및 효소활성이 우수한B. subtilis HJ18-4 균주를 스타터 적용하여 장류 품질개선 방법을 제시하였다.

• 약학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.478-484
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• 2011

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is known to be frequently associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. We examined the effects of EtOH extracts from Triticum aestivum on lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to screening the candidate materials in preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The lipid level in adipocytes was determined by Oil Red O staining. The treatment of 50% ethanol, but not water and 100% ethanol extracts, from Triticum aestivum at concentration of 0.5 $mg/ml$ inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, revealing no cell toxicity. Thus, the fractions of $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc and BuOH were separated from 50% EtOH extract to characterize anti-adipogenic effect. The $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction at concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$ effectively inhibited the lipid accumulation in the adipocytes compared to those of EtOAc and BuOH at concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$. The intracellular triglyceride accumulation also was significantly reduced by treatment of $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction in concentration-dependent manner. Western blot analysis showed that the $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction attenuated the intracelluar level of fatty acid synthase(FAS) accompanied by attenuated expression of Peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) adipogenic transcription factor. These results suggest that $CH_2Cl_2$ fraction from 50% EtOH extract of Triticum aestivum may has the potent anti-adipogenic effects by inhibiting the transactivation of $PPAR{\gamma}$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2016

Background: Although Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally used for a long time, its anti-inflammatory role and underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms have been poorly understood. In this study, the anti-inflammatory roles of KRG-derived components, namely, water extract (KRG-WE), saponin fraction (KRG-SF), and nonsaponin fraction (KRG-NSF), were investigated. Methods: To check saponin levels in the test fractions, KRG-WE, KRG-NSF, and KRG-SF were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The anti-inflammatory roles and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of these components were investigated using a macrophage-like cell line (RAW264.7 cells) and an acute gastritis model in mice. Results: Of the tested fractions, KGR-SF (but not KRG-NSF and KRG-WE) markedly inhibited the viability of RAW264.7 cells, and splenocytes at more than 500 mg/mL significantly suppressed NO production at $100{\mu}g/mL$, diminished mRNA expression of inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and interferon-${\beta}$ at $200{\mu}g/mL$, and completely blocked phagocytic uptake by RAW264.7 cells. All three fractions suppressed luciferase activity triggered by interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but not that triggered by activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B. Phospho-IRF3 and phospho-TBK1 were simultaneously decreased in KRG-SF. Interestingly, all these fractions, when orally administered, clearly ameliorated the symptoms of gastric ulcer in HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that KRG-WE, KRG-NSF, and KRG-SF might have anti-inflammatory properties, mostly because of the suppression of the IRF3 pathway.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to observe the reduction of lipid accumulation by treatment with Akkermansia muciniphila extract on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods: After treating pasteurized Akk. muciniphila strains in HT-29 colorectal cancer cell, the relative expression of interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA was analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. 27 strains of Akk. muciniphila which have anti-inflammatory effects were selected. 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were treated with Akk. muciniphila for 24 hr and then measured the toxicity using water soluble tetrazolium salt assay. The cells were incubated for 4 days and then differentiated into adipocytes using the medium including adipogenic reagents for 10 days. The Akk. muciniphila was treated when the medium was exchanged for differentiation medium at 4^th day and insulin medium at 6^th day. To observe the lipid accumulation, the cells were stained with Oil red O dye and were measured using a spectrophotometer. Results: In the cytotoxicity test, the cell viability of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes was significantly increased compared to the control group which untreated with Akk. muciniphila, and there was no cytotoxicity of Akk. muciniphila at 1×10⁷ CFU/mL. The results on Oil red O staining and absorbance measurements were showed a significant decrease in lipid accumulation in the group which was treated with Akk. muciniphila compared to the control group. Conclusions: In our results, Akk. muciniphila has the inhibitory effect of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This suggests that Akk. muciniphila could be help to improve obesity.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.189-198
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• 2015

Objectives : Sparganii Rhizoma is frequently used in traditional herbal medicine for treatment of blood stasis, amenorrhea and functional dyspepsia and has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis peoperties. In this study, we investigated the cytoprotective effect and underlying mechanism of Sparganii Rhizoma water extract (SRE) against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in hepatocyte. Methods : To determine the effects of SRE on oxidative stress, we induced synergistic cytotoxicity by co-treatment of arachidonic acid (AA) and iron in the HepG2 cell, a human derived hepatocyte cell line. Results : Treatment of SRE increased relative cell viability and altered the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and procaspase-3. And SRE also inhibited the mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive reactive oxygen species production induced by AA+iron. In addition, SRE activated of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a potential target for cytoprotection, by increasing the phosphorylation of AMPKα at Thr-172. Morever, SRE increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a direct downstream target of AMPK. Conclusion : These results indicated that SRE has the ability to protect against oxidative stress-induced hepatocyte damage, which may be mediated with AMPK pathway.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.116-124
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• 2015

Background: Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng (PG), is used widely as a herbal medicine to prevent and treat various diseases. Panax ginseng has pharmacological effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of PG and its possible neuroprotective mechanisms in advanced glycation end product (AGE)-induced AD in a rat model. Methods: Advanced glycation end products were injected bilaterally into the CA3 region of the rats' brains. The Morris water maze test and step-down type passive avoidance test were performed to evaluate their memory and cognitive abilities. The oxidation indexes in the hippocampus were detected. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to visualize the receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-${\kappa}B$). Results: Behavioral results showed that PG (1 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg, and 0.25 g/kg) significantly shortened the escape latency, remarkably increased the number of crossing times, significantly decreased the number of errors, and prolonged the latency in rats with AGE-induced AD. Panax ginseng also significantly reduced the malondialdehyde level, increased the glutathione content, and increased superoxide dismutase activity in the hippocampus. Panax ginseng significantly decreased the expression of RAGE and NF-${\kappa}B$. The blockade of anti-RAGE antibody could significantly reduce AGE-induced impairments and regulate these expressions. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that PG significantly inhibits AGE-induced memory impairment and attenuates Alzheimer-like pathophysiological changes. These neuroprotective effects of PG may be associated with the RAGE/NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway. Our results provided the experimental basis for applying PG in preventing and treating AD.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.562-570
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• 2018

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In this study, we used a bioactivity-guided isolation technique to identify constituents of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) with antiproliferative activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods: Bioactivity-guided fractionation and preparative/semipreparative HPLC purification were used with LC/MS analysis to separate the bioactive constituents. Cell viability and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1264, H1299, and Calu-6) after treatment with KRG extract fractions and constituents thereof were assessed using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. Caspase activation was assessed by detecting its surrogate marker, cleaved poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribose) polymerase, using an immunoblot assay. The expression and subcellular localization of apoptosis-inducing factor were assessed using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. Results and conclusion: Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the KRG extract revealed that its ethyl acetate-soluble fraction exerts significant cytotoxic activity against all human lung cancer cell lines tested by inducing apoptosis. Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetatesoluble fraction led to the isolation of six ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rb1 (1), ginsenoside Rb2 (2), ginsenoside Rc (3), ginsenoside Rd (4), ginsenoside Rg1 (5), and ginsenoside Rg3 (6). Among the isolated ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rg3 exhibited the most cytotoxic activity against all human lung cancer cell lines examined, with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from $161.1{\mu}M$ to $264.6{\mu}M$. The cytotoxicity of ginsenoside Rg3 was found to be mediated by induction of apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner. These findings provide experimental evidence for a novel biological activity of ginsenoside Rg3 against human lung cancer cells.