• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1028-1033
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• 2010

Wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation needs treatment and control of pathogens to minimize risks to human health and the environment. In order to evaluate the water quality of UV-treated reclaimed water, this study focused on the relationship between micro-pathogens and particulate matters. MS2 was selected as an index organism because it has similar characteristics to human enteric virus and strong resistance to UV disinfection. The turbidity and suspended solid (SS) were selected for test parameters. In this study, it was performed with different UV doses (30 and $60mJ/cm^2$) for estimation of the MS2 inactivation rate using collimated beam batch experiments in the laboratory. The experiment results by turbidity or SS concentration presented that the increased concentration of them lowered MS2 inactivation. At the turbidity (below 4.27 NTU) and SS (below 1.47 mg/L) of the low level range, the inactivation of 60 UV dose is higher than 30 UV dose. However, at the turbidity and SS of the high level, the increasing UV dose did not show apparent increasing the MS2 inactivation. In quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), it can confirm the trend that $P_D$ and turbidity concentrations have positive correlationship at the low concentration, which was also observed in SS. The QMRA can be helpful in communication with public for safe wastewater reuse and be recommended.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.825-837
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• 2011

Seonakdong river consists of stagnant sections whose flowrate is controlled by the Daejeo and Noksan gates. As a result, there is not a minimum flow during normal times. The Daejeo and Noksan gates are located at the upstream head and the downstream end of Seonakdong river, respectively. Seonakdong river is an estuarine tributary of Nakdong river, which is a reservoir-like river used for agricultural irrigation, with the gate at the estuary of the river to prevent the intrusion of saline. Since the construction of the water gates, the water quality of the river has become degraded. This could also be due to the internal loading of pollutants, especially nutrients, from the sediments of the river because of the elongated detention time by the water gates. This study was thus conducted for the purpose of evaluating the current hydrologic-cycle system and providing measures for the rehabilitation of the hydrologic cycle. In this research, the daily outflow in Seonakdong River was simulated using the SWAT and SWMM models, and the water quality concentration including BOD, SS, TN, and TP were analyzed. The possibility of the application of SWAT-SWMM hybrid simulation was determined through the verification of both models. The error analysis shows that the results of both SWAT and SWAT-SWMM simulations make good agreements with those of field observations. For the single simulation results of SWAT, $R^{2}$ and NSE are 0.758, 0.511, respectively. For the hybrid simulation results of SWAT-SWMM, those are 0.880, 0.452, which means that the hybrid simulation can give more accurate results for the watershed where both the agricultural and urban areas exist.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2019

Land application of treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME) could be used as an alternative tertiary wastewater treatment process. However, phenolic compounds in TPOME might be leached to the environment. This study investigated the ability of grasses on reducing phenolic compounds in the leachate after TPOME application. Several pasture grasses in soil pots were compared after irrigating with TPOME from stabilization ponds, which contained 360-630 mg/L phenolic compounds. The number of soil bacteria in planted pots increased over time with the average of $10^8CFU/g$ for mature grasses, while only $10^4-10^6CFU/g$ were found in the unplanted control pots. The leachates from TPOME irrigated grass pots contained lower amounts of phenolic compounds and had lower phytotoxicity than that of control pots. The phenol removal efficiency of grass pots was ranged 67-93% and depended on grass cultivars, initial concentration of phenolic compounds and frequency of irrigations. When compared to water irrigation, TPOME led to an increased phenolic compounds accumulation in grass tissues and decreased biomass of Brachiaria hybrid and Brachiaria humidicola but not Panicum maximum. Consequently, the application of TPOME could be conducted on grassland and the grass species should be selected based on the utilization of grass biomass afterward.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2009

This study describes a zero discharge and reuse system developed for rural areas. The purpose of the system is decontamination of used irrigation water for down-stream usage and reuse of wastewater in rural villages for preventing water shortage problem expected to happen in near future. The system consists of anoxic, FES (Ferrous Electricity System), Oxic, Cralifier processes. The main feature of the system is to remove phosphorous by using Fe-ionizing module. Indoor experiments were undertaken with a trial product of the system to test its performance. The removal capacities of T-P, T-N, and BOD were examined. Also the proper time for the replacement of iron plate module was tested as well as the efficiency of T-P removal rate based on the usage of an automatic washing system for the iron plate. As results, the system showed very good water purification performances through obtaining the results of over 90% removal rates from T-P, BOD, and 67% from T-N. The proper time period for replacement of iron plate was maximum 2 years, and also efficiency of T-P removal rate found to be greatly influenced by the usage of an automatic washing system from the test.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2011년도 학술발표회
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• pp.468-468
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• 2011

작물생육모형은 다양한 환경조건 하에서 주요 작물에 대한 생육 및 생산량의 종합적인 모의가 가능하며, DSSAT(Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer)의 경우 지난 20여 년간 많은 연구자들에 의해서 작물생육을 모의하는데 사용되어왔다. 또한, 하수재이용은 물 부족을 겪는 많은 국가에서 주요한 대체수자원으로 간주되고 있으며, 생활용수, 공업용수, 농업용수 등의 다양한 형태로 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 DSSAT을 이용하여 하수 처리수의 농업용수 재이용에 따른 논벼의 수확량을 모의하고 분석하였다. 하수처리수의 농업용수 재이용에 따른 논벼 수확량 분석을 위하여 기상, 토양, 관개량 및 관개수 수질 등의 입력자료를 구축하였다. DSSAT을 이용한 논벼 수확량의 모의치와 수원시 하수처리장 인근에 조성된 시험포장에서 실측한 4년간(2006년~2009년)의 수확량 자료와의 비교를 통해 작물생육모형의 적용성을 평가하였다. DSSAT을 이용한 논벼 수확량의 모의치는 실제 수확량과 높은 상관관계를 보여줌으로서 하수재이용에 따른 논벼 수확량 분석에서 작물생육모형이 적용 가능한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.50-55
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• 2001

Different polluted water samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant, agricultural drainage canals, the River Nile, and irrigation canals. The samples were examined for the enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Sohag area, Egypt over a period of one year. A total of 240 isolates were collected and tested for their resistance to 12 common antibiotics and 6 heavy metals. The isolates were found to be less resistant to norfloxacin(1.7%), ofloxacin(4.6%), amikacin(9.6%), tobramycin (10.4), carbenicillin (15.4), and gentamycin (41.3%), yet more sensitive to rifampicin (75%), kanamycin (89.6%), ampicillin (90.8%), chloramphenicol (91.7%), streptomycin (92.9%), and tetracyclin(96.3%). In contrast, 7.1%, 12.9%, 25.4%, and 53.7% of the isolates were resistant to lead, cadmium, mercury, and zinc, respectively. None of the isolates had developed a resistance to silver or molybdenum. The high frequency of metal-antibiotic double resistance existed between lead and amikacin (56.5%), cadmium and ofloxacin (72.7%), zinc and norfloxacin (100%), and mercury and carbenicillin (94.6%). The high occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in natural water could be related to the widespread use of antibiotics, with possible public health hazard.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2008

Water quality contamination issues are of critical concern to human health, whilst pesticide release generated from irrigated land should be considered for protecting natural habitats and human health. This paper suggests new method for evaluation and analysis using the GIS technique based on integrated spatial modeling framework. The pesticide use on irrigated land is a subset of the larger spectrum of industrial chemicals used in modern society. The behavior of a pesticide is affected by the natural affinity of the chemical for one of four environmental compartments; solid matter, liquid, gaseous form, and biota. However, the major movements are a physical transport over the ground surface by rainfall-runoff and irrigation-runoff. The irrigated water carries out with the transporting sediments and makes contaminated water by pesticide. This paper focuses on risk impact identification and assessment using GIS technique. Also, generated data on pesticide residues on farmland and surface water through GIS simulation will be reflected to environmental research programs. Finally, this study indicates that GIS application is a beneficial tool for spatial pesticide impact analysis as well as environmental risk assessment.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권6호
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• pp.740-747
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• 2009

본 연구는 식물을 이용한 양돈폐수 제거 가능성을 가늠하기 위하여 수행되었다. 두 종류의 포플러(Populus alba ${\times}$ Populus glandulosa과 Populus euramericana)를 양돈폐수 관수를 한 결과 실험기간 동안에(총 14개월) 이태리포플러(Populus euramericana)는 현사시(Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa) 보다 1.8배 많은 양의 수액이동을 하였다. 총 이동한 수액의 양은 각각 이태리포플러가 4,628L, 현사시가 2,538L였다. 수액이동 활동이 계절에 따라서 두 수종 모두 달라지는 결과를 얻었다. 기온과 일사량이 높을 때 수액의 이동 또한 활발해지고, 기온과 일사량이 낮을 때 수액이동 활동이 낮았다. 두 수종 모두 기온이 급격히 낮아지는 10월말 이후에 수액이동량이 급격히 감소하였다. 또한 수액이동량과 상대습도와의 관계를 보기 위한 회귀분석을 한 결과 특히 이태리포플러의 경우 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 수액이동과 광합성능력은 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 이태리포플러는 광합성률의 증가와 급격한 수액이동을 한 것을 알 수 있었다. 이에 비해서 현사시는 광합성률과 수액이동의 증가율이 낮았다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권3호
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• pp.242-246
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• 2009

이태리포플러와 현사시를 대상으로 양돈폐수 처리하고 수액이동량을 측정, 기상자료와 비교, 분석하였다. 2007년 9월부터 12월 말까지 이태리포플러가 현사시 보다 평균 1.5배 많은 양의 수액이동을 하였다. 그러나 2008년 1월 이후 두 수종의 수액이동의 차이가 점점 감소하다가 1월 말 이후에는 거의 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 수액이동은 기온이 높으면 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 두 수종 모두 평균 기온이 낮아지는 10월 말부터 급격히 수액이동이 감소하였다. 강수량과 수액이동의 관계는 휴면기동안 강수변화가 적어서 뚜렷한 경향을 찾기 어려웠다. 일반적으로 휴면기로 들어가는 9월 이후에도 두 수종 모두 수액이동이 여전히 이루어졌다. 수종 간에는 이태리포플러가 수액이동량이 현사시보다 평균적으로 높았지만 급격히 감소되는 온도에는 영향을 더 받는 것으로 보아 현사시보다 기온에 더 민감한 것으로 간주된다. 휴면기동안 두 수종의 수액이동량은 각각 이태리포플러가 2,288 L, 현사시가 1,501 L였다. 이로 미루어 양돈폐수 제거 목적의 포플러가 식재 될 때 이태리포플러가 더 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 1982

본 조사(本 調査)는 김해평야(金海平野)외 농업용수(農業用水)로 사용(使用)하고 있는 낙동강지류(洛東江支流)의 수질(水質)을 주요(主要) 양수장부근(揚水場附近) 6척지점(個地點)(대저, 식만, 봉림, 녹산, 마찰, 장유)에서 1981년(年) 5월(月), 7월(月) 및 10월(月)의 3회(回)에 걸쳐 채수분석(採水分析)함으로서 수질보전대책(水質保全對策)과 이 지역(地域)의 농업(農業)에 참고자료(參考資料)를 제공(提供)코자 하였다. 시기별(時期別) 각(各) 지점(地點)의 수온(水溫), 탁도(濁度), 증발잔류물(蒸發殘留物), pH, BOD, COD, DO, 경도(硬度), $Cl-,\;SO_4--,\;PO_4---,\;NH_4+,\;NO_3-,\;K+,\;Na+$, 일반세균(一般細菌), 대장균(大腸菌), 중금속(重金屬)(Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 시기별(時期別) 모든 지점(地點)의 평균치(平均値)는 pH 7.8, BOD 6.3 ppm, COD 6.5 ppm, DO 6.4 ppm, 경도(硬度) 231 ppm, Cl- 582 ppm, $SO_4--\;412\;ppm,\;PO_4---\;2.32\;ppm,\;NH_4+$ 3.8 ppm, Na+ 478 ppm, 대장세균(大腸細菌) 2964개(個)/100ml, Cd 0.0040 ppm, Pb 0.006 ppm이었다. 2) 지점별(地點別) 오염도(汚染度)가 가장 높은 곳은 식만 양수장부근(揚水場附近)이었고 그 다음이 대저, 봉림, 녹산이었으며 비교적 오염도(汚染度)가 덜한 곳은 마찰, 장유양수장(揚水場) 부근(附近)이었다. 3) 오염도(汚染度)가 가장 높은 식만양수장(揚水場) 부근(附近)의 수질(水質)은 약간의 취기(臭氣)가 있을 뿐만 아니라 외관상(外觀上) 약간의 흑색(黑色)을 띄고 있었고, 분석평균치(分析平均値)는 pH가 8.0, BOD 8.1 ppm, COD 8.2ppm, DO 5.3ppm으로 농업용수기준(農業用水基準)의 한계(限界)에 도달(到達)하고 있었다. 이곳이 오염도(汚染度)가 높은 것은 김해시(金海市)의 주요(主要) 공장폐수(工場廢水)가 이곳으로 집중(集中) 배출(排出)되기 때문인 것으로 본다. 4) 시기별(時期別) 각(各) 성분(成分)의 차리(差異)는 뚜렷한 경향(傾向)이 없었으며 다만 DO가 10월(月)이 5월(月) 및 7월(月)보다 높게 나타났고 $NH_4+$는 10월(月)이 5월(月) 및 7월(月)에 비(比)해서 낮게 나타났을 뿐이다. 5) 각(各) 지점(地點)이 $NH_4+$함양(含量)이 높아 실소질비료(室素質肥料)의 시비(施肥)에 이를 고려(考慮)해야 할 것이며, Cl- 및 Na+함양(含量)은 평수시(平水時)에는 별문제(別問題)가 없을 것이나 갈수기(渴水期)에는 관개(灌漑)에 주의(注意)를 해야 할 것으로 본다.