• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2000

Hot air heater with light oil burner is the most common heater for greenhouse heating in the winter season in Korea. However, since the thermal efficiency of the heater is about 80∼85%, considerable unused heat amount in the form of exhaust gas heat discharges to atmosphere. In order to capture this exhaust heat a heat recovery system for plant bed heating in the greenhouse was built and tested in the hot air heating system of greenhouse. The heat recovery system is made for plant bed or soil heating in the greenhouse. The system consisted of a heat exchanger made of copper pipes, ${\Phi}12.7{\times}0.7t$ located in the rectangular column of $330{\times}330{\times}900mm$, a water circulation pump, circulation plastic pipe and a water tank. The total heat exchanger area is 1.5$m^2$, calculated considering the heat exchange amount between flue gas and water circulated in the copper pipes. The system was attached to the exhaust gas path. The heat recovery system was designed as to even recapture the latent heat of flue gas when exposing to low temperature water in the heat exchanger. According to the performance test it could recover 45,200 to 51,000kJ/hr depending on the water circulation rates of 330 to $690\ell$/hr from the waste heat discharged. The exhaust gas temperature left the heat exchanger dropped to $100^{\circ}C$ from $270^{\circ}C$ by the heat exchange between the water and the flue gas, while water gained the difference and temperature increased to $38^{\circ}C$ from $21^{\circ}C$ at the water flow rate of $690\ell$/hr. By the feasibility test conducted in the greenhouse, the system did not encounter any difficulty in operations. And, the system could recover 220,235kJ of exhaust gas heat in a day, which is equivalent of 34% of the fuel consumption by the water boiler for plant bed heating of 0.2ha in the greenhouse.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate safety and dangerous awareness of environment on walking trails. For this purpose, questionnaire survey are carried out by people who had experience using walking trails during 2016. It is evaluated that environments of walking trails located inside big cities are inferior than ones located in small and medium-sized cities and countryside in air pollution, bed smell, water pollution, noise, and waste. Needs about management and number installed public restroom are high for hygienic environment of walking trails. With waste treatment, users of 2.4 percentage are showed improper behavior that they left their rubbish at the place out of view but others bring their trash. Accident likelihood is highly appreciated and possibility of physical accident like slipping is showed at the highest. The reasons of accident on walking trails are responded with carelessness of walkers and improper of installation or management of safety facility at the most. For safety environment of walking trails, needs of installation of safety fences and notices of dangerous area are requested. In order to separate prevention from paths of walking trails, signposts are needed at visual clearness, maintenance, installation with proper interval and location, and correct contents. Respondents of 2.4 percentage have experiences of accident on walking trails and physical accident like slipping is occurred at the most.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.329-343
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• 2004

We conducted to investigate citizen's attitude to the treatment of food waste in Yongin city. The respondent of $41.81\%$ throws the food waste eliminate from home and store less than 1l in Yongin. When they dump the food waste, they speak out the inconvenience of damaged envelope by animals in case of home and store. This caused troubles for reason of sanitary. So a local autonomous entity must carefully consider of expand use specially designed container as like apartment house. They give an answer that the collecting time of food waste is suitable form dawn till morning. This answer shows the satisfaction of the period time to collect the food waste. They prefer to be appointed the exclusive place to collect food waste. The service interval of collect is suitable 1 time a day. They want to increase the number of washing of the collecting container. This is good method for sanitary condition, but the care of the period time to collect the food waste is more efficient than the care of the number of washing the collecting container. The care of the period time minimizes to incur the enmity of the people and to pollute in environment. The major of respondent handled the food waste after keeping the basket or a kit. This fact shows to us almost citizen doesn't feel the seriousness to remove the moisture of the food waste. Recently, many solutions which can be disposal efficiently are getting magnified and improved owing to increase utilities channel to loss in quantities and dry the food waste. We expect the reduction of food waste is solved getting easily step by step. The results of the awareness about the facility of food waste show citizen prefer recycling facility to the other facilities. If recycle facility and incineration facility are constructed, they were worried about bed smell. When some facility of the food waste is constructed, they have to maintain and to handle not to incur the enmity of the people. The spread rate of specially designed container already increased, the citizen set a high value on the use of specially designed container more than amount-rate vinyl envelope that people have used for several years. In the cost treatment about food waste, the major respondent answered the use cost of specially designed container is suitable price. So we can know the use charge is proper level. The majority of citizen more prefer autonomous plan which voluntary atmosphere creation and public information by mass media than levy system and rising treatment cost which forced plan. The citizens have pretty positive thinking of incineration, so the government needs more efforts for a public notice, which includes the incineration is no more than abandoned thing. Each of local self government has to sort the food waste and make kind of resource system related to collecting and carrying, constructing a suitable facility, proper disposal of the food waste and producing harmless in our surrounding in order to solve the invisible problems. To do above mentioned things, we have to analyze referred several problems till now. Also, to minimize the side effect, the government will have to improve through enforce the system.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.507-516
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• 2008

폐타이어 담체 유 무에 따른 질소 제거 효과와 담체를 충진한 유동상 생물막 공정의 질소제거 특성을 알아보고자 실험을 수행하였다. 하수처리장 유입하수를 이용해 폐타이어 담체 유 무에 따른 질소 제거 정도는 실험실 규모 회분식 실험을 이용하고, 온도가 질소제거에 미치는 영향은 담체를 15% 충진한 파일럿 규모 유동상 생물막 공정을 약 370일 동안 장시간 운전을 통해 알아보았다. 폐타이어 담체 유 무에 따른 질산화율은 3.4 및 1.7 mg NH$_4^+$-N/g Mixed-Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid(MLVSS)$\cdot$hr로 담체를 투입한 경우 질소 제거가 더 효과적이었다. 온도범위가 9$\sim$10$^{\circ}C$에서 20$\sim$24$^{\circ}C$로 증가하였을 때 총 질소제거효율은 53 $\pm$ 8%에서 76 $\pm$ 5%까지 증가하였다. 온도가 9$\sim$10$^{\circ}C$, 10$\sim$20$^{\circ}C$, 20$\sim$24$^{\circ}C$에서 질산화율은 0.8 $\pm$ 0.5, 3.1 $\pm$ 1.9, 3.4 $\pm$ 2.1 mg NH$_4^+$-N/g MLVSS$\cdot$hr로, 탈질율은 0.6 $\pm$ 0.2, 1.1 $\pm$ 0.6, 1.4 $\pm$ 0.6 mg NO$_3^-$-N/g MLVSS$\cdot$hr로 나타났으며, 전체미생물 중 부착미생물은 17 $\pm$ 7, 20 $\pm$ 6, 22 $\pm$ 6%로 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 미생물 총괄활성도는 온도가 9$\sim$10$^{\circ}C$에서 20$\sim$24$^{\circ}C$으로 증가함에 따라 혐기조, 무산소조, 호기조에서 22, 20, 15% 증가하였고 질산화 미생물인 Nitrosomonas와 Nitrobacter 활성분율도 증가하였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.118-123
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• 2000

음식물쓰레기는 함수율과 휘발성 유기물질의 함량이 높기 때문에 수거, 운반 및 매립에 있어 많은 문제점이 야기되고 있다. 음식물쓰레기의 산발효는 pH, 체류시간 등과 같은 환경조건에 의해서 영향을 받는데, 음식물쓰레기의 각 구성성분은 각기 다른 환경조건에서 분해가 진행된다. 전분, 셀룰로우스 및 단백질은 각각 최적의 pH 및 체류시간을 가지고 있어, 전분의 경우는 낮은 pH에서 셀룰로우스는 체류시간이 증가할수록 그리고 단백질은 체류시간의 증가 및 중성 pH에 접근할수록 그 분해가 증가한다. 이러한 사실은 산발효의 환경조건을 조절함으로써 음식물쓰레기의 분해가 향상될 수 있음을 말하여 준다. 산발효 단계에 따라 희석율의 값을 3.0에서 $1.0d^{-1}$로 조절한 경우, 산발효 효율은 71.2%에서 81.1%로 크게 증가하였다. 이때 주된 산발효 산물은 뷰틸산에서 초산으로 점차 변화하였는데, 이것은 산발효의 효율향상이 야채류와 육류의 분해 증가에 기인함을 보여주는 것이다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.248-255
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• 1999

미분형 고정층 반응기에서 고체산 촉매(HY 제올라이트, $\beta$-제올라이트, HZSM-5)를 이용하여 폐윤활유를 1차 열분해한 오일의 촉매분해 반응을 연구하였다. 촉매의 활성 검토에 사용된 원료물질은 폐윤활유를 반응온도 48$0^{\circ}C$, 반응시간($\tau$) 60분으로 진행되는 벤치규모의 연속공정에서 생산된 제품이다. HY제올라이트의 경우 탄소수 21개 이하의 경유 성분을 얻을 수 있는 최적 반응조건은 WHSV(weight hourly space velocity)=1, 반응온도는 375$^{\circ}C$임을 알 수 있었다. 암모니아 탈착법을 이용하여 전체의 산점 및 강산점 수를 측정한 결과 $\beta$-제올라이트가 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 탄소수 21개 이하 성분의 수율을 기준으로 촉매의 활성 순서를 평가할 때 HY제올라이트〉$\beta$-제올라이트〉HZSM-5 임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 코크의 생성량 역시 동일한 순서를 보였다. 이러한 결과를 보인점은 HY제올라이트의 경우 촉매내부 미세기공의 평균직경이 크므로. 반응물이 촉매내부로 쉽게 확산될 수 있어 내부의 산점에서 분해반응의 진행이 적절함으로 나타난 결과로 판단되었다. 이러한 점은 코크의 생성량으로도 확인할 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.248-251
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• 2018

고정층 반응기와 파이롤라이저-가스크로마토그래피/질량분석기를 이용하여 커피 잔류물이 함유된 폐종이컵의 열분해 및 촉매 열분해를 진행하였다. 커피 잔류물이 함유된 종이컵의 무촉매 열분해에서는 많은 양의 오일이 가스 및 촤와 함께 형성되었다. HZSM-5와 HY 촉매의 사용에 따른 추가적인 분해 반응에 의해 오일의 양은 줄고 가스의 양은 증가하였다. HZSM-5와 HY의 산촉매 특성 때문에 커피 잔류물이 함유된 종이컵의 촉매 파이롤라이저-가스크로마토그래피/질량분석기 분석은 생성오일 중 방향족 화합물의 선택도를 증가시켰다. HY보다 강한 산세기와 중간 기공을 가진 HZSM-5의 특성으로 인해, HZSM-5상에서 커피 잔류물이 함유된 종이컵을 촉매 열분해한 경우 HY를 사용한 경우보다 휠씬 더 많은 양의 방향족 화합물이 생성되었다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2002년도 추계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.133-138
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• 2002

A 3-D axisymmetric computer program is developed to predict the NO behavior in SNCR system for the stoker incinerator with the waste treatment capacity, 200ton/day. To this end a turbulent reacting flow field calculation is made using proper assumption and empiricism. The stoker bed is assumed to be a homogeneous waste-volatilized gaseous state. The initial composition or reactants are assumed based on the data of the ultimate analysis. Turbulent is resolved by k-e model and turbulent reaction is handled by eddy-breakup model harmonized with empirical chemistry data for gaseous combustion, NO and urea reaction. The liquid droplet is traced by Lagrangian method incorporated by aerodynamic drag, Coriolis and crntrifugal forces. Radiation is treated by sensible heat loss model. Calculation results are in good agreement with experimental data at the outlet of post combustion chamber in Daejon 4th industrial complex. The flue gas shows the temperature range of $900\sim1000^{\circ}C$, velocity of 5m/s and NO concentration of 140ppm at the exit while the measured temperature, flue gas velocity and NO concentration are $967^{\circ}C$, $3\sim4m/s$ and $100\sim200ppm$respectively. Using the developed computer program a parametric study has been made with the variation of heat content of waste, castable length and SNCR variables for the determination of proper injector location. In general, the calculated results are consistent and physically acceptable.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

본 연구는 균상재배 느타리버섯부산물(SMS)의 반추동물 조사료원으로서의 가치를 평가하기 위하여 in situ 반추위 소실율 및 면양을 이용한 in vivo 영양소 소화율, 체내 질소이용성 및 섭취행동 패턴을 평가하였다. SMS에 당밀 5% (w/w, 건물기준), 유산균(Lactobacillus plantarum) 0.5% (v/w) 그리고 효모 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 0.5% (v/w)를 첨가하여 30일간 혐기발효 시킨 후 반추위캐뉼라가 장착된 평균체중 620 kg Holstein 육우 2두를 이용하여 in situ 소실율을 평가하였다. 면양대사실험은 평균체중 48kg의 숫 면양 6두 이용하여 $3{\times}3$ 라틴방각법으로 하였다. 대조구는 볏짚 100%를, 처리구는 볏짚의 25%와 50%를 생균발효 SMS로 각각 대체 급여하였다. 균상재배 버섯부산물의 반추위 in situ DM 및 NDF 이용성은 생균발효처리에 의해 개선되었다(P<0.001). 생균발효 SMS를 볏짚의 25% 및 50% 대체하여 면양에게 급여하였을 때, 단백질과 섬유소(NDF, ADF, CF) 소화율은 감소하였으나 (P<0.05), 조회분 소화율은 증가하였으며(P<0.001), 면양체내 단백질 축척량은 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 볏짚을 생균발효 SMS로 대체 급여함에 따라 면양의 반추시간은 평균 28% 감소하였다(P<0.05). 생균발효 SMS는 볏짚의 76% 수준의 에너지가를 보였다. 결과적으로, 균상재배 느타리버섯부산물은 유지목적의 반추동물 조사료원으로서 보다 적합한 것으로 사료되었다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.550-560
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• 1996

Recently, fluidized bed heat exchangers with circulating liquid are widely used in a number of places-chemical, process, food concentration, waste water treatment facilities, etc. In a circulating heat exchanger, solid particles circulate with the liquid, thereby increase the heat transfer and reduce the fouling potential of the heat exchanger. In this study, glass beads were circulated through a vertical tube. The pressure loss and the heat transfer coefficient were measured. At low flow velocities, glass beads enhanced the heat transfer considerably. The enhancement increased as the volume fraction of the glass beads increased. The pressure loss showed a similar trend. From the observed particle behavior near tube wall, a possible explanation of the trend is provided.