• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.408-415
• /
• 2007

Leaf vegetables are composed of about 80% of moisture and 20 to 30% are damaged during the transportation due to decomposition and browning. This study was conducted to develop a washing, sterilization dehydrating system that could remove these polluters, and major findings were summarized as followings. The system was constructed so that leaf vegetables were moved through the washing, sterilization, and dehydration stages contained in a box, the shifting was conducted using PLC-controlled pneumatic pressure. Basic tests for determination of design parameters led to the results that optimum washing times by air bubbles were 5 minutes for lettuce and perilla and 10 minutes for Chinese cabbage, and percentages of bacteria removed using the optimum washing times were 94, 98, and 76%, respectively. Optimum speed and time of a centrifugal dehydrator for removal surface waterdrop on the leaves were 400 rpm and 30 s, respectively, dehydration rates were in a range $70{\sim}82%$ and damage rates were within 15% for the three vegetables tested. Operating efficiencies of the developed system for lettuce, perilla, and Chinese cabbage were 100, 120, and 80 kg/h, respectively, which were 25, 24, and 27 times of operating efficiencies of the conventional manual method.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.234-242
• /
• 2009

This study was attempted to develop surface washing-system of ginseng. The effect of sterilization, washing and keeping freshness of ginseng through analyzing unit process were examined to establish optimal condition for washing system. Surface washing method of fresh ginseng used two way and full cone spray type. Sterilization was used at $2^{\circ}C$ water with electrolysis water of 50 and 80 ppm. Ginseng was sterilized with electrolysis water during 30 and 60 s, dehydrated during 1 min and dried during 1min at 30 and $50^{\circ}C$. Hardness of surface-washed ginseng showed good result on 1 min spraying time with 80 ppm electrolysis water at $10^{\circ}C$ storage. Ginseng with 80 ppm electrolysis water was sterilized better with $1.05{\times}103$. There are no changes with 0% on appearance quality at 80 ppm electrolysis.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.60 no.1
• /
• pp.169-174
• /
• 2022

In this study, a tandem water and hexane washing process was developed to improve the recovery efficiency of paclitaxel derived from Taxus chinensis. The polar impurities contained in the sample were effectively removed by washing with water at a sample/water ratio of 1:40 (w/v) for 10 min. In addition, the non-polar impurities were effectively removed by washing with hexane at a sample/hexane ratio of 1:160 (w/v) for 20 min. A high purity of paclitaxel (>30.0%) was obtained in a short operating time (~30 min) by sequential washing with water and hexane.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.449-455
• /
• 2008

This study was carried out to compare the quality properties of chicken breast surimi manufactured by four different procedures/methods. Surimi was made from chicken breast by washing two (T1) or four times (T2) with water as well as by pH adjustments at 3.0 (T3) or 11.0 (T4). The contents of moisture and crude fat were significantly higher in the surimi manufactured from pH-adjusted material than after washing. Again, collagen and yield were significantly higher in chicken breast surimi manufactured from washed than pH-adjusted samples, whereas crude protein was higher in the pH-adjusted than washed surimi samples. There was no significant difference in myofibrillar protein content among the surimi manufactured after different washing times and differences following pH adjustments were found. T4 showed highest myofibrillar protein content rating among the surimi samples. All physical characteristics were higher in pH-adjusted chicken breast surimi than in T1 and T2 washed surimi samples. The pH-adjusted surimi had higher hardness, gumminess and chewiness than washed surimi samples (p<0.05). The chicken breast surimi made by pH adjustments had higher lightness (L*) than when made by washing times, whereas pH 3.0-adjusted surimi samples had lower whiteness (W) then the other surimi samples. Myoglobin content was significantly higher in the surimi manufactured from pH-adjusted chicken breast samples.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.250-257
• /
• 2021

Laundry industry has traditionally been considered an industry that generates large amounts of wastewater and Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs). This is still the case until now. Household laundry detergents are produced and distributed within the safety regulations on the amount of harmful substances detected. While industrial laundry detergents are often distributed without safety regulations, and even laundry workers manufacture and use them on their own. This contaminates water and air and also threatens the safety of workers. This study is a basic study for distributing eco-friendly detergents(EFD-A) developed through previous studies to the laundry industry. Safety, washability and wastewater quality of EFD-A are evaluated. Three existing commercial detergents(PD1, PD2, LD4) are also evaluated to compare with EFD-A. The safety of detergents is confirmed by the content of optical brightener, VOCs, and arsenic. Washability is evaluated by the difference in reflectance of washed and unwashed artificial soiled fabrics according to detergent concentration, washing temperature, and washing time. TOC is used as the index of assessing the wastewater quality. The results are as follows; EFD-A doesn't contain the optical brighteners, VOCs, and arsenic. The optimal washing conditions for EFD-A are 3 g/L concentration, 40 ℃ washing temperature, and 30 min washing time. The soil removal efficiency is about 71 %, which was similar to or somewhat superior to that of PD1, PD2, and LD4. TOC is 63.5 %, which is about 15 % lower than the discharge limit. Through this study, the developed detergent EFD-A can be used as a safe and eco-friendly detergent for the human body and the environment.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.25 no.8
• /
• pp.129-135
• /
• 2020

This study is to identify the awareness and performance of hand washing according to the presence of clinical practice experience of paramedic students and provide basic data of education on hand washing that can be practically applied. 335 students in paramedicine department in P city and J city were the study subjects and we distributed URL to those who agreed to participate in the study to carry out untact survey using questionnaire. The study results were analyzed by using SPSS/WIN 23.0. The results showed that the average number of hand washing per day was 5~8 times (142 students, 42.4%) and average time for washing hands was 24.34 seconds. We could find statistically significant differences in 'hand washing to wrist' and 'it is necessary to completely dry after hand washing' in terms of difference on awareness of hand washing according to the clinical experiences (p<0.05). In terms of differences in hand washing performance according to clinical practice experience, statistically significant difference was found in 'before touching equipment for clinical practice' and 'before taking foods such as drinks during practice' (p<0.05). The correlation between awareness and performance of hand washing showed that if awareness of hand washing is high, its performance is increased, too (p=0.001). We try to provide basic data of education on hand washing that can improve awareness and performance on hand washing based on the results of this study.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.339-345
• /
• 2000

The effects of protease and/or lipase on the removal of protein soil and oily soil were investigated in this study. Cotton, rayon, nylon, and PET fabrics were soiled by padding of fresh bovine blood and spotting of mixed artificial sebum evenly. The soiled fabrics were aged at $130^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. The fabrics were washed by using Terg-O-Tometer at various conditions. Protease and/or lipase were added in the alcohol ethoxylate (AE) detergent solution. The removal efficiency was evaluated by analysis of protein and/or oil on the fabrics before and after washing, respectively. The detergency of protein and/or oil on the fabrics was discussed with enzyme concentration, washing time, washing temperature, pH of washing solution and fiber characteristics. The hydrolysis of protease improved effectively the removal of oil as well as protein by increasing removal of protein-oil mixed soil at the same time. The effect of lipase added detergent solution was slightly shown on the removal of oil and/or protein. The removal of mixed soils from cotton fabrics was very low because of large amount of residual soils caused by the physical characteristics of cotton fiber.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.584-590
• /
• 2009

The effects of different washing time and pH adjustment of surimi-like materials from pork leg on quality characteristics were investigated. Surimi was made from pork leg by washing two or four times with water, as well as by pH adjustments of 3.0 or 11.0. The control surimi was made by two times washing from Alaska pollock. The content of crude protein was higher in the surimi manufactured from pork leg with pH adjustments. The highest gel strength was found in the control, and the control had greater lightness and whiteness value. The control had higher texture attributes than the other samples, whereas the surimi from pork leg made by a pH 11.0 adjustment had higher texture attributes than the pH 3.0 adjustment. The sensory color was higher in the control compared to other surimi samples, whereas aroma was lower in the control. However, there were no significant differences in overall acceptability among the surimi samples.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.143-146
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different methods of hand washing by counting the number of bacteria on the hand surface. Eighteen clinicians were chosen and divided into three groups, consisting of six clinicians each. Culturing of the right raw palms of all individuals was performed. Individuals in the control group washed hands for 5 seconds with antimicrobial soap. Group 1 washed their hands for 10 seconds with antimicrobial soap. Group 2 washed with an instant alcohol-based hand sanitizer. After the respective washes, re-culturing of the right raw palm was done for each member of all groups. The colony-forming units (CFU) were calculated at each time point, and the reduction rate of CFU among the three groups were statistically evaluated using student t-test. All groups showed a significant decrease in CFU, according to the time applied (P<0.01). In addition, the reduction rate of CFU between the groups were statistically evaluated with ANOVA (P<0.01). It showed statistically difference between the control group and group 1, control group and group 2. The present study confirmed that the hand washing method with antimicrobial soap for 10 seconds and hand sanitizer, including alcohol, were excellent for decreasing the number of bacteria on the hand surface.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 1996.11a
• /
• pp.846-850
• /
• 1996

Today's product development requires simultaneous satisfaction of low cost, high quality and fast time to market. It is, however, difficult for product designers and engineers to achieve this goal due to too many requirements. This study shows integrated Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) approach can help to achieve such goal. CAE can not only support designers when decision needs to be made during concept design period but also provide evaluation of the designed parts and guidance to the best design of products during detail design period. Furthermore, integration with virtual prototyping concept can reduce number of actual prototyping and consequently reduce product development cost and time considerably. In order to demonstrate its possibility, example of washing machine development using CAE and its results are presented in this study.