• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.67-81
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the possibility of using dried Dondropanax morbiferus extract as a functional dye. The leaves and branches of were extracted with distilled water and 30% ethanol, and the dyeability and functionality of silk fabrics were examined according to the color characteristics of the extract and dyeing conditions. As a result of analyzing the ultraviolet and visible light absorption spectrum of the extract, it was possible to confirm the peak of flavonoid belonging to polyphenol, and the peak of riboflavin expressing yellow color was confirmed. Adsorption equilibrium was observed at 4% dyeing concentration and 60 minutes of dyeing time, and as the temperature increased, dyeing amount increased without color change of Y-series. Aluminum mordanting also increased the yellow color. The color fastness of washing and UV irradiation was low, but the color fastness of rubbing was evaluated as relatively good. The silk fabric dyed with the distilled water extract of the leaves showed a 99.9% bacteriostatic reduction against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, showing excellent antibacterial properties.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.189-195
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• 2023

In this study, as one of the eco-friendly dyeing methods, indigo, Phellodendron amurense and Caeasapinia sappan were complexed dyed on cotton fabric. For complexed dyeing, the cotton that was pre-dyed 5 times with indigo was dyed 1 ~ 2 times repeatedly with Phellodendron amurense and Caeasapinia sappan. Then the color, tensile strength, density, and color fastness of complexed dyed sample were analyzed and the following analysis results could be obtained. As a result of color difference measurement, the L* value was 22.7 in the sample in which the cotton was dyed 5 times and then the Phellodendron amurense was dyed 1 time, and the K/S value was 15 or higher in all samples. As a result of measuring the strength, cotton fabrics tended to have a slight decrease in tensile strength when complexed dyeing. As a result of measuring the density, the density decreased by 15 ~ 20% in all samples at the warp and increased by 20 ~ 30% in the weft due to the complexed dyeing of cotton fabric. Moreover, the fastness to washing and drycleaning showed good results of 2 ~ 3 or higher, and the light fastness was 4 or higher.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.469-477
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• 2023

Animal welfare has been gradually gathering more attention from consumers over time, making it increasingly important to assess the level of stress experienced by livestock. Traditionally, stress has been measured by collecting blood to assess cortisol levels, an action that can be considered distressing for the animal. Therefore, we aimed to explore the feasibility of using hair as an alternative medium to blood for stress assessment. We utilized B/F (blood collected at the farm), B/A (blood collected after transport to the auction), and H/A (hair collected at the auction after blood sampling) from calves at the age of 7-9 months transported from the farm to the auction. Hair underwent a washing and extraction process to utilize hair extracts, while blood was centrifuged to analyze using ELISA. The cortisol concentration in the blood was significantly higher in B/A compared to B/F (p<0.05), confirming that the calves experienced stress during transportation. Additionally, H/A was significantly lower than both B/A and B/F (p<0.0001). These results emphasized that cortisol in hair is not suitable for investigating short-term stress in livestock, as it is with blood. While measuring stress indices using hair may not be appropriate for replacing blood, it is considered a highly suitable practice for animal welfare, and further research in this area should be continued.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 2023

In this study, we investigated the durability properties of the recycled leather using shaving scrap with antioxidant. Recycled leather sheets were manufactured by mixing shaving scrap and NB latex as a binder. HALS(Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer) and UVA(UV absorbers) were used as antioxidant. Mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation, tear strength and abrasion resistance were measured. Light aging resistance was evaluated using UV lamp and the degree of discoloration of the recycled leather sheets using a gray scale. In addition, to evaluate heat aging and UV aging, the degree of discoloration of the recycled leather sheets over time was measured using colorimeter. Washing fastness was evaluated on the degree of dyeing of recycled leather sheets for six type of multi-fiber woven fabrics (Acetate, Cotton, Nylon-66, Polyester, Acryl, Wool). To determine whether hazardous substances were detected in recycled leather sheets, the contents of arylamine and Cr 6⁺ were evaluated. As a result, when used in combination with antioxidant, the heat aging and light aging of recycled leather were improved and hazardous substance were not detected.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.329-343
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• 2004

We conducted to investigate citizen's attitude to the treatment of food waste in Yongin city. The respondent of $41.81\%$ throws the food waste eliminate from home and store less than 1l in Yongin. When they dump the food waste, they speak out the inconvenience of damaged envelope by animals in case of home and store. This caused troubles for reason of sanitary. So a local autonomous entity must carefully consider of expand use specially designed container as like apartment house. They give an answer that the collecting time of food waste is suitable form dawn till morning. This answer shows the satisfaction of the period time to collect the food waste. They prefer to be appointed the exclusive place to collect food waste. The service interval of collect is suitable 1 time a day. They want to increase the number of washing of the collecting container. This is good method for sanitary condition, but the care of the period time to collect the food waste is more efficient than the care of the number of washing the collecting container. The care of the period time minimizes to incur the enmity of the people and to pollute in environment. The major of respondent handled the food waste after keeping the basket or a kit. This fact shows to us almost citizen doesn't feel the seriousness to remove the moisture of the food waste. Recently, many solutions which can be disposal efficiently are getting magnified and improved owing to increase utilities channel to loss in quantities and dry the food waste. We expect the reduction of food waste is solved getting easily step by step. The results of the awareness about the facility of food waste show citizen prefer recycling facility to the other facilities. If recycle facility and incineration facility are constructed, they were worried about bed smell. When some facility of the food waste is constructed, they have to maintain and to handle not to incur the enmity of the people. The spread rate of specially designed container already increased, the citizen set a high value on the use of specially designed container more than amount-rate vinyl envelope that people have used for several years. In the cost treatment about food waste, the major respondent answered the use cost of specially designed container is suitable price. So we can know the use charge is proper level. The majority of citizen more prefer autonomous plan which voluntary atmosphere creation and public information by mass media than levy system and rising treatment cost which forced plan. The citizens have pretty positive thinking of incineration, so the government needs more efforts for a public notice, which includes the incineration is no more than abandoned thing. Each of local self government has to sort the food waste and make kind of resource system related to collecting and carrying, constructing a suitable facility, proper disposal of the food waste and producing harmless in our surrounding in order to solve the invisible problems. To do above mentioned things, we have to analyze referred several problems till now. Also, to minimize the side effect, the government will have to improve through enforce the system.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.99-114
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• 2009

This study examined the optimal cooking condition for surimi-like material (SLM) derived from porcine semimembranosus (SM) muscle and the effects of the various cooking temperatures and the cooking time on the gel properties. The most noticeable change that occurred during the preparation of the SLM from the SM was the reduction in the fat content (about 1%) during the washing procedures. The hardness and gel strength value were increased significantly as the cooking temperature was increased by $75^{\circ}C$ for 20 min (p<0.05). The SLMG cooked above $75^{\circ}C$ had a significantly higher WHC than the SLMG cooked below $75^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). The gelling property of SLMG was effected for different conditions of cooking time and temperatures by the result of SDS-PAGE. After 20 min cooking, some enzyme bands including phosphorylase disappeared. The loss of these bands (about 46 kDa and 60 kDa) was observed after 20 min of cooking time. The photographs of microscopy showed that the filaments of myofibrils did not disappear after a cooking time of 15 min, and that the gaps between the fibers or filament were close. A significant change in the fibers and filaments occurred from 30 min to 35 min of cooking time, and the gradual coagulation of the structure of the SLM was observed with cooking time increased. These results suggest that a desirable surimi gel could be obtained from pork by cooking at $75^{\circ}C$ for 25 min.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.802-812
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of natural incense on the preservation of paper- and textile-based remains and the kinds and applications of natural anti-insect incense by reviewing relevant literatures of the ancient times. There are few ancient literatures of incense published in Korea. The researcher deducted how incense was used in this nation through reviewing verses contained in ancient literatures and medical books. In contrast, the kinds and applications of anti-insect incense used in China, where incense culture prospered, were investigated here through reviewing technical books about incense published during the Song(宋) and Ming(明) periods, $\ll$Incense record(香譜)$\gg$, $\ll$Chen's Incense record(陳氏香譜)$\gg$ and $\ll$Incense record(香乘)$\gg$. There were several methods of keeping clothes better from insects. In relation, how to use anti-insect incense varied in accordance with main materials of clothes, paper, textile, leather and others. Cymbopogon dstans(芸香), Brassica rapu var and Incarvillea sinensis(角蒿) are anti-insect incense which were used for paper. Anti-insect incense for textiles is classified into single and mixed incenses depending on whether only one kind of incense was used or more than seven kinds of the substance. Acori rhizoma(菖蒲), Capsella bursa-pastoris(薺菜花), Lactuca sativa L., Erigeron canadensis(莽草), Stemona japonica(百部) and Moschus sifanicus(麝香) are single anti-insect incense which were used for textile. While, the latter was called. ‘Yi Xiang(衣香)’ is mixed anti-insect incense which was used for textile. Artemisia asiatica(艾葉) and Zanthoxylum schinifolium(花椒) are anti-insect incense which were used for leather. Angelica dahurica(芳香) and Bamboo are anti-insect incense which were used for others. There were three main methods of using incense to prevent insects, that is, diffusing incense's strong scent and ingredients, exposing to smokes from burnt incense and washing with incense-boiled water. Diffusing incenses had a strong scent and antibiotic ingredients, which were put between books or clothes or into a storage box without being processed. If necessary, however, they were processed into rough powders that were in turn used singly, or otherwise mixed for a stronger scent and better insect elimination. Exposing to smokes from burnt incense was done as follows. A clothes was put on 'Long(籠)' underneath which there was a boiling water. The clothes was humidified by the water and then exposed to smokes from burnt incense. 'Long(籠)' had been long used since it was manufactured in the QinHan(秦漢) period for the first time. A local literature, $\ll$Koryo TuGing(高麗圖經)$\gg$ shows that in the Koryo(高麗) period, BoShaLu(博山爐) were used as a means of exposing clothes to smokes to prevent moths, similarly to China. Washing clothes with incense-boiled water was more effective in removing lots of worms and germs from clothes, but leaving the scent and ingredients of the used incense and maintaining the effect of anti-insect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.649-654
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• 2006

It was investigated the effects of pre-treatment method on the microbes on the surface of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves. Independent variables put in water washing ($X_1$), microwave treatment ($X_2$) and steam treatment ($X_3$) using central composite design and response surface analysis. It was not detected in the pathogenic microbes, Samonella spp., Camphylobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Shigella spp., Staphyloccocus spp., on the surface of collected radish leaves without pre-treatment. But general microbes showed $3.90{\times}10^5{\sim}1.20{\times}10^7CFU/g$ of total microbes, $1.10{\times}10^2{\sim}2.00{\times}10^5CFU/g$ of E. coli, $2.40{\times}10^3{\sim}3.55{\times}10^6CFU/g$ of yeast/mold on the surface of various radish leaves and lactic acid bacteria was detected or not according to collected samples. The best method of pre-treatment was steam treatment on the microbe reduction effect of samples surface. Also, the multiplex regression coefficients analysis was calculated three independent variables ($X_1,\;X_2,\;X_3$) and dependent variables (total microbes, lactic acid bacteria and yeast/molds). It showed high correlation $R^2$, 0.89, 0.87, 0.85, respectively. For effective reduction of surface microbes, the best method was water washing with microwave or steam treatment at the same time.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.41-46
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• 2010

This study focuses on two points. First, I have examined the difference on combustion between flame-retardant and non flame-retardant products including vertical blinds and roll screens that are widely used as a substitute for fabric curtains. The second point is to see how long flame-retardant goods can be durable, that is, flame retardant durability after washing in liquid. the experiment on the flame-retardant ability before and after washing of vertical blinds and roll screens that have been used for a long time in fire protection construct. Comparing and analyzing domestic and foreign laws on flame-retardant after the experiment on durability of these products. I aim to draw necessity for increased application of internal laws and regulations on flame-retardant and show how to improve the point at issue. According to the result, clear differences in performance and safety were observed between flame-retardant and non flame-retardant products. flame-retardant materials can prevent things from fire spread without igniting but melting when they've met flame and burnt, In contrast, non flame-retardant material for experiment which size is 120cm long takes less than 3 minutes only to be completely destroyed by fire. However, it was expected for flame-retardant durability of flame-retardant blinds which are not washable to decrease flame-retardant durability after being washed with water, there was no sharp difference. so it is demonstrated that flame-retardant blinds can keep flame-retardant durability. accordingly through the strict course of product we are concerned about keeping durability.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.48-54
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• 2011

Sulphuric acid leaching was conducted to extract the metal values from spent refinery catalyst. More than 95% of Ni and V and 30% of Mo could be leached out in 1 M sulphuric acid and 1 hr of leaching time. The decrease in Mo leaching was due to typical characteristic of Mo matrix. The activation energies of the leaching reactions showed the dissolution process follows a diffusion control mechanism. In order to leach out all Mo, further the leaching experiments were conducted with sulfur free spent refinery catalyst. For sulfur free spent refinery catalyst, a two step process of leaching with 1 M sulphuric acid followed by sodium carbonate washing showed better leaching than a two step leaching process with sodium carbonate followed by sulphuric acid washing, with almost 99% leaching of Ni, Mo and V. Solvent extraction using LIX 841 were conducted for a leach liquor containing Ni, 2 g/L; V, 9 g/L, Mo, 0.6 g/L. More than 98% of Mo was extracted from the leach liquor at A:O ratio of 5:2 in a 2 stage process. Similarly V was extracted at A:O ratio of 5:3 in a 2 stage process with 82% of total V extraction.