• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정밀공학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.833-836
• /
• 2000

The mechanical and thermal load. and thermal softening which is happened by the high temperature of die, in hot and warm forging, cause wear. heat checking and plastic deformation, etc. This study is for the effects of solid lubricants and surface treatments for warm forging die Because cooling effect and low friction are essential to the long lift of dies. optimal surface treatments and lubricants are very important to hot and warm forging Process. The heat that is generated by repeated forging processes. and its transfer are important factors to affect die life. The main factors, which affect die hardness and heat transfer, are surface treatments and lubricants, which are related to thermal diffusion coefficient and heat transfer coefficient, etc. For verifying these. experiments art performed for diffusion coefficient and heat transfer coefficient in various conditions - different initial billet temperatures and different loads. Carbonitriding and ionitriding are used as surface treatments. and oil- base and water-base graphite lubrirants are used. The effects of lubricant and surface treatment for warm forging die lift are explained by their thermal characteristics.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.184-189
• /
• 2004

In this paper, the warm forging process sequence has been determined to manufacture the warm forged product for the precision bevel gear used as the differential gear unit of a commercial automobile. The preform shape of bevel gear influences the dimensional accuracy and stiffness of final product. The aspect ratio and chamfer length are considered as design parameters to achieve adequate metal distribution in the finish forging operation. Then the optimal conditions of design parameters have been selected by artificial neural network (ANN). Finally, to verify the optimal preform shape, the experiments of the warm forging of the bevel gear have been executed. The proposed method can give more systematic and economically feasible means for designing the preform shape in metal forming process.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.288-292
• /
• 2007

This study focuses on the warm forging of a magnesium alloy impeller used for the fuel cell. The impeller has the very complicated shape with sharply twisted blade and thus is generally produced by mechanical machining or casting process. However, since these technologies give the high manufacturing cost or poor mechanical properties, the forging technology is required to make the high-quality impeller with the lower manufacturing cost. In order for production of the impeller by warm forging technology, the parametric studies using finite element analyses were carried out to find the optimal perform shape of impeller. Based on the FE simulation results, dies for impeller forging were designed and the resultant forged impeller was shown.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집C
• /
• pp.525-530
• /
• 2001

As a part of efforts to examine feasibility of warm forging near-net-shape process for non-heat-treated steel to replace quenched and tempered S45C steel, the optimized process condition has been determined to be $820^{\circ}C$ for heating, 10/sec for strain rate of forging and approximately 250MPa for flow stress from observed results such as the $A_{3}$ transformation temperature of about $790^{\circ}C$, the fully dynamic recrystallized behavior between $800^{\circ}C\;and\;850^{\circ}C$ when compressed up to 63% engineering strain at 10/sec strain rate, and the high temperature microsturctural stability. Also, controlled cooling rate of $6.3^{\circ}C/sec$ by water-spraying at a rate of $0.10cc/sec-cm^{2}$ for 60seconds followed by air-cooling right after forging process has been considered in this study as a feasible approach based on examination of the microsturcture of mixed ${\alpha}-ferrite$ and pearlite, the hardness and tensile properties meeting specification, and the reduced total cooling time to room temperature. Successive works would be carried out for the impact strength, machinalility, and forgeability at this process in the near future.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 1998년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.94-99
• /
• 1998

In bulk metal forming processes prediction of tool life is very important for saving production cost and achieving good material properties. Generally the service life of tools in metal forming process is limited to a large extent by wear, fracture and plastic deformation of tools. In case of hot and warm forging processes, tool life depends on wear over 70%. In this study finite element analyses are applied to warm forging and hot forging by adopting suggested wear model. By comparision of simulation and real profile of die, suggested model is verified

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 The 8th Asian Symposium on Precision Forging ASPF
• /
• pp.152-157
• /
• 2003

A typical die-set for enclosed-die forging of half axle gears in double action hydraulic press is presented, the important factors those influence on precision forming of half axle gears are analyzed, warm forming process of half axle gears is simulated by FEM software $DEFORM\_3D$. The results show, that proper die structure and dimension, suitable web thickness and position can improve material filling, ensure full filling of tooth cavity.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.51-56
• /
• 2022

In this study, finite element analyses were performed by applying a stress ring and split die design to relieve the tensile stress acting on the die due to high surface pressure during warm-closed forging. The applied material was a yield-ratio-control-steel (YRCS). It was used without quenching or tempering after forging. In the case of stress rings design, the number of stress rings and the tolerance for shrink fit were different. Vertical and horizontal splits were applied for insert die split design. Case 5 die with three stress rings, 0.2 % shrink fit tolerance, and vertical split was selected as an effective die design for tensile stress reduction. Based on die stress reduction analyses, Case 5 die for warm-closed forging was produced and smooth forgeability was secured, making it possible to manufacture forging product of yoke with the required geometry. In addition, controlled cooling using warm forging heat was applied to secure mechanical properties of yokes. When oil cooling was used for direct controlled cooling after warm-closed forging, a relatively uniform Rockwell hardness distribution and high mechanical properties could be obtained.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.420-425
• /
• 2010

온간단조(warm forging) 가공은 가공소재(Billet)를 $800^{\circ}C$ 정도로 가열하여 금형의 다이블록 임프레션(impression) 상면(上面)에 위치결정 시켜 단조하고 있는데, 이 단조가공 과정에서 산화스케일의 비산에 따른 작업자의 화상에 대한 위험도와 산화스케일이 다이블록의 임프레이션에 부착 되거나 열처리기술 미흡으로 금형수명(die life)을 단축시키며 다이블록 안에 분무하는 이형제는 유해먼지, 유해증기, 미스트, 퓸, 악취 등을 발생시켜 작업장 환경을 오염시킴으로써 직무기피 직종으로 분리되기 때문에 생산량 목표 달성에 큰 문제점으로 대두 되고 있다. 더욱이 다이블록의 임프레이션 마멸부위를 수리보수하기 위한 재생공법의 미흡으로 납기지연, 금형비 상승의 요인으로 나타나므로 이에 대한 재생공법 개선과 작업장의 공해물 제거장치의 개발이 요망되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 황동제 관 이음쇠의 온간단조가공에서 도출된 빌릿가열시 문제점, 금형재생 보수시 문제점, 제조원가의 상승요인 등을 외국의 기술과 비교하여 온간단조 금형제작방법개선, 금형재생보수공법 개선, 유해가스 제거장치를 도입하여 환경친화형 작업장 개선 등으로 문제점을 해결 하고자 하였다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.75-78
• /
• 2000

There are several effective factors to influence die life in the warm forging process. For instance process design die design and die materials etc This study presented heat treatment method which could improve toughness and wear resistance simultaneously in high temperature to apply high speed tool steels like SKH51 to die material for warm forging process. To verify the feasibility of application of heat treatment method mentioned above wear test was performed under the condition of constant time in 40$0^{\circ}C$ Wear coefficient was examined to search a relation between wear amount and time for each material and heat treatment method in 30, 60, and 130 minutes. To quantify the toughness-behavior between room and high temperature impact test was performed and heat fatigue test also fulfilled to compare with the resistance of heat check in room, 200, 400, and $600^{\circ}C$ temperature. On the basis of experimental results mentioned above high speed tool steel was applied to verify appropriateness of newly proposed heat treatment method for die of rotor pole used in automobile alternator. As a result die life of high speed tool steel applied newly proposed heat treatment is longer than that of STD61.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.211-220
• /
• 2014

The outer race of a constant velocity (CV) joint having six inner ball grooves has traditionally been manufactured by multi-stage warm forging, which includes forward extrusion, upsetting, backward extrusions, necking, ironing and sizing, and machining. In the current study, a multi-stage cold forging process is examined and an assessment for replacing and modifying the conventional multi-stage warm forging is made. The proposed procedure is simplified to the backward extrusion of the conventional process, and the sizing and necking are combined into a single sizing-necking step. Thus, the forging surface of the six ball grooves can be obtained without additional machining. To verify the suitability of the proposed process, a 3-dimensional numerical simulation on each operation was performed. The forging loads were also predicted. In addition, a structural integrity evaluation for the tools was carried out. Based on the results, it is shown that the dimensional requirements of the outer race can be well met.