• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2015

Drug development groups are close to discovering another pot of gold-a therapeutic target-similar to the success of imatinib (Gleevec) in the field of cancer biology. Modern molecular biology has improved cancer therapy through the identification of more pharmaceutically viable targets, and yet major problems and risks associated with late-phase cancer therapy remain. Presently, a growing number of reports have initiated a discussion about the benefits of metabolic regulation in cancers. The Warburg effect, a great discovery approximately 70 years ago, addresses the "universality" of cancer characteristics. For instance, most cancer cells prefer aerobic glycolysis instead of mitochondrial respiration. Recently, cancer metabolism has been explained not only by metabolites but also through modern molecular and chemical biological techniques. Scientists are seeking context-dependent universality among cancer types according to metabolic and enzymatic pathway signatures. This review presents current cancer metabolism studies and discusses future directions in cancer therapy targeting bio-energetics, bio-anabolism, and autophagy, emphasizing the important contribution of cancer metabolism in cancer therapy.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.323-330
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• 2015

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth. Metabolic demands to sustain rapid proliferation must be compelling since aerobic glycolysis is the first as well as the most commonly shared characteristic of cancer. During the last decade, the significance of metabolic reprogramming of cancer has been at the center of attention. Nonetheless, despite all the knowledge gained on cancer biology, the field is not able to reach agreement on the issue of mitochondria: Are damaged mitochondria the cause for aerobic glycolysis in cancer? Warburg proposed the damaged mitochondria theory over 80 years ago; the field has been testing the theory equally long. In this review, we will discuss alterations in metabolic fluxes of cancer cells, and provide an opinion on the damaged mitochondria theory.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권12호
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• pp.847-854
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• 2016

The early landmark discoveries in cancer metabolism research have uncovered metabolic processes that support rapid proliferation, such as aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), glutaminolysis, and increased nucleotide biosynthesis. However, there are limitations to the effectiveness of specifically targeting the metabolic processes which support rapid proliferation. First, as other normal proliferative tissues also share similar metabolic features, they may also be affected by such treatments. Secondly, targeting proliferative metabolism may only target the highly proliferating "bulk tumor" cells and not the slowergrowing, clinically relevant cancer stem cell subpopulations which may be required for an effective cure. An emerging body of research indicates that altered metabolism plays key roles in supporting proliferation-independent functions of cancer such as cell survival within the ischemic and acidic tumor microenvironment, immune system evasion, and maintenance of the cancer stem cell state. As these aspects of cancer cell metabolism are critical for tumor maintenance yet are less likely to be relevant in normal cells, they represent attractive targets for cancer therapy.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.117-127
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• 1972

To study the effect of IAA on the growth of Chlorella, the alage wre cultured on the media for six days by bubbling $_{2}$ enriched air under 10K lux at 20-$25^{\circ}C$. The culture media were made by adding a concentration of $10^{-3}$M, $10^{-4}$M, and 0M(as a control) IAA to the standard media. During the period of culture, Chlorella was smapled for the given time of interval and photosynthetic and respiratory activities were measured by Warburg manometer and change of chemical components of Chlorella was determined by spectrophotometry after the Chlorella cell was fractionated by Schmidt-Thannhauser method. 1) Photosynthetic and respiratory activities were enhanced by IAA ; especially the enhancement of respiratory activity was so remarkable. 2) As to the chemical components of Chlorella, carbohydrates and amino acids were reduced a little but phosphate, RNA, DNA, and protein were increased by $10^{-3}$M IAA ; the increase of RNA, in particular, was noticable. 3) The above results suggest that the enhancement of growth of Chlorella, by IAA and ATP induced by respiratory activity accelerated with IAA enhanced RNA synthesis, resulting in an increase of protein synthesis.

• 약학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.237-241
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• 2002

Polyphenoloxidase activity (PPO) in the leaves of Erechitites hieracifolia was estimated by Warburg's manometric method. The emzyme was most reactive toward chlorogenic acid followed by caffeic acid. Diethyldithiocarbamate and potassium cyanide were shown powerful inhibition rate to the polyphenoloxidase from the leaves of Erechitites hieracifolia. We confirmed antioxidant activity of the leaves of Erechitites hieracifolia by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method. Electrophorectic isoenzyme banding patterns of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were observed by native PAGE. The correlation of PPO and antioxidant enzymes is not investigated yet. That is need to further study.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.129-136
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• 1988

To investigate the influence of cosubstrate supplement and ammonium sulfate on lignin degradation by Pseudomonas diminuta KM-4-2, isolated in the laboratory, the strain was cultured on the lignin media which contained lignin as a source of carbon and the culture filtrate was analyzed by Sephadex G-75 column chromatography. It was found that polymerization was not appeared unlike wood-rot fungi. When the carbohydrates were added, the peak of lignin at 280nm by UV scanning spectra of the filtrate, was significantly increased. In order to determine the effect of ammonium sulfate on the ligninolytic activity, the isolated strain was incubated in the media containing 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5% of nitrogen concentration in the Warburg flask and the rate of oxygen uptake was esitmated by Warbuge Respirometer. As a result, the activity was maximum at 0.1% of nitrogen concentration and thereafter decreased in parallel with nitrogen concentration.

• BMB Reports
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.158-166
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• 2014

Cell proliferation is a delicately regulated process that couples growth signals and metabolic demands to produce daughter cells. Interestingly, the proliferation of tumor cells immensely depends on glycolysis, the Warburg effect, to ensure a sufficient amount of metabolic flux and bioenergetics for macromolecule synthesis and cell division. This unique metabolic derangement would provide an opportunity for developing cancer therapeutic strategy, particularly when other diverse anti-cancer treatments have been proved ineffective in achieving durable response, largely due to the emergence of resistance. Recent advances in deeper understanding of cancer metabolism usher in new horizons of the next generation strategy for cancer therapy. Here, we discuss the focused review of cancer energy metabolism, and the therapeutic exploitation of glycolysis and OXPHOS as a novel anti-cancer strategy, with particular emphasis on the promise of this approach, among other cancer metabolism targeted therapies that reveal unexpected complexity and context-dependent metabolic adaptability, complicating the development of effective strategies.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.155-160
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• 1980

Microorgansims utilizing anionic detergent as their carbon and sulfur sources were isolated from soils and sewages. Alkyl benzene sulfonate (Hiti) and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) were the detergent compound tested. Three of these isolated microorganisms were identified as Pseudomonas spp. and the others asKlbsiella, Enterobacter and Acinetobacter. Biodegradation rate of the detergents and growth rate of Acinetobacter Strain II-8, Pseudomonas strain H-3-1 and 554 among six isolated microorganisms were investigated with colorimetric, warburg manometric, and ultraviolet absorption analyses. By performance of 4 serial successive tranfer to new culture broth for the purpose of adaptation method, ABS and SDS could be degraded to far more than 40%-60% and 70%-75%, respectively. However the employment of nonadaptation method, ABS and SDS were degraded to 30%-45% and 45%-65%, respectively. In another words, detergents degradation ability was increased to a certain extent by successive transfer to the new minimal media. We would conclude that the development of adaptation was effective in the removal of recalcitrant compounds.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.183-193
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• 2021

Since its discovery in 1780, lactate has long been misunderstood as a waste by-product of anaerobic glycolysis with multiple deleterious effects. Owing to the lactate shuttle concept introduced in the early 1980s, a paradigm shift began to occur. Increasing evidence indicates that lactate is a coordinator of whole-body metabolism. Lactate is not only a readily accessible fuel that is shuttled throughout the body but also a metabolic buffer that bridges glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation between cells and intracellular compartments. Lactate also acts as a multifunctional signaling molecule through receptors expressed in various cells and tissues, resulting in diverse biological consequences including decreased lipolysis, immune regulation, anti-inflammation, wound healing, and enhanced exercise performance in association with the gut microbiome. Furthermore, lactate contributes to epigenetic gene regulation by lactylating lysine residues of histones, accounting for its key role in immune modulation and maintenance of homeostasis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제10권
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• pp.39-45
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• 1968

Maillard 반응(反應)에서 생성(生成)된 가용성(可溶性) 혼합물질(混合物質) "Premelanoidines"의 Saccharomyces cerevisiae에 의(依)한 주정발효(酒精醱酵)에 미치는 생리적(生理的) 영향에 관(關)해서 관찰하였다. Premelanoidines은 포도당과 Glycine의 수용액(水溶液)을 $90^{\circ}C$에서 $1{\sim}48$시간(時間) 가열(加熱)함으로써 얻었으며 이의 주정발효(酒精醱酵)에 미치는 생리적(生理的) 영향은 Micro-Warburg를 사용(使用)하여 주정발효(酒精醱酵) 과정중(過程中) 발생(發生)되는 $CO_2$의 량(量)을 측정(測定)함으로써 발효속도(醱酵速度)의 촉진(促進)여부를 결정(決定)하였다. 실험결과(實驗結果)를 종합(綜合)해 보면, Premelanoidines은 효모(酵母)에 의(依)한 주정발효(酒精醱酵)의 속도(速度)를 촉진(促進)하는 결과(結果)를 나타냈으며 이 촉진현상(促進現象)은 어느 한계내(限界內)에서 발효(醱酵)배지에 함유(含有)된 Premelanoidines의 량(量)에 비례(比例)하여 증가(增加)한다. 또한 이 Premelanoidines의 활성(活性)은 특(特)히 발효(醱酵)의 초기(初期)에 한(限)하여 작용(作用)하는 것을 알 수 있었다.