• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권12호
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• pp.2262-2267
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• 2010

In order to analyze the reason of wall blackening, which affect the decline of lifetime in a ceramic metal halide lamp, we carried out the deterioration of ceramic tubes by a change in operating conditions with arc tubes of two types of spherical and cylindrical, and we have confirmed the cause of wall blackening through the analysis of element composition and spectrum from SEM/EDS and spectrum analyzer. Wall blackening of tungsten was shown by sputtering from ignition in 20 minute on/off condition and wall blackening from chemical reaction between PCA wall and rare earth halides was shown significantly in a condition without on/off test. Especially, the wall blackening and the decline of luminous flux were reduced by inner convection in spherical type arc tube. Moreover, the color temperature and color coordinate were changed by reduction of emission spectrum of Dy which causes the chemical reaction with PCA wall.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.123-127
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• 2011

To clarify the relations of optical properties to the main factors responsible for the loss and damage of luminous efficacy, a 20 min turn-on/turn-off test for 2,000 h for a ceramic metal halide lamp is conducted. The corrosion rates of the arc tube wall and electrode are estimated based on thermal stress. Wall blackening is attributed to the tungsten being transported from the hot electrode tips to the relatively cold arc tube wall. Furthermore, the grain boundaries of the arc tube are changed by the degradation. Distortion of the electrode is observed, and the ignition and the driving voltage of the load both increase. Finally, the color rendering index and the color coordinates are changed after the degradation. The luminous flux and the intensity of the luminous distribution are decreased significantly.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제58권12호
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• pp.2446-2452
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• 2009

A Ceramic Metal-halide lamp is achieved by adding multiple metals to a basic mercury discharge. Because the vapor pressure of most metals is very much lower than mercury itself, metal-halide salts of the desired metals, having higher vapor pressures, are used to introduce the material into the basic discharge. The metal compounds are usually polyatomic iodides, which vaporize and subsequently dissociate as they diffuse into the bulk plasma. Metals with multiple visible transitions are necessary to achieve high photometric efficiency and good color. Compounds of Sc, Dy, Ho, Tm, Ce, Pr, Yb and Nd are commonly used. The maximum visible efficacy of a Ceramic Metal Halide lamp, under the constant of a white light source, is predicted to be about 450lm/W. This is controlled principally by the chemical fill chosen for a particular lamp. Current these lamps achieve 130lm/W and these life time are the maximum 16,000[hr]. So factors of performance lower are necessary to improve lamp performance. In this paper, we analyzed factors of performance lower by accelerated deterioration test. The lamp was operated with short duration turn-on/turn-off procedure to enhance the effect due to electrode sputtering during lamp ignition. The tested lamp that was operated with a longer turn-on/off(20/20 minutes) showed blackening, changed distance between electrodes and lowered color rendering & color temperature by losses of Dy at 421.18nm, I at 511nm, T1 at 535nm and Na at 588nm compared with the new lamp.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.996-1001
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• 2010

Recently, the demand of ceramic metal halide lamp has been expanded. Therefore, the lamp with high efficiency and long lifetime are increasing and the evaluation of reliability is needed. In this paper, the degradation phenomena of ceramic metal halide lamp was studied. The lamp was tested for 3000 on/off cycles with each cycle having a duration of 20 minutes on and 20 minutes off based on the accelerated aging experiment based on "Reliability Standards RS C 0085". As result, the corrosion of arc tube and leak was appeared from reaction between inner wall of PCA and chemical elements, and distortion of electrode was resulted from difference of thermal expansion between arc tube of PCA and electrode. Also, the efficiency of lamp was decreased by the change of inner pressure, operation temperature, and driving voltage from wall blackening.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2010년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.96-96
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• 2010

HID램프의 한 종류인 세라믹 메탈할라이드 램프는 높은 광효율과 뛰어난 연색성으로 인해 가로등, 보안등이나 대형 산업체의 공장 내부 조명용 등 다앙한 분야에 폭넓게 사용되고 있다. 이렇게 사용범위가 확대됨에 따라 램프의 신뢰성 또한 중요한 요소로 여겨지게 됨으로 본 논문에서는 세라믹 메탈할라이드 램프의 열화특성 중 일부분인 흑화현상을 알아보기 위해 램프를 신뢰성기문 'RSC 0085'에 기초하여 5000시간의 열화 테스트 후 흑화현상 및 냉점부 온도변화를 분석하였고 이로 인한 광속저하를 확인하였다. 실험 후 플라즈마 대류에 의한 냉점 부 온도 변화의 차이로 인해 광속은 구형의 경우 약 9.3[%]가 감소한데 반해 원통형의 경우 29.4[%]의 감소를 확인하였다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.567-578
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• 2021

본 연구는 제석사지 폐기유적에서 출토된 벽체 및 기와 편 21점의 물리화학적 특성을 확인하고, 소성 온도를 추정함으로써 문헌 기록상으로 확인되는 화재로 인한 피열 가능성을 확인하였다. 분석 결과, 기와는 수비된 재료를 사용하였고, 벽체는 층위에 따라 서로 다른 입도의 재료를 사용하여 제작한 것으로 추정된다. 과소성된 시료의 경우, 일반적인 기와나 벽체와 달리 단면에 블로팅(bloating) 현상과 함께 고르지 못한 표면을 가지며, 일부분이 검게 그을린 것을 보아 일정한 소성 환경에서 제어된 상태로 고른 소성이 이루어지지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 또한 소성온도 추정 결과, 과소성되지 않은 기와는 900℃ 이하의 소성온도를 가졌으나 과소성된 시료는 1000℃ 이상의 열을 받았던 것으로 보이며, 당시 기와의 제작 온도보다 고온으로 소성되었음 보여준다. 또한, 불량품기와는 제작 당시 소성이나 성형 과정에서 불량품이 된 것으로 보이지만 과소성된 기와의 경우에 온전한 기와 형태를 가지면서 과피열 양상을 보여 화재로 인한 피열 가능성을 보여준다. 이러한 결과들을 종합적으로 고찰하였을 때, 익산 제석사지 폐기유적은 기록상 존재하는 화재로 인해 폐기된 건축 부재를 보관하던 장소였던 것으로 추정된다.