• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.482-490
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• 2018

Candida albicans infections are often problematic to treat owing to antifungal resistance, as such infections are mostly associated with biofilms. The ability of C. albicans to switch from a budding yeast to filamentous hyphae and to adhere to host cells or various surfaces supports biofilm formation. Previously, the ethanol extract from Paeonia lactiflora was reported to inhibit cell wall synthesis and cause depolarization and permeabilization of the cell membrane in C. albicans. In this study, the P. lactiflora extract was found to significantly reduce the initial stage of C. albicans biofilms from 12 clinical isolates by 38.4%. Thus, to assess the action mechanism, the effect of the P. lactiflora extract on the adhesion of C. albicans cells to polystyrene and germ tube formation was investigated using a microscopic analysis. The density of the adherent cells was diminished following incubation with the P. lactiflora extract in an acidic medium. Additionally, the P. lactiflora-treated C. albicans cells were mostly composed of less virulent pseudohyphae, and ruptured debris was found in the serum-containing medium. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that P. lactiflora downregulated the expression of C. albicans hypha-specific genes: ALS3 by 65% (p = 0.004), ECE1 by 34.9% (p = 0.001), HWP1 by 29.2% (p = 0.002), and SAP1 by 37.5% (p = 0.001), matching the microscopic analysis of the P. lactiflora action on biofilm formation. Therefore, the current findings demonstrate that the P. lactiflora ethanol extract is effective in inhibiting C. albicans biofilms in vitro, suggesting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of biofilm-associated infections.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2009

The microcapsules containing rosmarinic acid were prepared in this research. Rosmarinic acid is known that it is effective to care the winkles. Chitosan was used as a wall material, and glutaraldehyde was used as a crosslinking agent, and the microcapsules were prepared by the water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion method. In this method Span80 was used as an emulsifier, and mineral oil was used as a medium material. Perfectly spherical microcapsules were obtained in the size range of $0.5{\sim}0.9{\mu}m$. The effects of emulsifier concentration and stirring speed on the average particle size and distribution, and encapsulation efficiency were investigated. The release behavior of the microcapsules with different amount of the crosslinking agent and different emulsifier concentrations were also investigated.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.77
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• pp.69-89
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• 2018

The United States of America is one of the most favoring countries in which mandatory pre-arbitration clauses in the form of adhesion contract have been widely recognized and supported by courts and the Federal Arbitration Act. However, after the financial crisis in 2008 and the National Arbitration Forum scandal in 2009, in enacting the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ('Dodd-Frank Act'), Section 1028(a) of the Act requires the newly created Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to provide Congress with a report on "the use of agreements providing for arbitration of any future dispute between covered persons and consumers". Section 1028(b) also grants the CFPB the authority to "prohibit or impose conditions or limitations on the use of an agreement between a covered person and a consumer for a consumer financial product or service providing for arbitration of any future dispute between the parties, if the Bureau finds that such a prohibition or imposition of conditions or limitations is in the public interest and for the protection of consumers." Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFPB issued a report entitled "2015 Arbitration Study: Report to Congress 2015 (Report)" in March 2015. This paper examines some major legal issues of the Report and makes a few recommendations for Korean financial institutions which entered into the U.S. financial market or has a plan to do so in the near future.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.183-191
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• 2013

In order to elucidate the granular heaping phenomenon, the movement behaviors of 3 different types of granule (millet, sand and thin foil disc) have been investigated by applying the vertical or the rotational vibration to each of the 3 vessels, respectively containing one of the 3 types of granule. In case of vertical vibrations, all of them showed the heaping phenomenon like Gerner's simulation, and that in the order of the millet, sand and thin foil disc, regardlessly of weight. Especially, a heaping of disc granules was proven to be relatively delayed, and that with several small complex clutters. For rotational vibration, the central area of vessel turned out to rise up due to the repulsive force by vessel wall as well as the collision between elastic granules, right after the turning point of vibration. Even spiral pattern was made when the rotational vibration amplitude got higher. From these facts, one can see that the heaping be characterized by the inclusion of attractive granules as well as the vibrational type applied to granule vessel.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.68-73
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• 2018

In this study, conductive EVA foams including multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), glass beads were prepared. The electrical conductivity and physical properties of the foams were confirmed with varying amount of MWCNT, mixing time, and amount of glass beads. The electrical conductivity increased with the amount of MWCNT. Dispersity of MWCNT in EVA foams were improved with glass beads. It can be suggested that conductive EVA foams can be successfully prepared with improved dispersity of MWCNT in ethylene-vinyl acetate by using glass beads.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.430-439
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• 1992

To improve the adhesion of interface and dispersion of glass beads in the composite, HDPE filled with glass brads, we encapsulated the g1ass beads with polymer by phase separation method using complex coacervation in organic solvent. EMAA and EAA were used as the polymeric wall materials. The microencapsulation efficiency and morphology were observed by thermogravimetric analysis and SEM, respectively. And also we investigated the physical and dynamic mechanical properties of the composite as the function of the beads contents and microencapsulation efficiency. Compared with the composite containing non-treated glass beads, the decrease in tensile strengthe of the composites containing the encapsulated glass beads become markedly small, and about 30~40% Increase in tensile modulus was observed. From the results of the dynamic mechanical analysis, it was found that the adhesion of interface and dispersion could be improved upon encapsulation.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.13-17
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• 2024

The general soil nailing method, which is currently used domestically and internationally to stabilize the slopes of sandy slopes, is to form a kind of gravity-type retaining wall by drilling the ground and grouting it with a single steel bar. This method can reduce construction costs, ease of construction, relative strength and displacement, and is highly efficient. The difference between grouting and rebar adhesion to the yield pullout force and the difference between the amount of deformation in relation to the same pullout resistance was analyzed through field tests to identify engineering excellence, and in terms of construction cost, the reduction effect was evaluated by analyzing the difference in the number of drillings and the impact on the overall construction cost, such as material cost, when the same strength constant is applied to the ground with the same resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.581-585
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• 2005

Five lactic acid bacteria (LAB) including 2 Lactobacillus strains isolated from Kimchi were evaluated to determine the binding ability to Caco-2 cells and $AFB_1$. LAB were divided into three different groups ; viable, heat-treated, and acid-treated cells. In the radioactive-labeling assay for bound cell counting, viable Lactobacillus Plantarum KCTC 3099 showed the higher adhesion to Caco-2 cells with the binding capacity of $39.2\%$, which was $149\%$ higher than Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as a positive control. Leuconostoc mesenteroids KCTC 3100 showed the similar binding ability to L. rhamnosus GG. After 1 hour incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ with $AFB_1$, viable L. Planterum KTCC 3099 removed the toxin by $49.8\%$, which was similar level to L. rhamnosus GG. Both heat- and acid-treated groups showed high binding effect but acid-treated group was more effective for both Caco-2 cell binding and $AFB_1$ removal than the other. These results indicate that components of bacterial cell wall might be involved in tile binding to intestinal cells and toxins.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

In this study, we synthesized mesoporous carbon (Carbonized Ni-FDU-15) containing nanoporous structures and magnetic nanoparticles. Carbonized Ni-FDU-15 was synthesized via evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) and direct carbonization by using a triblock copolymer (F127) as a structure-directing agent, a resol precursor as a carbon-pore wall forming material, and nickel (II) nitrate as a metal ion source. The mesoporous carbon has a well-ordered two-dimensional hexagonal structure. Meanwhile, nickel (Ni) metal and nickel oxide (NiO) were produced in the magnetic nanoparticles in the pore wall. The size of the nanoparticles was about 37 nm. The surface area, pore size and pore volume of Carbonized Ni-FDU-15 were $558m^2g^{-1}$, $22.5{\AA}$ and $0.5cm^3g^{-1}$, respectively. Carbonized Ni-FDU-15 was found to move in the direction of magnetic force when magnetic force was externally applied. The magnetic nanoparticle-bearing mesoporous carbons are expected to have high applicability in a wide variety of applications such as adsorption/separation, magnetic storage media, ferrofluid, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and drug targeting, etc.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.465-472
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• 2019

Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes infections. Candidiasis is often related to antifungal resistance because the pathogen has the ability to form biofilms. In a previous study, we found that the Salvia miltiorriza ethanol extract demonstrated anticandidal activity by altering membrane permeability and inhibiting the cell wall synthesis in C. albicans. Our results here demonstrate that $78{\mu}g/ml$ of the S. miltiorriza extract significantly diminished the early stage biofilms formed by 10 clinical C. albicans isolates by 51.3%; this was analyzed by 2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide salt (XTT) reduction assay. The effect of the S. miltiorrhiza extract on the adhesion of C. albicans cells to polystyrene plates and germ tube formation was examined via microscopic investigation. Although the density of the adhered cells was remarkably reduced up on incubation with $39{\mu}g/ml$ S. miltiorrhiza extract, germ tube formation by C. albicans was rarely affected. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the S. miltiorrhiza extract downregulated the expression of C. albicans hypha-specific genes, EAP1 by 34.7% (p < 0.001), ALS1 by 45.0% (p < 0.001), ALS3 by 48.1% (p < 0.001), and ECE1 by 21.3% (p = 0.006), respectively. Our data suggest that the S. miltiorrhiza ethanol extract significantly inhibited the early stage of biofilm formation by C. albicans by interfering with cell adhesion, by downregulating EAP1, ALS1 and ALS3, and presumably by modifying the cell wall and membrane structure.