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Biofilm Differentiation and Dispersal

  • Kjelleberg, Staffan;Barraud, Nicolas;Egan, Suhelen;Ho, Wing Ka;Huynh, Trieu Tran;Klebensberger, Janosch;Koh, Kai Shyang;Lucas-Elio, Patricia;Mai-Prochnow, Anne;Marshall, Dustin J.;Matz, Carsten;McDougald, Diane;Rice, Scott A.;Sanchez-Amat, Antonio;Schleheck, David;Shahbazi, Jeyran;Steinberg, Peter D.;Tan, Chuan Hao;Thomas, Torsten;Webb, Jermy S.;Woo, Jerry K.K.
    • Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2008.05a
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    • pp.42-44
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    • 2008

  • Bacterial biofilms are analogous to multi-cellular organisms or to clonal communities of higher organisms. In this respect, it can be demonstrated that biofilms display the type of genetic variation associated with macroorganisms. The formation of genetic variants from biofilms is the result of internally produced and regulated signals and the appearance of these variants coincides with dispersal from the biofilm. Moreover, the generation of such variation, has similar outcomes for the bacterial community, where diversification of phenotypic traits ensures that the bacterial community optimizes its chances of success when dispersing or surviving when challenged with environmental stress. These observations increase the complexity with which we view bacteria and also suggest that microbial systems can serve as models for the testing of eukaryotic ecological theories.

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Ultrasonography Findings of the Carpal Tunnel after Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

  • Alex Wing Hung Ng;James Francis Griffith;Carita Tsoi;Raymond Chun Wing Fong;Michael Chu Kay Mak;Wing Lim Tse;Pak Cheong Ho
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • v.22 no.7
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    • pp.1132-1141
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    • 2021

  • Objective: To investigate changes in the median nerve, retinaculum, and carpal tunnel on ultrasound after successful endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR). Materials and Methods: This prospective study involved 37 wrists in 35 patients (5 male, 30 female; mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 56.9 ± 6.7 years) with primary carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). An in-house developed scoring system (0-3) was used to gauge the clinical improvement after ECTR. Ultrasound was performed before ECTR, and at 1, 3, and 12 months post-ECTR. Changes in the median nerve, flexor retinaculum, and carpal tunnel morphology on ultrasound after ECTR were analyzed. Ultrasound parameters for different clinical improvement groups were compared. Results: All patients improved clinically after ECTR. The average clinical improvement score ± SD at 12 months post-ECTR was 2.2 ± 0.7. The median nerve cross-sectional area proximal and distal to the tunnel decreased at all time intervals post-ECTR but remained swollen compared to normal values. Serial changes in the median nerve caliber and retinacular bowing after ECTR were more pronounced at the tunnel outlet than at the tunnel inlet. The flexor retinaculum had reformed in 25 (68%) of 37 wrists after 12 months. Conclusion: Postoperative changes in median nerve and retinaculum parameters were most pronounced at the tunnel outlet. Even in patients with clinical improvement after ECTR, nearly all ultrasound parameters remain abnormal at one year post-ECTR. These ultrasound parameters should not necessarily be relied upon to diagnose persistent CTS after ECTR.

  • https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.1039 인용 PDF

Time Synchronization Error and Calibration in Integrated GPS/INS Systems

  • Ding, Weidong;Wang, Jinling;Li, Yong;Mumford, Peter;Rizos, Chris
    • ETRI Journal
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.59-67
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    • 2008

  • The necessity for the precise time synchronization of measurement data from multiple sensors is widely recognized in the field of global positioning system/inertial navigation system (GPS/INS) integration. Having precise time synchronization is critical for achieving high data fusion performance. The limitations and advantages of various time synchronization scenarios and existing solutions are investigated in this paper. A criterion for evaluating synchronization accuracy requirements is derived on the basis of a comparison of the Kalman filter innovation series and the platform dynamics. An innovative time synchronization solution using a counter and two latching registers is proposed. The proposed solution has been implemented with off-the-shelf components and tested. The resolution and accuracy analysis shows that the proposed solution can achieve a time synchronization accuracy of 0.1 ms if INS can provide a hard-wired timing signal. A synchronization accuracy of 2 ms was achieved when the test system was used to synchronize a low-grade micro-electromechanical inertial measurement unit (IMU), which has only an RS-232 data output interface.

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