• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.531-540
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to investigate the status of food and nutrient intakes depending on the types of chronic disease of the elderly at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 299 elderly over the age of 60 (82 men and 217 women); they were grouped by the disease status: normal, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and arthritis patients groups. The dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall and analyzed by CAN-Pro 4.0; they were then compared with the dietary reference intakes for the Korean (KDRIs). In the results of anthropometric data according to chronic disease, the waist circumference of the normal group in males and females was lower than the other groups; in particular, the normal female group showed a lower level of waist-hip ratio, body mass index (BMI) and body fat % than those of the other groups. The arthritis group showed a higher intake of milk products than the other groups (p < 0.05); consequently, calcium intake was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Vitamin A intake in the arthritis group was significantly higher than the intake in the normal and DM groups (p < 0.01). Normal and arthritis groups showed significantly higher intake of zinc and copper than the CVD group (p < 0.01). In general, about 80% of the subjects in this study revealed insufficient intakes of riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, dietary fiber, vitamin D, biotin and potassium, compared with the estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI). However, sodium intake of all groups was higher than the AI of KDRIs. In conclusion, nutrient intake, according to the chronic disease, showed significant difference in some of the micronutrients, vitamin A, Ca, Zn and Cu. Therefore, we suggest that dietary guidelines, such as reducing the intake of salty foods and sweet drinks and increasing the intake of foods with sufficient calcium, vitamin D and vitamin C, are necessary to the improvement of eating habits for the elderly.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of 12-week weight control program including nutrition education, diet therapy and regular exercise on body weight, obesity degree, BMI and blood lipid levels among middle aged obese women. The 31 middle aged obese women participated in the weight control program for 12-week. The body weight, body composition, blood lipid levels and food habit were measured before and after the weight control program. Changes in body weight after 12 week weight control program showed the slight reduction from $67.4{\pm}10.8kg\;to\;65.1{\pm}9.2kg$. Obesity degree and BMI were decreased from $128.4{\pm}19.1%,\;27.8{\pm}3.9\;to\;123.4{\pm}15.7%,\;26.8{\pm}3.0$, respectively. Waist-hip ratio was also decreased from $0.98{\pm}10.16\;to\;0.94{\pm}0.04$. LBM was also slightly reduced from $39.9{\pm}5.6kg\;to\;37.0{\pm}8.5kg$ with the reduction of body fat. The levels of systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride were slightly decreased, HDL-chol level was significantly increased from $43.1{\pm}14.1mg/dL\;to\;50.4{\pm}16.5mg/dL$. Waist-hip ratio was also slightly decreased after 12 weeks. Food habit score was significantly increased after nutriton education and personal counseling about their eating behaviors and nutritional status.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 1998

Purpose: The purpose of our study is to provide useful information for me-asurement methods of childhood obesity and to provide clinical significance of bioelectrical impedance analysis. Methods: We measured height, weight, waist to hip ratio, skinfold thickness and bioelectrical impedance from 206 elementary students in Kwangju from May to July 1997. Results: In males; 1) There were statistically high correlations between tri-ceps skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (%BF), weight, Rohler index (RI), total fat weight (TFW), waist to hip (W/H) ratio, height, lean body mass (LBM) (all, p<0.001). 2) There were statistically high correlations between subscapular skinfold thickness and BMI, RI, weig-ht, %BF, TBW (all, p<0.001). 3) There were statistically high correlations between %BF and BMI, triceps skinfold thickness, RI, TFW, subscapular skinfold thickness, weight (all, p<0.001). In females; 4) There were statistically high correlations between triceps skinfold thickness and BMI, weight, LBM, height, %BF (all, p<0.001). 5) There were statistically significant correlations between subscapular skinfold thickness and BMI, weight, LBM, RI, height. 6) There were statistically high correlations between percentage of body fat and BMI, RI, triceps skinfold thickness. The percentage of body fat according to the bioelectrical impedance analysis highly correlated with that calculated by skinfold thickness in males (r＝0.57, p<0.01) and in females (r＝0.30, p<0.01). Conclusion: The results of our study suggests that bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful method of estimating body fat in the childhood obesity.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2012

Objectives: The percentage of positional sleep apnea in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) varies in different reports from 9% to 60%. If there is a positional dependency in patients with OSA, positional therapy alone could be successful in treating about 50% of all OSA cases. The aim of this report is to compare anthropomorphic and polysomnographic data between the positional sleep apnea group and non-positional sleep apnea group with OSA whose conditions were diagnosed in our sleep clinic. Methods: This is a retrospective study of anthropomorphic and polysomnographic data of patients with OSA who was performed a nocturnal polysomnography. Positional sleep apnea was defined as having a supine apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of twice or more compared to the AHI in the non-supine position. The patients were divided in the positional sleep apnea group and the non-positional sleep apnea group. Results: In 101 patients with OSA, 81 were male, and the mean age was $49.2{\pm}11.9$ years. Seventy-six (75.2%) were diagnosed as the positional sleep apnea. Waist to hip ratio and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in non-positional sleep apnea group. The frequency of severe OSA was significantly higher in this group. In the positional sleep apnea group, nocturnal sleep quality was better preserved, and consequently these patients were less sleepy during daytime. AHI was significantly lower and minimal arterial oxygen saturation during sleep was significantly higher in this group. Conclusion: The percentage of positional sleep apnea in OSA was 75.2%. AHI, BMI, and waist to hip ratio were lower in the positional sleep apnea group. These patients have less severe breathing abnormalities than the non-positional sleep apnea group in polysomnography.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2013

For radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients treated with small bowel displacement device (SBDD) and belly board, We will suggest new indication of using SBDD depending on obesity index by analyzing correlation between obesity and irradiated small bowel volume. In this study, We reviewed 29 rectal cancer patients who received pelvic radiation therapy with belly board and SBDD from January to April in 2012. We only analyzed those patients treated with three-field technique (PA and both LAT) on 45 Gy (1.8 Gy/fx). We measured patients' height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and divided BMI into two groups.(${\geq}23$:BMI=group1, <23:BMI=group2) We performed a statistical analysis to evaluate correlation between total volume of bladder($TV_{bladder}$), obesity index and high dose volume of small bowel (small bowel volume irradiated at 90% of prescribed dose, $HDV_{sb}$), low dose volume of small bowel (small bowel volume irradiated at 33% of prescribed dose, $LDV_{sb}$). The result shows, gender, WHR and status of pre operative or post operative do not greatly affect $HDV_{sb}$ and $LDV_{sb}$. Statistical result shows, there are significant correlation between $HDV_{sb}$ and BMI (p<0.04), $HDV_{sb}$ and $TV_{bladder}$ (p<0.01), $LDV_{sb}$ and $TV_{bladder}$ (p<0.01). BMI seems to correlate with $HDV_{sb}$ but does not with $LDV_{sb}$ (p>0.05). There are negative correlation between $HDV_{sb}$ and BMI, $TV_{bladder}$ and $HDV_{sb}$, $TV_{bladder}$ and $LDV_{sb}$. Especially, BMI group1 has more effective and negative correlation with $HDV_{sb}$ (p=0.027) than in BMI group2. In the case of BMI group 1, $TV_{bladder}$ has significant negative correlation with $HDV_{sb}$ and $LDV_{sb}$ (p<0.04). In conclusions, we confirmed that Using SBDD with belly board in BMI group1 could more effectively reduce irradiated small bowel volume in radiation therapy for rectal cancer. Therefore, We suggest using belly board with SBDD in order to reduce the small bowel toxicity in rectal radiotherapy, if patients' BMI is above 23.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine bone mineral density and factors which effect on bone mineral density such as daily nutrients intake, age, menarch age and physical condition among healthy female college students in Daegu area from April 20, to May 20, 2004. 1. Average age was 20.5$\pm$0.96 years old, average height was 160.9$\pm$4.30㎝, and average weight was 55.9$\pm$7.67㎏. Body mass index was 21.6$\pm$2.91㎏/㎡, body fat was 25.6$\pm$5.79％, menarche age was average 12.5$\pm$1.1 years old and WHR(waist/hip circumference ratio) was 0.8$\pm$0.01㎝/㎝. 2. Average level of bone mineral density(T-score -0.56$\pm$0.91) was in normal range. But, 11 persons(24.4％) are over T-score -1.0, 33 persons(73.4％) were within -1.0 - -2.5 and one person(2.2％) was under -2.5. It is very anxious level for Osteopenia-low bone mass, as research result shows 73.4% of the subject of examine on the level of Osteopenia. 3. Daily calorie intake was 2,550㎉ and each nutrient intake, compared to the seventh recommended dietary allowances for korean, was as follows ; Calorie 112％, protein 123％, calcium 78％, phosphorus 137％, iron 68％, vitamin A 101％, vitamin $B_1$ 141％, vitamin $B_2$ 95％, niacin 107％, vitamin C 128％ and zinc 120％. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus(Ca/P) is 0.66, low compared to RDA, but phosphorus intake is so high compared to RDA that precautions should be taken. The ratio of calcium to protein(Ca/Protein) is 8.55. 4. Menarche age and bone mineral density of calcaneus showed positive correlation and body mass index(BMI) indicated positive correlation. Age, height, weight. WHR and physical activity coefficient all do not indicate any significant correlation with bone mineral density. 5. Intake of Calorie, Ca, Ca/p ratio, carbohydrate and fat intake were positively correlated and, protein was negatively correlated, and Fe, Na, P and cholesterol were negatively correlated with BMD. These results indicate that average bone mineral density of subjects was in normal range, but subjects in the stage of osteopenia-low bone mass are many and bad effects are expected to have on their bone mineral density after menopause. Therefore, in order reach maximal bone mineral density, they should improve the balance between calcium and phosphorus and reduce salt intake. And it is thought that education and profound studies on relevant factors affecting the genesis of bone mineral density should be made.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.415-419
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• 2005

Objectives : We wanted to evaluate the relationship between obesity and left colonic adenomatous polyps in Korean adult men. Methods : This study was conducted among 575 adults men (aged between 40 and 69), who had colonoscopy done from January to December 2002 during a routine health examination at Health Promotion Center, Ulsan University Hospital. The patients' colons were examined up to splenic flexure by using fiberoptic colonoscopy. A questionnaire survey on behavioral factors and physical measurements were also done. The body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were used as the indices of obesity. The BMI was categorized into three levels: normal ($BMI{\leq}22.9$), overweight ($23{\leq}BMI{\leq}24.9$), and obese ($BMI{\geq}25.0$). The WHR was categorized into four levels with cutoff points at the 30th, 60th, and 90th percentile of the control group. Age, education, smoking, alcohol use and exercise were controlled for by performing multiple logistic regression analysis. Results : There were 99 cases of colonic adenomatous polyps. Four hundred seventy six subjects with normal colonoscopy findings served as the control. The BMI and WHR were associated with the adenomatous polyps (odds ratio, 1.81 [95% CI=1.02-3.19] for a $BMI{\geq}25.0$ as compared with a $BMI{\leq}22.9$, odds ratio, 3.94 [95% CI=1.77-8.77] for a $WHR{\geq}0.95$ as compared with a $WHR{\leq}0.86$). The BMI was not associated with the risk of adenomatous polyps after additional adjustment was made for the WHR, but the association between the WHR and adenomatous polyps was still positive and independent of the BMI (odds ratio, 4.15 [95% CI=1.63-10.59]). Conclusions : The results support that obesity, and particularly abdominal obesity, can be associated with an increased risk of incurring colonic adenomatous polyps.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.218-230
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• 2010

This study was conducted to survey isoflavone intake among adult women in menopause with diseases such as metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis and to analyze the relationship between each of these chronic diseases followed by isoflavone intake and the related health risk index. The average age of the subjects was 49.97 years old, while that of the pre-menopausal subjects was 45.14 years, and the post-menopausal subjects was 55.99 years. The average body mass index (BMI), waist-hip circumference, body fat percentage, blood pressure, blood sugar and blood lipid content of the post-menopausal subjects were higher in significant difference than those of the pre-menopausal subjects. The bone density of the hip and spine in post-menopausal subjects was lower in significant difference than that of the pre-menopausal subjects. After menopause, the subjects had a lower ratio of individuals at risk of anemia when compared with the subjects before menopause, but had higher health risk ratio related to each type of chronic disease, including obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol and osteoporosis than the subjects before menopause. The intake frequency of each soybean food was similar among subjects before/after menopause. The most common soybean based foods consumed by the subjects were soybean, soybean curd and soybean paste. The average daily intake level of isoflavone among subjects before menopause was 25.48 mg, while that of subjects after menopause was 32.25 mg. Evaluation of the distribution of the isoflavone level revealed that the pre-menopausal subjects consumed 3.29~78.36 mg and the post-menopausal subjects consumed 3.18~116.59 mg. The intake level by each individual varied greatly. The pre-menopausal subjects had a low BMI index and systolic blood pressure as much as their isoflavone intake level was high. Additionally, the post-menopausal subjects had a low menarche age and high menopause age when their isoflavone intake level was high, the BMI index and waist-hip circumference ratio was highest among individuals with lowest isoflavone intake level. This study showed that there was a possible relationship between soybean isoflavone intake and health problems such as obesity, high cholesterol, and osteoporosis in women after menopause with diseases such as metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis, even if this relationship was not great.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the health status, nutritional status, and nutrient intakes of Korean female elderly who are members of a local church in Seoul, Korea. Methods: The subjects were 59 female who are aged >65 yr. We investigated the nutritional status of the subjects using anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Interview was conducted to obtain the information regarding the health status. We also obtained dietary intake of these subjects to figure out the nutrient intakes. Results: The mean age of the subject was 74.0 yr old. Based on the WHO standard (obesity, body mass index, BMI ${\qeq}25$), we categorized the subjects to the obese and the non obese groups. The number of subjects in the obese group was 34 (57.6%). The mean Diastolic BP (p=.002), BMI (p<.001), waist circumference (p<.001), hip circumference (p<.001), blood level of transferrin (p=.038), and nutrient intakes of calcium (p=.026), potassium (p=.046), folate (p=.038) and vitamin E (p=.031) were higher in the obese group than in the non obese group. The subjects with hypertension was 67.5%. The presence of hypertension was correlated with BMI (p<.05). The number of subjects with hypercholesterolemia was 17 (28.8%). The level of cholesterol was correlated with BMI (p<.05) and wasit/hip ratio (p<.05). Conclusion: The female elderly in our study had higher prevalence of obesity which is a risk factor for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The nutrient intake of high sodium, high cholesterol, and low dietary fiber of these subjects suggests that there is an urgent need to develop an well planned nutritional education program for female elderly.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.173-193
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• 2009

Objectives The purpose of this research is to find out the relationship between Zema 21 and in body based on the Sasang Constitutional difference of children. Methods We collected 1050 children from 5 years old to 15 years old who had been tested for both Zema21 and Inbody in OO oriental hospital from the period of September 1, January 1999 to August 31, 2008. This research investigated the Constitutional differences based on the relationship between Zema21 and Inbody. Results 1. It turned out that the children's height does not have a significant relationship between their age and gender. 2. Generally, Taeumin's weights were significantly high than those of Soyangin's and Soumin's in certain ages in children over 9 years old and in all genders. 3. The percentage of the body fat in Taeumin were significantly high than Soyangin and Soumin in certain ages in children over 10 years old and in all genders. 4. Waist-Hip ratio in Taeumin were significantly high than Soyangin and Soumin in male over 10 years old and in female over 13 years old of children. On the other hand, there was no relationship to the Soyangin and Soumin. 5. The obesity degree in Taeumin were significantly high in all female and male who were over 10 years old. Soyangin were the next highest group and Soumin follows. 6. Body Mass Index in Taeumin were significantly high in all genders who were over 10 years old. The second is Soyangin, and the lowest groupis Soumin. 7. The Basal Metabolic Rate resulted as significant in all age, although this does not have any relationship between age and gender. 8. Abdomen out in Taeumin were significantly high in ages over 10 and genders. The second is Soyangin and the lowest is Soumin. 9. Hip circumference Abdomen out in Taeumin were significantly high in ages over 10 and genders. Specially, Taeumin shows highest value, then the second is Soyangin, and the lowest is Soumin who were over 12 years old. Conclusions The results of Inbody were not significant to the children who were under 9 years old. Taeumin became significantly fat after over 10 years old. The results of Body Composition except height and Basal Metabolic Rate(MBR) were the highest in Taeumin, and Soyangin and Soumin were the second, and the third respectively.