• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.223-240
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• 2022

Anti-circumvention rules were discussed profoundly during the Uruguay Round and the DDA negotiations, although WTO members failed to reached an agreement to introduce it to the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement. However, as the cases of circumvention of anti-dumping duties increase, a number of countries have enacted anti-circumvention regulations as part of their anti-dumping laws. This study aims to analyze anti-circumvention rules from the perspective of WTO law. After overviewing the object and purpose of anti-dumping and anti-circumvention regulations, it examines anti-circumvention regulations of the US, the EU, and India. Next, the study explores the possible WTO-inconsistent aspects of those regulations. Then, it discusses whether it would be preferable for countries not equipped with anti-circumvention regulations, such as Korea, to have one. Thereafter, this study proposes Korean government to introduce anti-circumvention rules into its anti-dumping law.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-113
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• 2013

The World Trade Organization (WTO) offers remedies for non-compliance by the introduction of compensation or retaliation in the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). There are no the provisions under the WTO DSU and it seems unclear what retaliation is attempting to achieve. Therefore, it is unclear whether the goal of WTO retaliation is to induce compliance or to restore the balance between the rights and the obligations of WTO members. It has been claimed the WTO has a strong dispute settlement system by providing retaliation when the recommendations and rulings of Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) are not complied with. But this seems to be inadequate to bring about effective and timely compliance. Especially there is a problem with free riding by a violating member because the level of retaliation is determined from the expiration of a reasonable period of time, providing an incentive to delay compliance. Also the level of the suspension of concessions or other obligations authorized by the DSB is equivalent to the level of nullification or impairment, according to DSU Article 22.4. However, if the member concerned objections to the level of the suspension proposed, the matter shall be referred to arbitration. The arbitrator shall not examine the nature of the suspension of concessions or other obligations to be suspended but shall determine whether the level of such suspension is equivalent to the nullification or impairment. The arbitrator makes an assessment standard of equivalence by comparing the suspension of concessions or other obligations and the nullification or impairment calculated in terms of the amount of trade. But it is necessary that other standards replace the quantitative standards when the level of the nullification or impairment cannot be quantified by concrete damages.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.215-233
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• 2001

Nowadays, the international economic environment has been improved by the World Trade Organization based on UR trade negotiation. In such state, the international commerce cooperation, which means trade liberalization through relaxation or abolition of customs and noncustoms harrier, is necessary a country's policy for overseas strategy. To the view point of international commerce order, there co-exist the globalism represntatived by GATT/WTO and the regionalism operated by European Community including 15 countries, or North American Zone with canada, Maxico. The former expands the trade liberalization through the most favoured nation treatment of WTO among whole world nations and the latter takes the differential trade policy to other countries. For extreme dependence on foreign natural resources and raw materials, Our country should strengthen it' comming prospect for the world economy. To put it more concrete, We must enforce in advance the legal basis of convention and norm which in adopted by WTO. Also we are desirable to cooperate with Asia and pacific economy area or APEC. Finally, under the direction of international commerce environment and world economy, we must take the commerce cooperation in global order considering the tendency of regionalism and bloc economy.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.39-53
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• 2022

This study conducted a conformity review of Korean shipping industry policy and suggested that the Korean five-year shipping reconstruction policy has not violated the WTO (World Trade Organization) trade law agreement yet. In order to investigate the latest Korean shipping policy, domestic and foreign reports were reviewed, and after that, the WTO's published data and domestic and foreign journals were analyzed. Through this process, this study tried to review the conformity of trade laws by major Korean shipping policies. The shipping industry is a representative service industry, and subsidies for this are not subject to WTO-level regulation in principle. The purpose of Korean shipping industry policy is to support the shipping industry, a type of service industry, and even if the ship-building and manufacturing industries (shipper) indirectly spread benefits in the process, this is unintentional or private-level support. That is, this study concluded that It is understood that Korea's five-year shipping reconstruction policy does not violate the WTO trade law agreement.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.23
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• pp.341-372
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• 2004

Since China was admitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on December 11, 2001, China has sped up its active participation in the competition of the world economy by lifting its trade and investment restrictions and limits. Its trading system is getting more and more free and its huge market with a population of 1.3 billion has been getting more and more open. With Chinas WTO accession, China has been honoring its commitments to its WTO members by complying with international business practices and WTO rules. For example, it will cut down its import tariffs for automobiles from the present 80% to 25% by 2006. Its financial sector and service industries are open to foreign investors now. As Chinas biggest business partner, Japan has benefited tremendously from Chinas open policies and deepening economic reform. In order to reduce the costs of production, a large number of enterprises from Japan have set up production bases in China since a Chinese workers wages accounts for only one tenth of those of a Japanese worker on the average. Japan has become one of Chinas biggest investors on a par with the United States of America (USA). How are the Japanese enterprises in Japan and in China adjusting themselves to the rapid changes of the Chinese market? What characteristics do the Japanese enterprises in China have? What effects has Chinas WTO accession had on those Japanese enterprises that have invested in China? This paper finds answers to the above questions. It at first reviews the Sino-Japanese economic and trade relations since 1980s, then analyses the situation and characteristics of Japanese-invested enterprises in China, and explores their problems in China. Finally it puts forward some suggestions for the Japanese enterprises in China.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.6 s.102
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• pp.567-572
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• 2005

Trade between nations has been globalized since establishing the WTO(World Trade Organization). By lowering trading barriers under the WTO's system, trade in goods has been gradually increased It requires global logistic system that transports goods in between nations. To save cost of product, cargo of product is containerized and container ships to carry container cargo is going to be bigger: In the market, there are many vendors to provide artificial intelligent modules to operate container terminal. In order to integrate automated container terminal system easily and successfully, this thesis proposes high-level XML/ JMS( eXtensive Markup Language/Java Message Service) communication model and multi-agent based system architecture to share knowledges, solve problems, and active objectives by cooperating between autonomous and intelligent agents that are developed by 3rd party companies in the market. This thesis analyzed current situation of advanced automated container terminal with case studies on implemented systems and difficulties to develop automated container terminal system, reviewed technologies of intelligent agent, communication and automation that unmaned automated container terminal is required.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.313-332
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• 2013

Large tundra of the Russian Empire, has rich resources and science and technology, and a huge domestic market potential is rapidly changing. Based on the abundant energy resources such as oil, gas, and minerals, as foreign trade is active, the huge capital is moving. And commitment the active SOC by improving laws and regulations and changes in the structure of the Russian economy. One of them pushed the WTO since 1993, 19 years to see fruition join the WTO (World Trade Organization). As the official entry into force August 22, Russia, July 10, 2012, Congress passed the treaty after joining the WTO and of the 156th WTO member countries, was officially join. As the WTO, Russia has the world's 11th-largest economy in the steel tariffs from 30% to 15% are exported to Russia, South Korea Car TV parts from 10% to 0%, reduced from 20% to 5% Korean export companies to export to Russia, etc., is expected to become the new land of opportunity. Russia hopes the changes improve the investment environment, the service industry, manufacturing revitalization the macroeconomic sectors of the economy through the WTO, and forecast, but the consumption increased revenue due to tariff cuts, falling import prices and the real economy, and weak manufacturing base. On the one hand, the perspective of concern. In conclusion, Russia joining the WTO, and the feed to improve the fairness and transparency of the market opening, the Russian advance in Korean companies be facilitated and strong complementary cooperation, especially in manufacturing is expected. In this paper, after Russia joining the WTO, trade liberalization, and ready for a new era of economic cooperation between Korea and Russia, at the point of expanding openness to propose strategies to analyze the problems of Korean companies during the Russian advance.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.2 no.4 s.8
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• pp.107-116
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• 2001

As the international trade has been increased, unified worldwide standards are getting more important and necessary. At the TBT(Agreement on Technical Barrier to Trade) of WTO(World Trade Organization) and the CTI meeting of APEC(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), they made an agreement with applying International Standards to National Standards gradually. In addition, ISO (International Organization for Standardization) established the ISO/IEC Guide 21, a guideline for applying International Standards to National Standards. In these environment, Korean Industrial Standards has to be prepared for it. This paper introduce the comparison between Korean Industrial Standards and ISO Standards about the standards of sampling and testing the fresh concrete, based on ISO/IEC Guide 21 by ISO and the Applying guideline by Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, and then discuss the problem about applying them. The overall objective is to establish the applying guideline on construction fields, which is civil and building engineering part(KS F) of Korean Industrial Standards.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.29-53
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• 2023

This study analyzes the statements made by representatives of member countries at the WTO Ministerial Conference (MC), the highest decision-making body of the WTO, to examine the position and attitude that Korea has shown at the WTO during the last 27 years. After constructing text dataset by extracting about 1,800 statement documents made by member countries from the WTO document database, the text mining technique is applied to figure out the characteristics of Korea's statements compared to other member countries. Through formal characteristics such as the number of remarks and length of speech, basic attitudes such as continuity of Korea's interest in the WTO and the level of interest in the WTO are measured. In terms of substantive characteristics, the topics in the statements of Korea are categorized through the LDA topic model, and the keywords of Korea for each session are analyzed through comparative analysis with statements by other member countries.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2002

This paper was studied on a strategy in rice production under New round system of WTO(World Trade Organization) in Korea. Under enactment of New round system in WTO rice will be opened at the world market and thus rice growers will compete with this marketing system. In this regard, rice industry in Korea would be "a theory of rice triangle" such as high quality, low cost, and environmental friendly system. High quality rice would be obtained through a cultivar, cultivation technology, and quality control(QC) to compete against oversea's dealer. Lower cost in rice production should be concentrated into rapid decrease in rural population and into introducing for young generation. Rice cultivation has been played major role in this peninsula in terms of a preservation of water resource, fresh air and prevention of soil erosion.