• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.104-117
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• 1998

Rising concern about climate change has evoked interest in the potential for urban vegetation to help reduce the level of atmospheric CO\sub 2\, a major heat-trapping gas. This study quantified the functio of home energy savings and carbon emission reduction by shading, evapotranspiration and windspeed reduction of urban vegetatioin in Chuncheon. Tree and shrub cover averaged approximately 13% in residential land. The effects of shading, evapotranspiration and windspeed reduction annually saved heating energy by 2.2% and cooling energy by 8.8%. The heating and cooling energy savings reduced carbon emissions by 3.0% annually. These avoided emissions equaled the amount of carbon emitted annually from fossil fuel consumption by a population of about 1,230. Carbon emission reduction per residential building was 55kg for detached buildings and 872 kg for multifamily buildings. Urban vegetation annually decreased heating and cooling energy cost by ￦1.1 billions, which were equivalent to annual savings of ￦10,000 savings and carbon emission reduction due to tree plantings in the wrong locations, while windspeed reduction had a great effect. Plantings fo large trees close to the west and east wall of buildings, full tree plantings on the north, and avoidance of shade-tree plantings or selection of solar-friendlytrees on the south were recommended to improve the function of building energy savings and carbon emission reduction by urban vegetation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 1999

This study quantified shading, evapotranspiration and windspeed-reduction effects of trees on use and cost of heating and cooling energy in two residential neighborhoods of Chuncheon different in tree cover. Annual savings per residence of heating energy were approximately 1,210 MJ(1%) and those of cooling energy, 130 kWh(10%) in study district 1 having tree cover of about 10% . For district 2 with tree cover of about 20%, annual heating and cooling savings were 2,130 MJ(2%) and 180 kWh(19%) per residence, respectively. Trees annually saved energy costs by approximately ￦31,000 ($26, $1=￦1,200) per residence in district 1 and by ￦49,000($41) in district 2. One tree taller than 3 m resulted in annual energy savings of ￦8,000($7) in the study districts. Energy savings by trees in district 2, which had higher tree cover by 10% difference than district 1, were about 2 times greater than those in district 1. This implies that more tree plantings could enhance energy saving effects. Of the total costs saved, 58% was attributed to windspeed reduction and 47%, evapotranspiration. However, shading increased energy costs by 5% due to tree plantings at the wrong locations. Full tree plantings on the west and north of buildings and avoidance of shade-tree plantings of use of solar-friendly trees on the south are recommended to increase building energy savings efficiently.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.348-354
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• 2017

Agroforestry has been practiced in arid and semi-arid regions for the purposes of preventing desertification and to increase income for locals. However, the intended effects of such practices have been limited due to strong winds and aridity. This study undertook multi-year monitoring of the productivity of income crops associated with windbreak planting in a semi-arid region of Mongolia, and explored strategies of windbreak planning to enhance the multi-purpose effects of agroforestry practices. The tree crown density of windbreak planting was on average 40% in one year after planting and 65% 2-3 years after, and thereby windspeeds were reduced by about 30% and 54%, respectively. Average windspeed reductions at leeward distances from the windbreak planting were approximately 60% within 3H (H=tree height), 50% at 5H, and 42% at 7-9H, presenting a pattern in which the farther the distance the less the reduction in windspeeds. The windbreak planting increased crop productivity by up to 6.8 times, compared to the productivity absent of windbreaks. Increases in the crown density as stated above resulted in increases of crop productivity by up to 3.6 times. Based on such results, this study proposed a model of windbreak planning as a typical land-use system of border windbreak planting or alternate windbreak planting of combining trees and income crops. The model also included tree planting with a crown density of 60% and allocation of income crops within a leeward distance of 5 times the height of the trees to reduce windspeeds by about 50%. The results from this study are applicable to practicing agroforestry not only at the study site but also in other regions worldwide where strong winds and aridity are problematic.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.479-490
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• 1998

The concentrations of ten inorganic (sodium, chloride, sulfate, ammonia, etc.) and three organic (acetate, formate, and MSA) ions associated with airborne particulate matter were measured from Cheju Island, Korea during the three field intensive campaigns conducted in (1) Sept./oct. 1997 (fall), (2) Dec. 1997 (winter), and (3) April 1998 (spring). The results of our measurements indicated that the concentration levels of most ionic species were decreasing significantly across the three experimental periods. The patterns of concentration reduction were clear as the sum of all cation and anion species changed dramatically across those periods such as 294> 144 > 65 and 193 >96>74 nequiv/m3, respectively. The changes were best explained in terms of the wind rose patterns of the study site. Since our sampling spot is located on the western-end point of Cheju Island, it is likely to reflect the effects of diverse sources such as natural, marine processes during NW and local non-maritime ones during SE winds. .Hence, the periodical changes in ionic concentrations may be accounted for by the comparable changes in wind direction. To further investigate environmental characteristics of these ionic components, correlation analysis was conducted not only between meteorological and ion data but between different ion-pairs. The results of these analyses confirm that the concentration levels of ionic species are strongly affected by wind speed and temperature and that there are certain patterns between ion species to which such effects apply. In light of the significance of the wind rose patterns in the area, we further extended these analyses into four data groups that were divided on the basis of wind direction. The results of these analyses showed that the strength of correlations between important pairs (e.g.:. between windspeed and most of major inorganic species including sodium and chloride) can be ranked on the distribution of major ions are very diverse, depending on data grouping scheme for such analysis. The results of this study thus suggest that environmental behavior of chemical components be analyzed in various respects, rather than simple standard, especially if measurements are made in complex environmental condition under which both natural and anthropogenic effects are competing each other.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 1997

The concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) were determined using samples collected from a station located at Kosan, Cheju Island during two field campaigns held in December 1996 and January 1997. The atmospheric DMS concentrations measured at 6-hr intervals during the entire campaign periods, after excluding a few extreme values, spanned in the range of 14 to 410 pptv with mean and 1 SD value of 127 $\pm$ 94 pptv (N=42). Between two month periods during which the field campaigns were conducted, a notable reduction in DMS levels was observed which was comparable to the dramatic shift in air temperature. A considerable difference was also noted in DMS levels, when data were grouped by day/night basis. The cause of unexpected, high day-to-night DMS ratios is best explained in terms of high efficiency of daytime source processes relative to low efficiency of nighttime sink processes due to the characteristics of the study location. The surface water DMS of the study site, although scarcely measured, also behaved similarly to its atmospheric counterpart with its range from 0.3 to 19 nM (N=11). When correlation analysis was conducted between the atmospheric DMS concentration and other concurrently determined parameters, significant correlations were observed from most basic meteorological parameters such as windspeed, relative humidy, and air temperature. However, the existence of "not-so-strong" correlations between air temperature and DMS concentrations relative to other ones indicated that the effect of temperature on DMS behavior must be reflected in more complicated manners at the study site. The sea-to-air flux of DMS was approximated through an application of the mass-balance flux calculation method of Wylie and de Mora (1996) under the assumption that sink mechanism within the marine boundary layer is in steady-state condition with its counterpart, source mechanism. Based on this estimation method, we reached a conclusion that oceanic DMS emitted from the southwest sea of the Korean Peninsula can amount to approximately 9 $\sim$ 36 Gg S $yr^{-1}$.$yr^{-1}$.