• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2024

A commercial PbO₂ mesh cylinder electrode was utilized as the anode for the electrochemical degradation of the textile effluent after the biological treatment with the titanium cylinder as the cathode in a self-made tube electrolyzer. The electrochemical performances of the PbO₂ electrode in tube electrolyzer under different initial pH, electrolyte flow rates, current densities and times of the electrochemical degradation were investigated. The experimental results illustrated that the PbO₂ electrode can reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the textile effluent from 94.0 mg L^-1 to 65.0 mg L^-1 with the current efficiency of 88.3%, the energy consumption of 27.7 kWh kg^-1 (per kilogram of degraded COD) and the carbon emissions of 18.0 kg CO₂ kg^-1 (per kilogram of degraded COD) under the optimal operating conditions. In addition, the COD of the textile effluent could be reduced from 94.0 mg L^-1 to 22.0 mg L^-1 after the fifth electrochemical degradation. Therefore, PbO₂ mesh cylinder electrode in the tube cylinder was promising for the electrochemical degradation of the textile effluent.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2024

This study examined the power consumption of angling boats during entry, departure, and fishing operations using a black box-type storage device. Through this analysis, it determined the energy consumption and carbon emissions of small fishing boats used for catching the largehead hairtail. The energy consumption and carbon emissions were calculated using formulas provided by the Korea Energy Agency, which incorporated updated emission coefficients from 2022. The findings revealed that the average power consumption of small fishing boats for the largehead hairtail was 546.3 kWh, with a total energy consumption of 0.1164 TOE and carbon emissions of 24.057 CO₂. The average energy consumption was calculated at 0.0006 TOE per kilogram, and the carbon emissions were determined to be 0.135 CO₂/kg.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2005

Excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) proteins in the human heart were characterized using human atrial tissues from different age groups. The samples were classified into one infant group (Group A: 0.2-7 years old) and three adult groups (Group B: 21-30; Group C: 41-49; Group D: 60-66). Whole homogenates (WH) of atrial tissues were assayed for ligand binding, $^{45}Ca^{2+}$ uptake and content of ECC proteins by Western blotting. Equilibrium [$^3H$]ryanodine binding to characterize the ryanodine receptor (RyR) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) showed that the maximal [$^3H$]ryanodine binding ($B_{max}$) to RyR was similar in all the age groups, but the dissociation constant ($k_d$) of ryanodine was higher in the infant group than the adult groups. Oxalate-supported $^{45}Ca^{2+}$ uptake into the SR, a function of the SR SERCA2a activity, was lower in the infant group than in the adult groups. Similarly, [$^3H$]PN200-110 binding, an index of dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) density, was lower in the infant group. Expression of calsequestrin and triadin assessed by Western blotting was similar in the infant and adult groups, but junctin expression was considerably higher in the adult groups. These differences in key ECC proteins could underlie the different $Ca^{2+}$ handling properties and contractility of infant hearts.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2005

The extrusion-cooking condition on Cordyceps pruinosa was designed using twin-screw extruder. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate extrusion-cooking using a central composition design with varying die temperature $(114-146^{\circ}C)$, feed moisture $(22-38\%)$, feed rate (4-14 ka/h) and screw speed (120-280 rpm). System parameters (die pressure and specific mechanical energy (SME)) and extrudate parameters (density and water solubility index (WSI)) were statically analyzed using RSH. Die pressure was significantly affected by temperature, moisture contents and feed rate. SM was affected by screw speed and feed rate. When die temperature is $130^{\circ}C$ and moisture content $25\%$, the optimum pressure is shown. SME is about 20 Wh/kg, when feed rate is $10\~12kg/min$ and screw speed $200\~250rpm$. WSI was affected by temperature and moisture contents. Density was not affected by any factor. WSI increases by $7\%$ from about $23\%$ to about $30\%$, as temperature is raised from $120^{\circ}C\;to\;140^{\circ}C$. The WSI of Cordyceps pruinosa pulverized after extruding (PE) is about $26.97\%$ higher than that of raw material and $10\%$ higher than that of pulverized after drying (PD). The content of unsaturated fatty acid were not significantly different in PD and PE. Anti-oxidative activity of PE was 1.67-2.2 times higher than that of PD in Cordyceps pruinosa using 1- dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl method (DPPH).

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2004

Objective : Obesity is associated with degenerative arthropathy giving stress on joints. It also amplifies loads of weight bearing joints by changing the gravity line of the body. Our aim is to investigate the correlation between obesity and lumbar lordosis in obese pre-menopausal Korean females. The hypothesis was tested that there is a correlation between obesity and lumbar lordosis. Methods : A cross-sectional evaluation of 44 Females (baseline age 30.77 ± 6.46) with BMI 31.53 ± 3.82 (kg/㎡) was done. Body composition was measured using bio-impedance analysis (BIA), and anthropometry was done by the same observer. A lateral whole spine X-ray was taken in standing position to measure the lumbar lordotic angle (LLA), Ferguson angle (FA) and lumbar gravity line (LGL). A Pearson correlation was used to measure the correlation between obesity and lumbar lordosis (SPSS 10.0 for windows). Results : Body mass index (BMI kg/㎡) had a negative relationship with LLA((equation omitted)=-0.469), FA((equation omitted) =-0.347) and LGL((equation omitted)=-0.389). Body fat rate had a negative relationship with LLA only(γ=-0.385). Waist circumference had a negative relationship with LLA((equation omitted)=-0.345) and LGL((equation omitted)=-0.346). WH ratio had no relationship with lumbar lordosis. Conclusion : These data show that obesity is related to mechanical structures, such as lumbar lordosis. BMI was the most useful index, which reflects a change of mechanical structure of lumbar, more than other variables in this study.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2011

This paper aims to analyze architectural planning factors that could contribute to reductions in electricity consumption in the household of apartments, to apply energy saving methods at the design phase. These six architectural planning factors were orientation, building type (flat, tower block), standard floor access type (corridor access type, stair case type, EV hall access type), household location (floor), household opening type (one side opening, right angle opening, two sides opening or three sides opening), and bay on the facade (one bay, two bays, three bays, four bays), and these were derived from literature review. Household electricity consumption data were gathered from 2168 households with a total area of 135~150$m^2$ of 6 apartment complexes over 1000 households in Seoul. The annual characteristics of electricity consumption according to architectural planning factors were analyzed. And, variances between groups with respect to the mean of summer, winter, and annual electricity consumption according to each architectural planning factors were analyzed using ANOVA and t-test. The results showed that an annual electric energy saving of over 1000kWh was facilitated by these planning factors. In addition, high energy efficiency architectural planning factors based on the analysis were as follows: southwest orientation, flat type, corridor access type and staircase type, household loation below the 20th floor, two sides opening and three sides opening, and 2 bays and 3 bays.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2012

In this study, the influence of decentralized rainwater management over the changes in evapotranspiration was analyzed. The analysis method was obtained by establishing the decentralized rainwater management plan according to different scenarios, and subsequently examined evapotranspiration in the plan. Scenario 1 refers to the analysis of the existing situation, in which was 100% of a parking lot is asphalt pavement. In Scenario 2, the pavement of the parking surface in the parking lot is replaced with lawn blocks. In Scenario 3, some asphalt pavement was removed to establish a flower-bed type infiltration system to allow rainwater to permeate. In Scenario 4, infiltration and storage of rain water would be achieved by transforming the parking surface into lawn blocks, keeping the asphalt for the parking road while establishing a vegetation strip. The amount of evapotranspiration of the target site was analyzed with a water budget analysis program (CAT) using the 2001 meteorological data for each scenario According to the analysis values of S2 and S3, it was found that evapotranspiration is critically affected by the amount of area replaced with pervious area in the total target site. An energy equivalent to 680kWh is required for 1 ton of water to evaporate. Hence, it can be seen that the active inducement of evapotranspiration in urban area makes a positive contribution not only to heat island mitigation, but also to the small-scale water circulation process in a city.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.137.1-137.1
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• 2010

For Indonesia, sustainable energy supply is an important factor to preserve the stable economic growth. One important strategy is development of renewable energy, which has not been fully exploited yet. The paper examines the potency of renewable energy in Indonesia. Currently, biomass composes 23% of total primary energy supply, while geothermal and hydropower has a combined share of 3%. But according to the overall potency of renewable energy, hydropower is found to have the highest available resource of 76 GW, followed by biomass and geothermal by 49.81 GW and 28.53 GW, respectively. Although the solar radiation is only at modest level ($4.80kWh/m^2/day$), the tropical all year sunlight can boost the competitiveness of solar photovoltaic and thermal application. As for wind energy, the average speed of 3-6 m/s requires the development of low speed wind turbine. The examination of electricity and petroleum product prices through international comparison for non-OECD countries shows fifth lowest price level for both of petroleum products and electricity for industrial use. As for household electricity price, Indonesia is placed the second among all the countries compared. The energy subsidy and price structure are examined in detail because it could be a source of hindrance to renewable energy promotion. The examination of renewable energy potency in this study could provide insights about recent development of renewable energy in Indonesia. As an outcome of policy examination, the price comparison analysis suggests Indonesia to reduce or even remove the energy subsidies in the long run. These findings can be utilized to formulate effective policies for renewable energy promotion.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.158.1-158.1
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• 2010

국내 최초의 생활폐기물고형연료(RDF) 생산플랜트인 원주시 RDF플랜트의 2009년도 운영실적을 정리하여 폐기물 처리단가를 분석하였으며 에너지 생산 효과도 분석하였다. 실적분석에 사용된 자료는 원주 RDF플랜트 위탁운영업체가 운영비를 청구 및 정산하기 위해서 원주시에 상시 측정 및 보고하는 항목으로서, 내용은 트럭으로 플랜트에 반입되는 폐기물 전체량, RDF생산 전체량, 불순물 매립 전체량, 건조 및 탈취용 연료사용 전체량, 전기사용 전체량 등이다. 2009년도 원주시 RDF플랜트에 반입된 폐기물 량은 총 17,504톤이었고, RDF를 총 7,044톤 생산하였으며, 4,120톤의 불연물을 선별하였다. 1년간 사용한 건조 및 탈취용 연료는 총 596,268 리터였으며 연료인 부생유의 가격은 리터 당 평균 864.6원이었다. 사용한 전기량은 총 2,435,397 kWh였고, 이 중에서 성형공정에 사용된 전기량은 총 사용량의 19%였다. 이상의 기록자료들을 분석해 본 결과, 폐기물 1톤을 처리하는데 전기 비용이 14,334원이었고, 연료비가 29,452원이었다. 여기에 폐기물 1톤당 불연물 매립비 6,573원과 위탁인건비를 합하면 폐기물 1톤당 처리비용은 약 116,573원으로 나타났다. 현재 원주시 RDF는 톤당 25,000원에 판매되고 있으므로 이 비용을 감안하면 폐기물 1톤당 처리비용은 105,298원으로 산출되었다. 현재 알려진 유사 규모의 소각로 운영비가 폐기물 1톤당 136,736원인데, 이것은 RDF기술보다 31,438원/톤-폐기물 정도 처리비용이 비싸다. 따라서 100톤 이하 규모의 폐기물처리시설 설치를 할 경우에는 RDF 시설이 경제적으로 타당함을 나타낸다. 원주시 RDF플랜트의 물질수지를 분석해 본 결과, RDF생산 수율은 40.2%였으며 총 투입된 에너지는 8,0587 Gcal였다. 생산된 에너지 총량은 RDF발열량 4,500 kcal/kg으로 했을 때 31,699 Gcal로 나타났다. 투입대비 생산에너지 비율은 25.4%로 계산되었고, 전기의 발전효율을 40%로 감안했을 경우에는 35.3%로 계산되었다. 성형하는데 사용되는 총 에너지는 전체 투입에너지의 4.9%로 나타났고, 비용으로는 폐기물 1톤당 2,723원 이었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.981-985
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• 2007

We present a MEMS-based portable Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (micro-DFMC), featured by a platinum sputtered microcolumn electrode and a built-in fuel chamber containing a limited amount of methanol fuel. Also presented is a micro-DMFC stack structure having a common electrolyte sandwiched by the microcolumn electrodes. The single cells with ME16 and PE16 electrodes show the maximum power densities of $31.04{\pm}0.29{\mu}W/cm^2$ and $9.75{\pm}0.29{\mu}W/cm^2$, respectively; thus indicating the microcolumn electrode (ME16) generates the power density (3.2 times) higher than the planar electrode (PE16). The single cell tests of ME16 and ME4 electrodes (Fig.8) show the maximum power of $31.04{\pm}0.29{\mu}W/cm^2$, and $25.23{\pm}2.7{\mu}W/cm^2$, respectively; thus demonstrating the increased window frame reduces the normalized standard power deviation (standard deviation over the average power). The normalized deviation of 0.11 in ME4 cell has been reduced to 0.01 in ME16 cell due to the increased window frames. The maximum power density of 4-cell stack is 15.7 times higher than that of the single cell. 4-cell stack produces the power capacity of 20.3mWh/g during 980min operation at the voltage of 450mV with the load resistance of $800{\Omega}$.