• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.415-420
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• 2018

The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) introduced by the Marine Environment P rotection Committee(MEPC) in International Maritime Organization(IMO) has significantly assisted in regulating CO2 emissions. However, in adverse weather conditions, it can lead to accidents due to slow steaming of vessels and low engine propulsion power. In response to this issue, the MEPC presented guidelines for the minimum propulsion power of the main engine for maintaining the course of vessels in adverse weather conditions. However, the guidelines are only applicable for vessels with a deadweight of 20,000 tons, leaving out small and medium ships. This study evaluated vessels subject to the guidelines of minimum propulsion power and proposed revised guidelines. In addition, relevant cases of marine accidents were investigated with the aim of investigating the minimum propulsion power of main engine for medium and small ships not covered by the guidelines. In order to achieve this, engine propulsion power was analyzed according to the size of the affected vessels. The results obtained from this study could be used as a minimum power criterion that can be considered for ship building to reduce marine accidents in adverse weather for small and medium ships.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.330-338
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• 2019

Chronic infection with intracellular Brucella abortus (B. abortus) in livestock remains as a major problem worldwide. Thus, the search for an ideal vaccine is still ongoing. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a combination of B. abortus recombinant proteins; superoxide dismutase (rSodC), riboflavin synthase subunit beta (rRibH), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (rNdk), 50S ribosomal protein (rL7/L12) and malate dehydrogenase (rMDH), cloned and expressed into a pMal vector system and $DH5{\alpha}$, respectively, and further purified and applied intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice. After first immunization and two boosters, mice were infected intraperitoneally (IP) with $5{\times}10^4CFU$ of virulent B. abortus 544. Spleens were harvested and bacterial loads were evaluated at two weeks post-infection. Results revealed that this combination showed significant reduction in bacterial colonization in the spleen with a log protection unit of 1.31, which is comparable to the average protection conferred by the widely used live attenuated vaccine RB51. Cytokine analysis exhibited enhancement of cell-mediated immune response as IFN-${\gamma}$ is significantly elevated while IL-10, which is considered beneficial to the pathogen's survival, was reduced compared to control group. Furthermore, both titers of IgG1 and IgG2a were significantly elevated at three and four-week time points from first immunization. In summary, our in vivo data revealed that vaccination with a combination of five different proteins conferred a heightened host response to Brucella infection through cell-mediated immunity which is desirable in the control of intracellular pathogens. Thus, this combination might be considered for further improvement as a potential candidate vaccine against Brucella infection.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 2019

Background: Excessive stress causes varied physiological and psychological disorders including male reproductive problems. Here, we attempted to investigate the protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer; KRG) against sub-acute immobilization stress-induced testicular damage in experimental rats. Methods: Male rats (age, 4 wk; weight, 60-70 g) were divided into four groups (n = 8 in each group): normal control group, immobilization control group, immobilization group treated with 100 mg/kg of KRG daily, and immobilization group treated with 200 mg/kg of KRG daily. Normal control and immobilization control groups received vehicle only. KRG (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) was mixed in the standard diet powder and fed daily for 6 mo. Parameters such as organ weight, blood chemistry, sperm kinematic values, and expression levels of testicular-related molecules were measured using commercially available kits, Western blotting, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Data revealed that KRG restored the altered testis and epididymis weight in immobilization stress-induced rats significantly (p < 0.05). Further, KRG ameliorated the altered blood chemistry and sperm kinematic values when compared with the immobilization control group and attenuated the altered expression levels of spermatogenesis-related proteins (nectin-2, cAMP responsive element binding protein 1, and inhibin-${\alpha}$), sex hormone receptors (androgen receptor, luteinizing hormone receptor, and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor), and antioxidant-related enzymes (glutathione S-transferase m5, peroxiredoxin-4, and glutathione peroxidase 4) significantly in the testes of immobilization stress-induced rats. Conclusion: KRG protected immobilization stress-induced testicular damage and fertility factors in rats, thereby indicating its potential in the treatment of stress-related male sterility.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.7-34
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• 2018

Purpose: The purposes of this research were to study the validity of the National Examination based on smart based test(SBT) by 7 types of healthcare occupation. Methods: We conducted a questionnaires survey among 1,219 people including 210 professors for all 7 types of healthcare occupation and 573 clinical specialists ; 436 students from random sampling participated and the reliability of the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach's alpha. Results: Professors from 7 types of healthcare occupation were investigated for their opinions on the introduction of the SBT system ; 65.9% of the professors answered positively on the introduction of the SBT National Examination System, while 40.1% of the clinical experts answered likewise. In particular, professors and the clinical experts recognized altogether that the multimedia questionnaire, being effective for the evaluation of clinical and practical competence of the subjects, enabling the evaluation of various areas and strengthening the school education in clinical practices, the 42.0% of the students from 7 departments answered that the future direction of the national test is in the SBT test system with significant difference (p=.000) found in students majoring in order of Emergency Medical Services, Radiology and Physical therapy, compared to students from other majors, showing the positive response to the SBT system. Conclusion: The results of this study comprehensively evaluated the positive recognition of development of multimedia items and SBT system in national examination of 7 types of healthcare occupation in professors, field specialists and students.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.12
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• pp.32.1-32.10
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• 2018

Background: Necdin (NDN), a member of the melanoma antigen family showing imprinted pattern of expression, has been implicated as causing Prader-Willi symptoms, and known to participate in cellular growth, cellular migration and differentiation. The region where NDN is located has been associated to QTLs affecting reproduction and early growth in cattle, but location and functional analysis of the molecular mechanisms have not been established. Methods: Here we report the sequence variation of the entire coding sequence from 72 samples of cattle, yak, buffalo, goat and sheep, and discuss its variation in Bovidae. Median-joining network analysis was used to analyze the variation found in the species. Synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates were determined for the analysis of all the polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analysis were carried out among the species of Bovidae to reconstruct their relationships. Results: From the phylogenetic analysis with the consensus sequences of the studied Bovidae species, we found that only 11 of the 26 nucleotide changes that differentiate them produced amino acid changes. All the SNPs found in the cattle breeds were novel and showed similar percentages of nucleotides with non-synonymous substitutions at the N-terminal, MHD and C-terminal (12.3, 12.8 and 12.5%, respectively), and were much higher than the percentage of synonymous substitutions (2.5, 2.6 and 4.9%, respectively). Three mutations in cattle and one in sheep, detected in heterozygous individuals were predicted to be deleterious. Additionally, the analysis of the biochemical characteristics in the most common form of the proteins in each species show very little difference in molecular weight, pI, net charge, instability index, aliphatic index and GRAVY (Table 4) in the Bovidae species, except for sheep, which had a higher molecular weight, instability index and GRAVY. Conclusions: There is sufficient variation in this gene within and among the studied species, and because NDN carry key functions in the organism, it can have effects in economically important traits in the production of these species. NDN sequence is phylogenetically informative in this group, thus we propose this gene as a phylogenetic marker to study the evolution and conservation in Bovidae.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2019

This study evaluates the quality properties of soy-paste soybean cultivar for fermented soybean products. The six soybean varieties that include Jinpung, Saedanbaek, Daepung 2, Pyeongwon, Cheonga and Saeolkong were used in the experiment. The range of water uptake ratio, hardness after soaking and hardness after steaming were 117.00~131.33%, 1.65~3.30 kg and 0.05~0.14 kg, respectively. The physicochemical analysis indicated the following: Moisture content, 63.27~68.72%; pH, 6.43~6.60; total acidity, 0.27~0.45%. Color values for L value (lightness), a value (redness), and b value (yellowness) ranged from 39.07~67.92, 7.64~11.79, and 7.48~20.67, respectively. The amylase and protease activities of the Saedanbaek samples were the highest among all cultivars. The amount of viscous substance in the fermented soybean products by cultivars ranged from 5.93 to 8.37%, and Saedanbaek was the highest. The total viable cells counts for soybean fermented products were 9.11~9.42 log CFU/g. The amino-type nitrogen contents of all samples were in the range of 401.07 to 524.47 mg% and Saedanbaek cultivars showed the highest content (524.47 mg%). Based on the results, Saedanbaek will be suitable as a soy-paste soybean cultivar and the quality standards for the fermentation process of the fermented soybean products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.596-606
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• 2019

N-acyl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing (AHL-QS) has been shown to regulate many physiological behaviors in Serratia marcescens MG1. In the current study, the effects of AHL-QS on the biosynthesis of acid and neutral products by S. marcescens MG1 and its isogenic ${\Delta}swrI$ with or without supplementing exogenous N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone ($C_6-HSL$) were systematically investigated. The results showed that swrI disruption resulted in rapid pH drops from 7.0 to 4.8, which could be restored to wild type by supplementing $C_6-HSL$. Furthermore, fermentation product analysis indicated that ${\Delta}swrI$ could lead to obvious accumulation for acidogenesis products such as lactic acid and succinic acid, especially excess acetic acid (2.27 g/l) produced at the early stage of fermentation, whereas solventogenesis products by ${\Delta}swrI$ appeared to noticeably decrease by an approximate 30% for acetoin during 32-48 h and by an approximate 20% for 2,3-butanediol during 24-40 h, when compared to those by wild type. Interestingly, the excess acetic acid produced could be removed in an AHL-QS-independent manner. Subsequently, quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of genes responsible for acidogenesis and solventogenesis and showed consistent results with those of product synthesis. Finally, by close examination of promoter regions of the analyzed genes, four putative luxI box-like motifs were found upstream of genes encoding acetyl-CoA synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, ${\alpha}$-acetolactate decarboxylase, and Lys-like regulator. The information from this study provides a novel insight into the roles played by AHL-QS in switching from acidogenesis to solventogenesis in S. marcescens MG1.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.64-81
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze elementary science gifted students' characteristics of the thinking in the problem solving process through a MEA(Model Eliciting Activity)activity. The subjects of this study are 40 elementary science gifted students who passed the first screen for the admission to the science gifted education institute in P university in 2018. The MEA activity was 'Coffee cup challenge', which is to find the best way to place cup side and bottom to save paper in a given material. Three drawings from each student and explanations of each drawing through out the design process were collected as the main data source. The data were analyzed by statistically (correlation coefficient) and qualitatively to find the relationship between; 1) the intuitive thinking and visual representation and 2) analytical thinking ability and communication skills that reflect MEA activities. In conclusion, first, intuitive thinking plays an important role in the ability of visual representation through pictures and the whole problem solving process. Second, the analytical thinking and elaboration process which are reflected through reflection on the arrangement of the drawings have a great influence on the communication skills. Therefore, this study investigated that MEA activities are useful activities to stimulate both intuitive and analytical thinking in elementary science gifted students, and to develop communication ability, by organizing their own ideas and providing learning opportunities for various solutions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2019

Unripe astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Cheongdo-Bansi) is a by-product produced when thinning out the superfluous fruit of persimmon. We investigated whether unripe astringent persimmon has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Unripe astringent persimmon extract was fractionated sequentially in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity compared to those of the other fractions. Pretreatment of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages with the ethyl acetate fraction reduced nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and intracellular oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, and p-coumaric acid as the phenolic compounds of the ethyl acetate fraction. Collectively, these findings suggest that unripe astringent persimmon is a source of functional materials that can promote antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.515-525
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the cereal intake status and explore its relationship with the nutritional status of the Korean adults from 2013 ~ 2016, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: We analyzed dData from the combined 2013 ~ 2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The analysis included 12,199 adults aged from 19 to 64 years (male, n = 5,127, female, n = 7,072). In this study, according to cereal intake frequency (From food frequency questionnaire), we classified tThe subjects were classified according into the "non-cereal intake (NCI)" group (male, n = 4,290, female, n = 5,578), and "cereal intake (CI)" group (male, n = 837, female, n = 1,494) according to cereal intake frequency (From food frequency questionnaire). Results: Typically, 79.6% of adults did not consume cereals (male 81.6%, female 77.3%);, 13.4% consumed cereals 1-3 times a month (male 12.2%, female 14.8%) and 7.1% consumed cereals more than once a week (male 6.2%, female 7.9%). In the case of both males and females, the nutrient density (nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal) and Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) of protein, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C in the Non-Cereal group were significantly lower than those of the CI group (respectively, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our These results reveal highlight the low frequency of cereal intake in Korean adults and the better nutritional status in adults who consume cereals. It is hypothesized that tThe data of the present study would is expected to serve as basic data to improve the nutritional status of Korean adults.