• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.509-526
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• 2017

Background and objectives : Soeumin Bojungykgi-tang (seBYTE) has been used to supplement qi in Korean medicine. It has been demonstrated to possess various biological functions such as anti-cancer, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study evaluated the protective roles of seBYTE in hepatotoxic in vitro and in vivo model. Methods : To investigate cytoprotective effect of seBYTE, HepG2 cells were pretreated with seBYTE and then subsequently exposed to $10{\mu}m$ AA for 12 h, followed by $5{\mu}m$ iron. Cell viability was examined by MTT assay, and expression of apoptosis-related proteins was evaluated by immunoblot analysis. For responsible molecular mechanisms, ROS production, GSH contents, and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured. In addition, hepatoprotective effect of seBYTE in vivo was assessed in $CCl_4$-induced animal model. Results : seBYTE prevented AA + iron-induced cytotoxicity in concentration dependent manner. In addition, ROS production, GSH depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by AA + iron were significantly reduced by seBYTE pretreatment. Furthermore, seBYTE recovered expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins such as PARP and pro-caspase-3. In animal experiment, plasma ALT and AST levels were significantly elevated in $CCl_4$ treatment, but seBYTE significantly decreased the ALT and AST levels. Moreover, seBYTE alleviated the numbers of histological activity index, percentages of degenerative regions, degenerated hepatocytes, infiltrated inflammatory cells, nitrotyrosine- and 4-hydroxynonenal-positive cells in liver. Conclusions : These results showed that hepatoprotective effect of seBYTE against on $CCl_4$-induced hepatic damages is partly due to antioxidative and anti-apoptotic process.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2007

To decrease stress in eel (Anguilla japonica) during its culture or transportation, aspirin (ASA) known as analgesic, antiinflammatory and antithrombic agent was administrated by dipping or oral routes. Concentrations of aspirin (ASA) and salicylic acid (SA) in eel plasma were simultaneously measured by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plasma was acidified with 0.2 M HCl and 0.2 M orthophosphoric acid, and mixed with acetonitrile. ASA and SA extracted with acetonitrile were analyzed by the HPLC equipped with reversed phase Novapak C18 column (4 ㎛ silica, 150×4 mm) and UV detector(237 nm). The mobile phase consisted of 740 ㎖ water, 900 ㎕ orthophosphoric acid (85%) and 180 ㎖ acetonitrile. The retention times of ASA, SA and 2-methylbenzoic acid(MBA) were 4.8 min, 8.4 min and 11.5 min, respectively. The limit of quantification was 0.01 ㎍/㎖ for SA and 0.05 ㎍/㎖ for ASA. The mean recovery from eel plasma was 70.8～99.6% for ASA and 95.2～100.3% for SA. This HPLC method was applied to analyze ASA and SA of eel plasma after either dipping in a concentration of 20 ppm or feeding the feed supplemented with 50 ㎎/kg BW. Only SA was detected in eel plasma after the administration of ASA by dipping or oral routes because the drug was quickly decomposed into SA in eel plasma. The amount of SA in eel plasma reached the highest value at 3hr in dipping and 7 days in oral administration. When the ASA-administrated eel were kept in ASA free aquaria, 0.02-0.03 ㎍/㎖ of SA were detected 48 hr after the administration in both routes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.966-975
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• 2015

Heat production in ruminants follows a diurnal pattern over the course of a day peaking 3 hours following afternoon feeding and then gradually declining to its lowest point prior to morning feeding. In order to clarify the cooling period most effective in reducing decreases in feed intake and milk production, experiments were carried out based on the diurnal rhythm of heat production and heat dissipation. In experiment 1, the effects of hot environment on milk production were investigated. The animals were kept first in a thermoneutral environment ($20.0^{\circ}C$, 80.0%) for 12 days, they were then transitioned to a hot environment ($32^{\circ}C$, 80.0%) for 13 days before being returned to second thermoneutral environment for a further 12 days. In experiment 2, the effectiveness of daytime cooling or nighttime cooling for improving milk production in hot environment was compared. While ten lactating Japanese Saanen goats (aged 2 years, weighing 41.0 kg) during early lactation were used in experiment 1, ten lactating goats (aged 2 years, weighing 47.5 kg) during mid-lactation were used in experiment 2. The animals were fed 300 g of concentrated feed and excessive amounts of crushed alfalfa hay cubes twice daily. Water was given ad libitum. The animals were milked twice daily. When exposed to a hot environment, milk yield and composition decreased significantly (p<0.05). Milk yield in the hot environment did not change with daytime cooling, but tended to increase with nighttime cooling. Compared to the daytime cooling, milk components percentages in the nighttime cooling were not significantly different but the milk components yields in the nighttime cooling were significantly higher (p<0.05). The results indicate that nighttime cooling is more effective than daytime cooling in the reduction of milk production declines in lactating goats exposed to a hot environment.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2011

Korean bennudagrass collections showed diverse genetic variations in their morphology, growth habit, and cytological aspects. Chromosome number and nuclear DNA content of the bennudagrasses indicated a ploidy level ranging from triploid (2n=3x) to hexaploid (2n=6x). In this study, we investigated the different responses of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase) and cell membrane stability of those bennudagrass cytotypes to lower temperature and shorter day length, which meets a dormant induction in Korea. All the antioxidant enzymes were found to be higher during dormant stage, while the heme-containing catalase which converts hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) to water and oxygen molecules was activated before dormant initiation in the three cytotypes except for hexaploid bennudagrass. The triploid and tetraploid which exhibited relatively finer leaves and a rapid establishment speed were found to show increased activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme. The malondialdehyde(MDA) which is a product of lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane damaged by the hydroxyl radical was increased in all cytotypes as temperature declined, and tri- and tetraploids which had more protective antioxidant enzymes demonstrated a significantly lower MDA production. Similarly electrolyte leakage was higher in penta- and hexaploidy, seemingly more damage to cell membrane when low temperature was implemented. Results indicated that antioxidant responses of different cytotypes were genetically specific, which needs to be investigated the relevance with the low temperature tolerance in the bermudagrass further at the molecular level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.198-203
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the effects of feeding high protein and low energy milk replacer (HPR; CP 25%, ME 3.6 Mcal/kg DM) with low protein and high energy milk replacer (HPR; CP 21%, ME 4.2 Mcal/kg DM) on feed consumption, body weight (BW) gain, health and selected blood metabolites in Holstein calves during the pre-weaning period. At each feeding, each milk replacer (MR) was prepared by mixing 0.125 kg of dry MR in 1L of warm ($60^{\circ}C$) water. The calves were fed either HPR (n = 10) or HER (n = 10) using mobile plastic bottles fitted with soft rubber nipples. All calves received 1.8L diluted MR at each feeding 3 times daily during the first 4 weeks of age; feeding frequency was reduced to 2 times daily for the next 2 weeks of age and then to once daily during the last week of the experiment. Jugular blood was sampled in calves at day 7, 14, 21, 35 and 49 of age to enumerate selected metabolites. Daily MR, starter and hay intake during the pre-weaning period were similar in calves fed HPR and HER. Consumption of starter, MGH and total DM steadily increased with the age of calves. Final BW, daily BW gain and feed efficiency of calves were not affected by treatments. Serum glucose, cholesterol, creatinine were decreased (p<0.05) and blood urea N was increased (p<0.05) in calves fed HER or HPR as they grew older. Serum glucose, total protein and albumin concentrations in calves were not affected by treatments. Serum GPT and GOT concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in calves on HPR than on HER. Scouring score, days scoured, respiratory score, rectal temperature and general appearance were similar in calves fed HPR and HER. Poor general appearance (dullness and droopy ears) of calves fed either HPR or HER reflected nutritional insufficiency and stress. In conclusion, energy and protein concentrations in MR did not affect feed intake and BW gain in Holstein calves during the pre-weaning period. Poor general appearance and lower BW gain of calves compared to those reported in the literature for milk fed calves prompt a demand for further research to improve the daily nutrient supply to MR-fed calves.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2547-2554
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• 2014

Background: To evaluate the perception of cancer patients toward treatment services and influencing factors and to inquire about the use of complementary alternative medicine (CAM). Materials and Methods: Information was obtained through pre-tested structured questionnaires completed by cancer patients during treatment at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Results: Of 242 patients, 137 (64.6%) accepted to enter this study. Most were Saudi (n=93, 68%), female (n=80, 58%), educated at university (n=71, 52%), married (n=97, 72%) and with breast cancer (n=36, 26%). One-hundred (73%) patients were satisfied with the services provided; 61% were Saudi. Ninety-four (68%) respondents were satisfied with the explanation of their cancer. Twenty-eight (21.6%) patients received CAM, of them 54.0% received herbal followed by rakia (21.0%), nutritional supplements/vitamins (7.0%) and Zamam water (18.0%), with significant differences among them (p =0.004). Seven (5%) patients believed this therapy could be used alone; 34 (25%) patients believed it could be used with other treatments, regardless of whether they themselves used this therapy. Fifty-three (53%) satisfied patients felt they received enough support; 31 (58%) patients received support from family and friends; 22 (41.6%) patients received support from the health-care team. Patients who received information about their disease from their physicians and those who felt they had enough support were more satisfied. The patients who took alternative treatment were older age, mostly female and highly educated but values did not reach significance. Conclusions: We stress enhancing the educational and supportive aspects of cancer-patient services to improve their treatment satisfaction and emphasize the need for increasing the educational and awareness programs offered to these patients.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.337-345
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• 2008

There are accumulating evidences that high levels of dietary iron may play a role in colon carcinogenesis. Elevated iron status has been associated with oxidative stress. Phytic acid (PA) functions as an antioxidant by chelating divalent cations and prevents formation of reactive oxygen species responsible for cell injury and carcinogenesis. The protective effect of PA was investigated on formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in iron-overloaded male F344 rats. After acclimation with AIN-93G purified diet (35 ppm Fe, normal control diet) for one week, animals were fed iron-overloaded diet (350 ppm Fe) and PA (0.5% or 2% PA in water) for 8 weeks. Animals received two (1st and 2nd week) injections of AOM (15 mg/kg b.w.) to induce colonic ACF. The colonic mucosa was examined for the total numbers of aberrant crypt (AC) and ACF after staining with methylene blue. The blood and serum were analyzed with a blood cell differential counter and an automatic serum analyzer. Iron-overloaded diet increased the concentration of iron in liver of the rats. But iron-related parameters in blood were not changed among experimental groups. The numbers of ACF per colon and AC per colon were $178.8{\pm}33.2$ and $448.4{\pm}110.2$ in the iron-overloaded F344 rats. The total AC was significantly increased, compared with normal-diet AOM control group (p < 0.05). The treatments of PA at the dose of 0.5% slightly decreased the number of ACF and AC per colon to $153.6{\pm}29.5$ and $396.3{\pm}107.5$. However, there were no significant differences in the total numbers of ACF and AC between the AOM control group and PA (0.5% or 2%)-treated groups. These results suggest that PA may not affect the formation of ACF or AC induced by AOM in ironoverloaded F344 rats.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 2009

Relation between soil salinity and forage yield of five upland crops such as sudan grass, sesbania, barnyard grass, corn and soybean was studied in the three reclaimed lands of Korea during two years from 2007 to 2008. Although plant number emerged was obtained satisfactory by desalting treatment, further growth of crops was sharply affected by re-salting process according to soil drying. Soil salinity varied place by place and changed constantly, crop growth was differently responded to soil salinity according to the specific conditions of the reclaimed lands. In the Iweon reclaimed land with higher soil water conductivity and sandy soil texture, crop growth and yield sharply decrease with increase of soil salinity. Relation between soil salinity and crop growth and yield was well expressed as logarithmic function. Surface soil EC to reach at 50% of growth reduction to the tallest height of crops was $5dS\;m^{-1}$ for soybean, $6dS\;m^{-1}$ for corn and $7dS\;m^{-1}$ for sudan grass, sesbania, and barnyard grass by logarithmic function. In the Hwaong and Yeongsangang reclaimed lands with low soil conductivity and finer soil texture, plant growth response to salt stress was statistically vague by mixing of harmful influence from flooding and wet injury. However, it is observed that crop growth and yield on the place of lower salinity was better than crop growth on the place of higher salinity. It is accordingly concluded that flooding control during summer rainy season is vary important as well as desalting process for good growth of soiling and forage crops in the newly reclaimed land from tidal flat.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2011

We explored the effect of extracts of dried Platycodon grandiflorum on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO). To determine antioxidant activity in the presence of $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress, DCFH-DA (dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate) assay was employed. Acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanolic (MeOH) extracts of P. grandiflorum reduced intracellular ROS levels. Of the various tested fractions, n-BuOH fraction showed the highest protective effect in terms of lipid peroxide production. Total GSH levels were measured after treatment of HT1080 cells with the A+M and MeOH extracts, and other solvent fractions, at various concentration. The A+M extacts and 85% (v/v) aqueous MeOH fraction significantly increased GSH levels (p<0.05). When lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production was evaluated, all tested crude extracts, and fractions thereof, significantly reduced NO production (p<0.05), and the n-BuOH and 85% (v/v) aqueous MeOH fractions (at 0.05 mg/mL) showed the strongest inhibitory effects. The results showed that the n-BuOH fraction inhibited both cellular oxidation and NO production, and this fraction may thus contain valuable active compounds.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.238-245
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• 2009

The antioxidant effects of chungkukjang, a popular fermented soybean paste in Korea, prepared with solar salt were investigated in vitro. DJI chungkukjang(DJIC) was prepared using 3%(w/w) solar salt or 3%(w/w) refined salt, and fermented by Bacillus subtilis DJI. All of DJIC with no salt, DJIC with 3%(w/w) solar salt, DJIC containing 3%(w/w) refined salt, and commercial chungkukjang were extracted with ethanol, hexane, and water. Antioxidative activities were measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) free-radical generation, nitrite scavenging activity, peroxide value in the presence of linoleic acid, and the Rancimat test, in comparison with the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT). Ethanol chungkukjang extracts showed the highest antioxdative capacities, whereas DPPH free-radical generation and scavenging activities, and linoleic acid peroxide values of DJIC extracts prepared using solar salt, and salt-free DJIC, showed the greatest values. In addition, extracts of DJIC prepared using solar salt had the highest antioxidant indices. Antioxidative activities were higher in DJIC extracts than in those of commercial chungkukjang. However, the antioxidative capacities of DJIC prepared using solar salt and DJIC with no added salt were less than those of BHT. In conclusion, these results suggest that extracts of chungkukjang prepared using solar salt are useful nutritional antioxidants and that dietary supplementation with such materials would decrease oxidative stress.