• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 2013

This study surveyed the distribution and characteristics of epiphytes and host trees in Jejudo's warm-temperate evergreen forests area. The gathered data will be used for evaluating ecological changes according to climate change. The study found 46 species of epiphytes in Jejudo; 12 of which were species of pteridophytes and 5 species of orchids, totaling 17 species of epiphytes. The appearance frequency was the greatest with Lepisorus thunbergianus, followed by Lemmaphyllum microphyllum and Lepisorus onoei. The area with the greatest diversity of epiphytes was nutmeg tree forests which have the largest number of 2.89 average species. Lemmaphyllum microphyllum had the greatest percent cover of the epiphytes whose importance was found to be the greatest. The factors involved were the epiphytes' diversity index (0.64), maximum species diversity (1.23), evenness (0.52), and dominance (0.48). The study has noted the distribution characteristics of epiphytes according to altitudes above sea level. The Lemmaphyllum microphyllum can survive at an altitude of 600 m above sea level, Lepisorus thunbergianus at 200 - 1,400m above sea level, Lepisorus onoei. at 400 - 1,000 m, and Gonocormus minutus at an altitude above 800 m. The host trees, consisting of Quercus serrata, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, and Carpinus laxiflora, stands at 2-19 m high and 2.5 - 120 cm wide, showing diverse kinds of trees and sizes. Jejudo's warm-temperate evergreen forests have lower epiphyte diversity compared with those of subtropical and tropical areas in Japan and China. Based on the characteristics of the host trees order, epiphytes' distribution associated with the altitude above sea level was typical.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.309-320
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• 2002

In order to understand the condition of mostly-degraded evergreen broad-leaved forests(EBLF) and to make a restoration plan of EBLF in the Korean warm temperate, the distribution of EBLF and forest vegetation types have been investigated and the categories of degraded levels have been set. The coverage of the EBLF in the Korean peninsula was approximately 10,285ha based on the existing literature review and the actual vegetation map. Forest vegetation types have been investigated at thirty-two area of the south coast and inland in the warm temperate region. As a result, The forest vegetation was classified as 52 types; 26 types of EBLF, 13 types of semi-evergreen broad-leaved forests, 9 types of deciduous broad-leaved forests, 4 types of evergreen coniferous forests. The categories of degraded levels were divided into 8 levels and 14 sub-levels according to the importance percentage(I.P.) and the number of warm temperate species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.507-524
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• 2022

In this study, we revealed the location environment and community structural characteristics after extensively investigating Korea's warm-temperate island areas and categorizing vegetation through TWINSPAN analysis. Based on it, this study aims to suggest the direction of the vegetation restoration plan for warm-temperate forests by deriving a restoration strategy for each vegetation type. The vegetation types were clearly divided into eight types, and communities I through IV were good evergreen broad-leaved forests dominated by Machilus thunbergii and Castanopsis sieboldii. On the other hand, communities V through VIII were Pinus thunbergii forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, and artificial forest, and retrogressive succession vegetation in the warm-temperate areas. The environmental factors derived from the DCA analysis were altitude (average temperature of the coldest month) and distance from the coastline (salt tolerance). The distribution pattern of warm-temperate forests has been categorized into M. thunbergii, C. sieboldii and Cyclobalanopsis spp. forest types according to the two environmental factors. It is reasonable to apply the three vegetation types as restoration target vegetation considering the location environment of the restoration target site. In communities V through VIII, P. thunbergiiand deciduous broad-leaved formed a canopy layer, and evergreen broad-leaved species with strong seed expansion frequently appeared in the ground layer, raising the possibility of vegetation succession as evergreen broad-leaved forests. The devastated land where forests have disappeared in the island areas is narrow, but vegetation such as P. thunbergii and deciduous broad-leaved forests, which have become a retrogressive succession, forms a large area. The restoration strategy of renewing this area into evergreen, broad-leaved forests should be more effective in realizing carbon neutrality and promoting biodiversity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1863-1879
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• 2014

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the shrine forest vegetation located in Jirisan national park affiliated to an ecotone in southern part of Korea, foreseeing a vegetation change based on composition species and dominant species on canopy, and proposing the direction of vegetation management. The shrine forests were classified into the 7 community units as Chamaecyparis obtusa-Cryptomeria japonica afforestation, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus rigida afforestation, Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Zelkova serrata-Kerria japonica for. japonica community, Phyllostachys bambusoides forest, Camellia japonica community. This research is also expatiated on the analogous results of ordination analysis with phytosociological analysis. The constituents of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate zone were appeared in the most vegetations. It emerged less that the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone and deciduous broad-leaved forest in the cold-temperature zone. The life form analyses were made use with the two ways: appearance species in total communities and each community. The species diversity of shrine forests is declined because the high dominances of Sasa borealis and Pseudosasa japonica emerged in the shrub and herb layers. These shrine forests will be succession to Q. variabilis-Q. serrata community as the representative vegetation of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone, owing to the temperature rise by global warming, and an evergreen broad-leaved forest will be able to be also formed if a temperate rise will be continued. The one of the artificial management of shrine forests is to consider the introduction of the constituents of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2024

Determining the nutrient stoichiometry in plant organs is critical for understanding nutrient uptake and cycling in forest ecosystems. This study evaluated nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry in various plant organs (stem, bark, branches, and foliage) of species found in four warm-temperate forests in southern Korea. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (CJ), Quercus serrata Thunb. (QS), evergreen broadleaved tree species (EB), and bamboo spp. (BB) were destructively sampled to measure nutrient (C, N, and P) concentrations in the plant organs. The mean C concentration in the stem was significantly higher in CJ than in QS, BB, or EB, whereas the C concentration in the foliage was the lowest in BB. The mean foliar N and P concentrations were higher in BB than in EB or CJ. The mean stem C:N and C:P ratios were highest in CJ but were lowest in the foliage of BB. Overall, stems of all species showed a strong positive correlation between C concentration and dry weight, but a negative correlation between N and dry weight. The N and P concentrations of foliage and bark were strongly correlated, whereas those of the stem and branches were poorly correlated. Positive correlations were detected between the C:N and C:P ratios in bark and foliage. These results indicate the existence of intraspecific differences in nutrient requirements in warm-temperate forest species and add to the understanding of nutrient uptake and storage patterns in the organs of species growing in warm-temperate forests.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and their change of Pinus densiflora forests by climate change in Mt. Hallasan. The results showed that the areas of P. densiflora forests of Mt. Hallasan varied by region, with a total area of 1,324.3 ha, concentrated mostly in the region 1,000 m - 1,400 m above sea level. The temperate coniferous forest zone are distributed in the upper part of temperate forest zone composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees. Most of the P. densiflora forests in the lower parts were found not to be spreading because they are located close to the deciduous broad-leaved trees. However, the P. densiflora forests in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions composed of the grasslands and shrub forests were found to be spreading. In addition, the altitude of the P. densiflora forests distribution increased by about 50 m and 90 m in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions, respectively. The spread rate is expected to become faster than in the past due to the rate of climate change. The structure of the vegetation in Mt. Hallasan and the changes in the vegetation due to various factors need to be investigated from a long-term point of view.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.215-223
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• 2019

Recently, it has become known that Gotjawal terrain is an important area, therefore the study on this area has conducted in the geological, ecological, and cultural aspects. The studies on bryophytes of Gotjawal, however, have not been sufficiently performed. This study presents a survey on the bryophytes of the evergreen broad-leaved forest of Cheongsu-ri at Hangyeong Gotjawal in the southwestern part of Jejudo Island, Korea. A total of 72 taxa belonging to the Bryophyta (18 families 43 genera 55 species) and Marchantiophyta (11 families 13 genera 17 species) were determined and the liverwort index was 23.6%. Predominant life-form was weft. The rates of the bryophytes dominating in mesic to hygric sites were higher than the bryophytes mainly observed in xeric habitats. These values indicate that the forests are widespread and dense in this study area. Upon an investigation of the substrates, the bryophytes on rocks were most diverse. The results appear to stem from the fact that volcanic rock masses of various sizes lay scattered over the study area, offering numerous micro-habitats for bryophyte due to one of the characteristics of Gotjawal. We suggest that more detailed studies should be conducted at the regional scale to establish the bryophyte flora of Gotjawal and the evergreen broad-leaved forests on Jejudo Island.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.216-224
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• 2021

Aim of this research was to classify forest types at Wando in Jeonnam Province and develop warm temperate forest management system with application of Remote Sensing and GIS. Another emphasis was given to the analysis of satellite images to compare forest type changes over 10 year periods from 2009 to 2019. We have accomplished this study by using ArcGIS Pro and ENVI. For this research, Landsat satellite images were obtained by means of terrestrial, airborne and satellite imagery. Based on the field survey data, all land uses and forest types were divided into 5 forest classes; Evergreen broad-leaved forest, Evergreen Coniferous forest, Deciduous broad-leaved forest, Mixed fores, and others. Supervised classification was carried out with a random forest classifier based on manually collected training polygons in ROI. Accuracy assessment of the different forest types and land-cover classifications was calculated based on the reference polygons. Comparison of forest changes over 10 year periods resulted in different vegetation biomass volumes, producing the loss of deciduous forests in 2019 probably due to the expansion of residential areas and rapid deforestation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.231-235
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• 2004

Landsat satellite images were analyzed to study vegetation change patterns of warm-temperate forests from 1991 to 2002 in Wando. For this purpose, Landsat TM satellite image of 1991 and Landsat ETM image of 2002 were used for vegetation classification using ENVI image processing software. Four different forest types were set as a classification criteria; evergreen broadleaf, evergreen conifer, deciduous broadleaf, and others. Unsupervised classification method was applied to classily forest types. Although it was impossible to draw exact forest types in rocky areas because of differences in data detection time and rough resolution of image, 2002 data revealed that total 2,027ha of evergreen broadleaf forests were growing in Wando. Evergreen broadleaves and evergreen conifers increased in total areas compared to 11 years ago, but there was sharp decrease in deciduous broadleaves. GIS-based management system for warm-temperate forest was done using Arc/Info. Geographic and attribute database of Wando such as vegetation, soils, topography, land owners were built with Arc/Info and ArcView. Graphic user interface which manages and queries necessary data was developed using Avenue.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.87-102
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• 1996

To study vegetational structure of the Korean warm temperate region fifty two plots were surveyed in evergreen broad-leaved forests of southern islands. The vegetational structures among sites were dissimilar in virtue of geographical isolation and artificial disturbance. The surveyed plots were generally classified into three groups; the first, the group in which plant succession has proceeded naturally, the second, the group which was disturbed and managed for a long time, the third, the group which was afforested and has been succeeded into evergreen broad-leaved forest. The species with constancy over 80% in fifty two plots were Machilus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermidium, Cinnamomum japonicum, and Ligustrum japonicum. The community of Lozoste lancifolia, which is assumed to be a climax community of the Korean warm temperate region, remains in Chudo and Aedo. The secondary succession of seashore forest which were disturbed in the past will be done into Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii