• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.483-497
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• 2024

This study investigated the effects of ultra-ground seaweed powders (USP) on the physicochemical properties (proximate composition, mineral contents, pH, color, shear force, sensory evaluation, electronic nose, and electronic tongue) of restructured black goat jerky. Restructured black goat jerky was prepared using three different treatments, i.e., 3% (w/w) each of ultra-ground sea tangle (ST; Undaria pinnatifida), sea mustard (SM; Saccharina japonica), and sea string (SS; Gracilaria verrucosa) powders. Moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in the USP-treated group than in the control (p<0.05). Potassium, calcium, and zinc contents were significantly higher in the SM than in the other USP-treated groups (p<0.05). In contrast, pH values were significantly higher in the ST and SM than in the control and SS (p<0.05). CIE L^*, CIE a^*, CIE b^*, and shear force were significantly lower in the USP-treated groups than in the control (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation revealed no significant difference in taste, texture, seaweed-like odor, and goaty flavor (p<0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) and peak graph analysis of the electronic nose showed that the SS differed the most from the control compared with the other USP-treated groups, owing to the seaweed odor of ultra-ground SS powder. The PCA and ranking analysis of the electronic tongue showed that the umami taste of the SM was higher than that of the control and other USP-treated groups. Therefore, the potassium, calcium, zinc contents, and umami taste of reconstituted black goat jerky were significantly higher in the SM than in the control and other USP-treated groups.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.105-114
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• 1974

Identification and change of microflora during the fermentation of anchovy Engraulis japonica, under the halophilic circumstance were investigated. The change of salinity and pH in meat and juice which decide the environment for microorganism and decomposition of nitrogenous compound which functions as a nutrient source were also discussed by measuring the content of total-N, amino-N, nonprotein-N, TMA and VBN, The fresh anchovy was mixed with rock salt (20 percent w/w) and stocked for six months. Through the fermentation lag phase of viable cells extended for 20 days that was obviously larger compared with other circumstances, hereafter increased to reach the maximum value of $5\times10^4$ total count per gram at 35 day stock. The stationary phase proceeded for 25 days. 540 strains were isolated and among them 11 genus of bacteria, 3 genus of yeasts, were identified and other 2 yeast strains of unidentified. At the initial stage of fermentation, Pseudomonas, and Helobacterium prevalently grew, at the middle stage, they disappeared rapidly and Pediococcus and yeasts completely dominated, where they are assumed to get directly involved with fermentation of fish, The PH value tended to decrease in the progress of fermentation and at 100 day stock it showed the minimum value of 5.5 to 5.6 in both meat and juice. The highest salinity of meat decreased to 18 percent, while in juice it decreased to 28 percent since 50 days stock. The content of total-N in meat gradually decreased to 2.8 percent, while in juice it increased to 2.3 percent at 100 day stock, However nonprotein-N was 1.8 percent and amino-N was 1.1 Percent. Since 100 days stock, the increasing rate of amino-M is too low it could be judged to entered the final stage of fermentation, In the first 20 days stock, the increase of VBN and TMA can be explained by the growth of putrefactive bacteria such as pseudomonas on the meat before salts penetrate into the fish meat, while reincrement after 100 days stock, is explained by decomposition of free amino acid due to the reactions of bacteria and enzymes.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.272-284
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• 1992

As a preliminary step toward the development of a multipurpose electrostatic separator for agricultural use, this study investigated the effect of moisture level, geometrical characteristics and the electric field strength of a charging device on the electrostatic charging of brown rice, unhulled paddy, small stones and broken rice that are produced during the milling process. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Average electrostatic charge per unit mass of paddy is greater than that of brown rice. 2. Charge per unit mass of rice kernel increases linearly with moisture content and electric field strength of the charging device, presenting no correlations with length or thickness of rice kernel. 3. Frequency distributions in electrostatic charge per unit mass of paddy and brown rice kernels indicated that the portion, not overlapped, ranged from 10 to 29% with Japonica rice and from 32 to 49% with Indica rice. 4. The difference in moisture content between paddy and brown rice must be over 6%, if they are to be electrostatically separated to over 95%. 5. Theoretical portions of brown rice to be separated from a mixture primarily by the electrostatic charge and secondarily by the length or by the thickness were 95~100% and 27~76%, respectively. 6. Frequency distribution of electrostatic charge for broken kernels overlapped that of paddy and brown rice, which the small stones didn't.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1783-1790
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• 2007

The genetic diversity of domestic quail and two wild quail species, Japanese （Coturnix coturnix）and Common quail (Coturnix japonica), found in China was studied using microsatellite DNA markers. According to a comparison of the corresponding genetic indices in the three quail populations, such as Polymorphism Information Content (PIC), Mean Heterozygosity ($\bar{H}$) and Fixation Index, wild Common quail possessed rich genetic diversity with 4.67 alleles per site. Its values for PIC and $\bar{H}$ were the highest, 0.5732 and 0.6621, respectively. Domestic quail had the lowest values, 0.5467 and 0.5933, respectively. Wild Japanese quail had little difference in genetic diversity from domestic quail. In addition, from analyses of the fuzzy cluster based on standard genetic distance, the similarity relationship matrix coefficient between wild Japanese quail and domestic quail was 0.937, and that between wild Common quail and domestic quail was 0.783. All of these results showed that the wild Japanese quail were closer to the domestic quail for phylogenetic relationship than wild Common quail. These results at the molecular level provide useful data about quail's genetic background and further supported the hypothesis that the domestic quail originated from the wild Japanese quail.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 1998

The acute myelogeous leukemia cell line, HL-60 is good model to examine leukemia differentiation with nitro blue terazolium reduction assay. We investigated that effect of triterpene acids and ginseng saponin on differentiation of HL-60 cells. Differentiation of HL-60 cells was induced in proportion to ,olar concentration by dibutylyl cAMP, ginseng saponin, lithocholic acid, ginsenoside RH2, and ginsenoside RH3.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.1 s.17
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• pp.15-18
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• 1975

The effect of skin extracts of Korean amphibian, poisonous snake and fresh-water fish were determined for their caerulein-like action on rabbit gall bladder strips. The isolated gall bladder strips were prepared according to the technique described by Amer and Becvar(1969). The strips were placed in a bath containing 100ml of Locke-Ringer solution maintained at $38^{\circ}C$. Oxygen was continuously bubbled through the solution. The tension of the muscle strip was initially adjusted to 0.7g. The contractile response was measured isometrically by a force-displacement transducer connected to a polygraph. In this rabbit gall bladder strip caerulein produced contraction of CCK-PZ type. The skin extract of Korean amphibian also elicited similar contraction as caerulein, which extracted from Australian amphibian, Hyla caerulea, by Erspamer et al. The calculated amount was approximately $2{\mu}g$ caerulein per gram of skin tissue in Korean amphibian and the potency was about 1/200 of that seen in Australian amphibian. The contraction of gall bladder strip by our amphibians occurs in decreasing order; Rana Nigromaculata coreana Okada, Rana nigromaculata Hallowell, Hyla arborea japonica Gunther and Bombina orientalis Boulenger. The skin extracts of poisonous snake and fresh-water fish produced no caerulein-like activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 1996

This study was conducted to screen the antagonistic plants on northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) and to utilize those in its control. Egg hatching of M. hapla was found to be inhibited by 17 plant methanol extracts, and 11 plant extracts among them were also toxic to M. hapla second stage juvenile. Egg hatching of iW. hapla was also found to be inhibited by squeezed extracts of Cassia tora and Zea mays, and they were also toxic to M. hapla second stage juvenile. Extracts of Achyranthes japonica, Melia axedrach and Acorus graminens were toxic to M. hapla second stage with a juvenile mortality above 70clc at the 10 folds diluted concent ration and A. graminens was toxic to tested juvenile mortality above 50% at the 100 folds diluted concentration. The toxicity was directly propotional to the diluted concentration of the plant extracts and to the exposure period. Punica granatum, Acorns graminens and Melia axedrach were effective in inhibiting root penetration of JW. hapla juveniles, among of them p. granatum is most effective Percent inhibition of penetration by second and third stage juveniles into tomato slants penetrating by it was 72.7 and 82.4%, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.261-272
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• 2008

This study was conducted to provide the fundamental data based on the agronomic characteristics of domestic aroma rice, widely cultivated domestic rice and foreign aroma rice for breeding of functional aromatic rice. Among the 104 varieties, all of domestic aroma rice and widely cultivated rice varieties were headed, 24 of 84 varieties of foreign aroma rice were not headed. The average heading date of domestic aroma rice Japonica types of domestic rice was later as 136 day, and Tongil types of domestic aroma rice were faster as 122 day. The average culm length of Indica types of foreign aroma rice was longer as 130 cm, and Tongil types of were shorter as 74 cm. The average panicle length of domestic aroma rice and traditional rice were about 21 cm, and Indica types of foreign aroma rice were longer as 29.5 cm. The average 1,000 grain weight of Tongil types of domestic aroma rice and was not a difference with the domestic aroma rice and was more 2.5 g than the Indica types of foreign aroma rice. The average ratio of grain width and length of Indica types of foreign aroma rice were highest as 3.29 (W/L), and the domestic traditional rice was lowest as 1.7 (W/L). The average fertility rate of the domestic aroma rice, the widely cultivated domestic rice, and the Japonica types of foreign aroma rice were above 89.7%, but the Indica types of foreign and the Tongil types of domestic aroma rice were below 65.4%. The average germination rate of foreign aroma rice were above 83.7%, and domestic aroma rice were above 90.4%. The non-glutinous rice were 64 varieties (84.2%) of total 104 accessions of material rice and the waxy rice were 7 varieties (1%). In the domestic aroma rice, Hyangmi2ho and Aranghyangchalbyeo has a mild aroma grade. In the foreign aroma rice, 22 of 40 varieties of Indica types and 9 of 16 varieties of Japonica types has a lightly aroma grade. And 13 varieties of widely cultivated domestic rice has a non-aroma grade.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.344-349
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• 2005

Microwave-assisted process (MAP) was applied to extract antioxidant-related components from Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica Hara. Microwave power(2,450 MHz, $0{\sim}160$ W) and extraction time($1{\sim}5\;min$) were used as independent variables($X_i$) for central composite design to yield 10 different extraction conditions. Response surface methodology was applied to predict optimum extraction conditions for dependent variables of extracts, such as total yield, total phenolics, flavonoid, and electron donation ability depending on different powers and extraction times of MAP. Determination coefficients($R^2$) of regression equations for dependent variables were higher than 0.93 excluding that of total phenolics, and microwave power was predicted more influential than extraction time in MAP (p<0.05). The optimal extraction time for each dependent variable was ranged from 3.36 to 4.97 min, but microwave power showed wide ranges depending on variables. The superimposed contour maps for maximized dependent variables illustrated extraction conditions of 64 to 100 W in microwave power and 2.9 to 4.0 min in extraction time.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.303-313
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• 2020

Rice grain shape is one of the key components of grain yield and market value. An understanding of the genetic basis of the variation in grain shape could be used to improve grain shape. In this study, we developed a total of 265 F₂ individuals derived from a cross between japonica cultivars (Josaeng-jado and Langi) and used this population for quantitative trait locus (QLT) analysis. Correlation analysis was performed to identify relationships between grain traits (GL: grain length, GW: grain width, L/W: ratio of length to width, TGW: 1,000 grain weight). The grain shape was positively correlated with GL and TGW, and negatively correlated with GW. In QTL analysis associated with grain shape, one QTL for GL, qGL5, detected on chromosome 5, explained 20.3% of the phenotypic variation (PV), while two QTLs, qGW5 (PV=36.1) and qGW7 (PV=26.1), for GW were identified on chromosomes 5 and 7, respectively. Evaluation of the effects of each of the QTLs on the grain shape in the population showed a significant difference in the grain size in positive lines compared with the lines without the QTLs. According to the QTL combination of the allelic-types, the grain shape of the tested lines varied from semi-round type to long spindle-shaped type. The results of this study extend our knowledge about the genetic pool governing the diversity of grain shape in japonica cultivars and could be used to improve the grain shape of this species through marker-assisted selective breeding in Korea.