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Cultural Characteristics and Artificial Cultivation of Edible Mushroom, Clitocybe maxima (흰깔대기버섯의 배양적 특성 및 인공재배에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, M.K.;Kim, D.U.;Kang, H.W.;Seo, G.S.
    • Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.35-47
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    • 2018
  • A edible mushroom, Clitocybe maxima (Lentinus giganteusis) commercially cultivated in China and Taiwan. However, the researches of cultivation and cultural characteristics were not reported in Korea. In this study, we conducted on cultural characteristics and artificial cultivation of C. maxima. Six isolates were collected from China(3 isolates, commercial strain), Taiwan(1 isolate, commercial strain) and Korea(2 isolates, wild type). C. maxima and L. giganteus collected in China and Taiwan, respectively, are the same in China and are estimated to be of the same species as cultured characteristics. The mycelial growth of the collected strains was not significantly different in agar medium but it showed the best growth in YPMG in liquid culture. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth and induction of fruit body were 25℃ and 30℃, respectively. In order to artificial cultivation of C. maxima, cultural characteristics and artificial cultivation were carried out using agricultural by-products and forestry by-products materials. Mycelial growth was suitable in rice straw, cottonwood sawdust, corncob and rice seed medium, and it was selected as a cultivation medium. The suitable medium for artificial cultivation of C. maxima was selected to mixed medium 2(compounding ratio(v/v): 55% of hardwood sawdust, 5% of cottonseed pellets, 10% of cottonseed, 15% of beet pulp, 15% of swollen rice husks). It took about 30 days to be able to harvest, it was faster than oyster mushrooms. The cultivation period was about 30days. A isolate, CMA-002 was not initiation to fruit body primordiuma on the used cultivation substrate. Other 5 isolates were initiate and development to fruit body on the substrate used in this study. The strain CMA-003 was initiated to be fruiting body by 8~10 days after induction of fruiting body in all of the substrates. Isolate CMA-003 was generate to a bundle fruit body. Other isolates, however, were form fruit body individually. The CMA-003 strain was likely highly recommendable strains for farming. The optimum conditions for the induction and growth of C. maxima fruit body were 25~30℃, 8 hr illumination per day with white fluorescent lamp, 90~95% relative humidity, and 1,500 ppm of CO2 concentration in a cultivation room.

"Jungmo2510", Forage Rye Cultivar of Early-Heading and Resistance to Lodging (조숙성이고 도복에 강한 사일리지용 호밀 품종 '중모2510' 개발)

  • Han, O.K.;Ku, J.H.;Ahn, J.W.
    • Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.61-70
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    • 2019
  • "Jungmo2510", a rye cultivar, Secale cereal L., was developed by National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2015. It was developed from open pollination from within 10 rye cultivars or lines including "Chochun" in 1995. The line "SR95POP-S1-523-1-5-5-4-7-3-B-16-3-19" was selected for its excellent agronomic appearance and was placed in yield trials for two years from 2011 to 2012. The line was designated "Homil55" and was placed in regional yield trials at the four locations around Korea from 2013 to 2015, during which time the name "Jungmo2510" was given. This cultivar is an erect plant type and leaves of short and broad size with a green color, a yellow colored, medium-diameter culm, and a yellowish brown-colored, medium-size grain. The heading date of "Jungmo2510" was April 16, which were 2 days earlier than that of "Gogu". "Jungmo2510" also showed similar to winter hardiness and greater resistance to lodging compared to those of the check cultivar. Over three years, the average dry matter yield of "Jungmo2510" was 802 kg 10a-1 , which was harvested in late April and was lower than that of the check cultivar "Gogu" (825 kg). The seed productivity of "Jungmo2510" was approximately 481 kg 10a-1 , which was 2.4% less than that of the check. "Jungmo2510" was higher to than "Gogu" in term of protein content (9.1% and 8.0%, respectively), total digestible nutrients(TDN)(57.5% and 55.5%, respectively), and TDN yield 10a-1(419 kg and 392 kg, respectively). This cultivar is recommended as a fall sowing crop in areas where the average daily minimum-mean temperatures are higher than -12 ℃ in January, and as a winter crop for whole-crop forage before the planting of rice or green manure around Korea.

Diet Composition of Tanaka's snailfish, Liparis tanakae in the Yellow Sea, Korea (한국 서해에 출현하는 꼼치(Liparis tanakae)의 위내용물 조성)

  • Suyeon Jin;Da Yeon Kang;Gi Chang Seong;Do-Gyun Kim;Ho Seung Kim;Hyeon Ji Kim;Jeong Hoon Lee;Gun Wook Baeck
    • Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.354-360
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    • 2023
  • The diet composition of Tanaka's snailfish, Liparis tanakae were collected by bottom trawl net in the Yellow Sea of Korea during 2022 (April, August, October, and November). The size of the specimens ranged from 3.8 to 52.2 cm in total length. L. tanakae were primary consumed caridea shrimps (Crangon hakodatei, Eualus spathulirostris, etc.) and specialist feeder mainly consumed caridea shirmps (C. hakodatei). The L. tanakae's trophic level is 3.63. Caridea shrimps were the primary prey items for all size groups (<20 cm, 20~30 cm, 30~40 cm, ≥40 cm). The proportion of E. spathulirostris has increased as the body size of L. tanakae increased, whereas the proportion of C. hakodatei decreased gradually. As the body size of L. tanakae increased the mean weight of prey per stomach (mW/ST) tended to increase significantly (One-way ANOVA, P<0.05). The caridea shrimps were the primary prey items throught all seasons. In summer, the main prey items were the C. hakodatei, however, in autumn, the proportion of C. hakodatei decreased while the proportion of E. spathulirostris increased.

Interaction between Invertebrate Grazers and Seaweeds in the East Coast of Korea (동해안 조식성 무척추동물과 해조류 간 상호작용)

  • Yoo, J.W.;Kim, H.J.;Lee, H.J.;Lee, C.G.;Kim, C.S.;Hong, J.S.;Hong, J.P.;Kim, D.S.
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.125-132
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    • 2007
  • We estimated the distribution of predator-prey interaction strengths for 12 species of herbivores (including amphipods, isopods, gastropods, and sea urchins) and made a regression model that may be applicable to other species. Laboratory experiments were used to determine per capita grazing rate (PCGR; g seaweeds/individual/day). Relationship between the biomass of individual grazers and fourth-root transformed PCGR was fitted to power curve ($y=0.2310x^{0.3290}$, r=0.8864). This finding supported that the grazing efficiency was not even as individual grazers increase in size (biomass). Therefore, the biomass-normalized PCGR was estimated and revealed that smaller size herbivores were more effective grazers. Grazing impact considering density of each taxon was calculated. The sea hare Aplysia kurodai had greatest grazing impact on the seaweed bed and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus and S. intermedius were ranked in descending order of the impact. The amount of seaweed grazed by the amphipod Elasmopus sp. (>4,000 $ind./m^2$) and Jassa falcata (>2,000 $ind./m^2$) were 3.435 and $1.697mg/m^2/day$ respectively. The combined grazing amount of herbivores was $5,045mg/m^2/day$ in the seaweed bed. Although sea hare and sea urchin had strong impacts on seaweeds, the effects of dense, smaller species could not be seen as negligible. Surprisingly, the calculated grazing potential of sea urchins with a mean density of 3 $ind./m^2$ exceeded the mean production of seaweed cultured in domestic coastal waters in Korea (ca., 5 ton/ha). Small crustaceans were also expected to consume up to 16% of the seaweed production if their densities were rising under weak predation conditions. Considering that the population density of herbivores are strongly controlled by fish, human interference like overfishing may have strong negative effects on persistence of seaweeds communities.

Distribution Patterns of Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in the Sediments of the Northeast Equatorial Pacific Ocean (북동 적도태평양해역 퇴적물의 탄소 및 질소함량 분포특성)

  • Kim, Kyeong-Hong;Hyun, Jung-Ho;Son, Ju-Won;Son, Seung-Jyu
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.210-221
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    • 2008
  • The mesoscale environmental surveys were conducted between $5^{\circ}N\;and\;17^{\circ}N$ mainly along the $131.5^{\circ}W$ meridian from 1997 to 2002 to investigate controlling factors of carbon and nitrogen contents in bottom sediments. Sediments of the study area showed zonal distribution pattern depending on latitudinal position and can be classified into four types; calcareous ooze($5{\sim}6^{\circ}N$), siliceous sediments($8{\sim}12^{\circ}N$), pelagic red clay($16{\sim}17^{\circ}N$), and mixed sediments($7^{\circ}N$). Inorganic carbon(IC) contents varied depending on water depth and carbonate compensation depth(CCD). Carbonate materials were well preserved in the low latitude region, where water depths are shallower than CCD. In contrast, the higher latitude region dominated by siliceous sediment and pelagic red clays has low productivity in water column as well as the water depths deeper than CCD. Thus, most of carbonate materials were dissolved, which resulted in IC contents of less than 0.05% in the sediments. Organic carbon(OC) and total nitrogen contents(TN) in siliceous sediments were higher than in pelagic red clay sediments simply because of higher primary productivity in the siliceous sediment dominated area. The contents of OC and TN were lower in the calcareous ooze than in the siliceous sediments. It is attributed to the high input of calcareous material to the bottom due to relatively shallow water depth of the area, which diluted organic matter contents in the sediment. Overall results indicated that water depth relative to CCD, primary production in water column, and sedimentation rate largely controls the large-scale distribution of carbon and nitrogen contents in the study area.

Characteristics and anti-obesity effect of fermented products of coffee wine (커피발효물의 발효특성 및 항비만 효과)

  • So Hyun Park;Hyeon Hwa Oh;Do Youn Jeong;Young-Soo Kim
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.703-715
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    • 2023
  • This study was conducted to investigate the fermentation characteristics and anti-obesity effects of acetic acid fermentation products of coffee wine. The live cell counts, soluble solids, pH and total acidity of the acetic acid unfermented coffee wine (AUFCW; day 0, before fermentation) were 6.35 log CFU/mL, 8.10 °Brix, 3.88, and 1.29%, respectively, while the acetic acid fermented coffee wine (AFCW; day 15, after fermentation) were 4.40 log CFU/mL, 8.57 °Brix, 3.07, and 7.45%, respectively. Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity tended to increase as the acetic acid fermentation period increased. The anti-obesity effects of AFCW on 3T3-L1 cells, which was induced by MDI, were evaluated based on the lipid accumulation rate, leptin expression, and fat production-related gene expression (PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c) at the mRNA level. In the case of AFCW, the lipid accumulation rate and leptin expression were decreased to 69.37% and 50.20% at a concentration of 200 ㎍/mL, respectively, and the expression levels of PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c at the mRNA level were decreased to 79.89% and 48.81%, respectively. These results indicate that anti-obesity effect of acetic acid fermentation products could be increased by acetic acid fermentation of coffee wine.

Changes in quality characteristics of makjang depending on fermentation location and complex starters (발효 장소와 복합 종균에 따른 막장의 품질 특성 변화)

  • Jieon Park;Myeong-Hui Han;Woosoo Jeong;Soo-Hwan Yeo;So-Young Kim
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.1056-1071
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    • 2023
  • This study aimed to investigate the quality and microbial population changes for 90 days under two fermentation conditions, outdoors and indoors (35℃), with starters (single or mixed) in soybean paste. Bacillus velezensis NY12-2 (S1), Debaryomyces hansenii D5-P5 (S2), Enterococcus faecium N78-11 (S3), and their mixtures (M) were used for the makjang fermentation. The content of amino-type nitrogen among the makjang samples was highly shown in the indoors, followed by M, S3, and S2. The glutamic and aspartic acid contents in the M sample fermented in the indoors showed the highest values of 867.42±77.27 and 243.20±15.79 mg/g, respectively. By the electronic tongue analysis, the M sample fermented in the indoors exhibited lower saltiness and higher umami than the others. Consequently, we expect that using mixed strains, such as Bacillus, Debaryomyces, and Enterococcus, under constant conditions showed potential to the quality improvement of soy products.

Tokamak plasma disruption precursor onset time study based on semi-supervised anomaly detection

  • X.K. Ai;W. Zheng;M. Zhang;D.L. Chen;C.S. Shen;B.H. Guo;B.J. Xiao;Y. Zhong;N.C. Wang;Z.J. Yang;Z.P. Chen;Z.Y. Chen;Y.H. Ding;Y. Pan
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • v.56 no.4
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    • pp.1501-1512
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    • 2024
  • Plasma disruption in tokamak experiments is a challenging issue that causes damage to the device. Reliable prediction methods are needed, but the lack of full understanding of plasma disruption limits the effectiveness of physics-driven methods. Data-driven methods based on supervised learning are commonly used, and they rely on labelled training data. However, manual labelling of disruption precursors is a time-consuming and challenging task, as some precursors are difficult to accurately identify. The mainstream labelling methods assume that the precursor onset occurs at a fixed time before disruption, which leads to mislabeled samples and suboptimal prediction performance. In this paper, we present disruption prediction methods based on anomaly detection to address these issues, demonstrating good prediction performance on J-TEXT and EAST. By evaluating precursor onset times using different anomaly detection algorithms, it is found that labelling methods can be improved since the onset times of different shots are not necessarily the same. The study optimizes precursor labelling using the onset times inferred by the anomaly detection predictor and test the optimized labels on supervised learning disruption predictors. The results on J-TEXT and EAST show that the models trained on the optimized labels outperform those trained on fixed onset time labels.

Studies on Takju Brewing with Potatoes (감자를 이용(利用)한 탁주제조(濁酒製造)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, S.Y.;Oh, M.J.;Kim, C.J.
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.81-92
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    • 1974
  • In order to prepare the mashing materials for 'Takju', Korean wine, with potatoes, theywere steamed, dryed, and pulverized, and their chemical components were analyzed. As a brewing method of Takju with potatoes, general 2nd stage process with Ipkuk and Bunkuk (enzyme sources), commonly used now, was carried out and the effects of preparing conditions of Ipkuk(koji) with potato flour, mashing materials and brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mash, and of storing time on the contents of Takju, were investigated and the results obtained were summarized as follows, 1. Chemical components of steamed potatoes and potato flour were Moisture; 76.2, 10.8%, Total sugar; 16.1, 69.8%, Reducing sugar; 3.45, 13.4%, Crude protein; 2.1, 11.3%, Total acid; 0.012, 0.023% and Volatile acid; 0.0012, 0.0025% respectively. 2. The most effective preparing conditions of Ipkuk with potato flour were to incubate the potato flour added 40-50% of water for 48 hours by general preparing process of Koji, and liquefying and saccharogenic amylase activities of Ipkuk incubated at above conditions were $D40^{\circ}$ 30' 128 W.V. and 13.2 A.U.. 3. The effects of various brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mashes were as follows; 1) Optimum ratio of mashing water and materials for Takju brewing with potato flour was 140ml of water to 60g of flour in 1st stage and 260ml to 140g in 2nd stage. 2) Optimum fermentating times and temperatures for Takju brewing were at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 1st stage and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 2nd stage. 3) Optimum amounts of enzyme sources for Takju brewing were 20-30% of Ipkuk and 0.5% of Bunkuk in 1st stage and 1.0% of Bunkuk in 2nd stage. 4) Methanol content of the Takju mash brewed with raw potato flour was much more than that with steamed potato flour. 5) Alcohol, fusel oil and Formol nitrogen contents of the Takju mash brewed with potato flour were less than that with wheat flour, on the contrary, methanol contents and total acidifies of them were showed conversely above. 4. The changes of chemical components and microflora in the mashes during the brewing potato flour Takju were as follows; 1) The accumulation of ethanol followed rapidly in early stage, being the highest at 72 hours (11.9%). 2) Total sugar content of the mash was decreased considerably within 48-72 hours, being 2.62% at 72 hours, and thereafter slowly. 3) Reducing sugar of the mash had a tendency of decreasing, being 0.29% at 48 hours. 4) Total acidity, volatile acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the mash were increased slowly, being 7.30, 0.20, 2.55 at 48 hours. 5) Total cells of yeast appeared the highest in 72 hours ($2.1{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6) Total cells of bacteria appeared the highest in 48 hours ($2.4{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased or increased slightly. 5. Takju was made from the fermented mash mixed with water to be 6% of alcohol content, and the change of alcohol content, total acidity, total cells of yeast and bacteria during the storing at $30^{\circ}C$ were as follows; 1) Alcohol content of Takju was increased slightly at 24 hours (6.2%), and thereafter decreased slowly. 2) Total acidity of Takju was increased gradually, being 6.1 at 72 hours 3) Total cells of yeast and bacteria appeared the highest at 48 hours ($2.3{\times}10^8,\;1.5{\times}10^8$), and thereafter decreased slowly. 6. Alcohol content, total acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the Takju brewed with potato flour Ipkuk or wheat flour Ipkuk and steamed potatoes(1:5) were 9.8-11.3%, 5.8-7.4, 2.5-3.3 respectively, and the color of the Takju. was similar to commercial Takju. 7. The results of sensory test for various experimental Takju, showed that the Takjues brewed with the materials combined with wheat flour and steamed potatoes(4:5 or 3.5:7.5) were not significantly different in color, taste and flavor from commercial Takju, However, those with potato flour and wheat flour (1:1 or 7:3) were significantly different from commercial Takju.

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Studies on Takju Brewing with Potatoes (감자를 이용(利用)한 탁주제조(濁酒製造)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, S.Y.;Oh, M.J.;Kim, C.J.
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.67-81
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    • 1974
  • In order to prepare the mashing materials for "Takju", Korean wine, with potatoes they were steamed, dryed, and pulverized, and their chemical components were analyzed. As a brewing method of Takju with potatoes, general 2nd stage process with Ipkuk and Bunkuk (enzyme sources), commonly used now, was carried out and the effects of preparing conditions of Ipkuk(koji) with potato flour, mashing materials and brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mash and of storing time on the contents of Takju, were investigated and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Chemical components of steamed potatoes and potato flour were Moisture; 76.2, 10.8%, Total sugar; 16.1, 69.8%, Reducing sugar; 3.45, 13.4%, Crude protein; 2.1, 11.3%, Total acid; 0.012, 0.023% and Volatile acid; 0.0012, 0.0025% respectively 2. The most effective preparing conditions of Ipkuk with potato flour were to incubate the potato flour added 40-50% of water for 48 hours by general preparing process of Koji, and liquefying and saccharogenic amylase activities of Ipkuk incubated at above conditions were $D_{40^{\circ}}{^{30{\prime}}}$ 128 W.V. and 13.2 A. U. 3. The effects of various brewing conditions on the contents of Takju mashes wereas follows; 1) Optimum ratio of mashing water and materials for Takju brewing with potato flour was 140ml of water to 60g of flour in 1st stage and 260ml to 140g in 2nd stage. 2) Optimum fermentating times and temperatures for Takju brewing were at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 1st stage and at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours in 2nd stage. 3) Optimum amounts of enzyme sources for Takju brewing 20-30% of Ipkuk and 0.5% of Bunkuk in 1st stage and 1.0% of Bunkuk in 2nd stage. 4) Methanol content of the Takju mash brewed with raw potato flour was much more than that with steamed potato flour. 5) Alcohol fusel oil and Formal nitrogen contents of the Takju mash brewed with potato flour were less than that with wheat flour, on the contrary, methanol contents and total acidities of them were showed conversely above. 4. The changes of chemical components and microflora in the mashes during the brewing potato flour Takju were as follows; 1) The accumulation of ethanol followed rapidly in early stage, being the highest at 72 hours (11.9%) 2) Total sugar content of the mash was decreased considerably within 48-72 hours, being 2.62% at 72 hours, and thereafter slowly. 3) Reducing sugar of the mash had a tendency of decreasing, being 0.29% at 48 hours. 4) Total acidity, volatile acidity and Formal nitrogen content of the mash were increased slowly, being 7.30, 0.20, 2.55 at 48 hours. 5) Total cells of yeast appeared the highest in 72 hours ($2.1{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6) Total cells of bacteria appeared the highest in 48 hours ($2.4{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased or increased slightly. 5. Takju was made from the fermented mash mixed with water to be 6% of alcohol content, and the change of alcohol content, total acidity, total cells of yeast and bateria during the storing at $30^{\circ}C$ were as follows; 1) Alcohol content of Takju was increased slightly at 24 hours (6.2%), and thereafter decreased slowly. 2) Total acidity of Takju was increased gradually, being 6.1 at 72 hours 3) Total cells of yeast and bacteria appeared the highest at 48 hours ($2.3{\times}10^8$, $1.5{\times}10^8$) and thereafter decreased slowly. 6. Alcohol content, total acidity and Formol nitrogen content of the Takju brewed with potato flour Ipkuk or wheat flour Ipkuk and steamed potatoes(1:5) were 9.8-11.3%, 5.8-7.4, 2.5-3.3 respectively, and the color of the Takju was similar to commercial Takju. 7. The results of sensory test for various experimental Takju, showed that the Takjues brewed with the materials combined with wheat flour and steamed potatoes (4:5 or 3.5:7.5) were not significantly different in color, taste and flavor from commercial Takju, However, those with potato flour and wheat flour (1:1 or 7:3) were significantly different from commercial Takju.

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