• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.103-114
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to test the motivation, attitude of voluntary service and self-esteem of college students. Therefore it can give the fundamental data of the institutionalization plan and to find the activative methods of voluntary system. This study is based on the questionaire, that was consisted of motivation, attitude of voluntary service and self-esteem. For this study, 223 college students were answered. The data was collected from 10th to 30th September 2002. The results of this study are as follows : 1. $\cdot$The mean score on the motivations scale of voluntary service was $3.221{\pm}0.42$. $\cdot$The mean score on the attitudes scale of voluntary service was $3.28{\pm}0.49$. $\cdot$The mean score on the self-esteem was $2.56{\pm}0.46$. 2. There were significant differences between voluntary service was self motivated(F= 11.12, p= 0.000), the students who will participate very active in voluntary service aftergraduation(F= 11.12, p= 0.000), and the motivations of voluntary service. 3. There were significant differences between the students who will participate very active in voluntary service after graduation (F= 8.23, p= 0.000) and the attitudes of voluntary service. 4. There were significant differences between voluntary service was self motivated (F=4.69, p= 0.004), the students who will participate very active in voluntary service after graduation(F=2.49, p=0.045), the parents who have the experience of voluntary service(F= 5.03, p= 0.026), the students who have the experience of voluntary service before college entrance. 5. There was positively significant correlation between the motivations of voluntary service and the attitudes (r= .693, P=0.01), the attitudes and self-esteem (r= .326, p=0.01), and the motivations of voluntary service and self-esteem (r= .305, p=0.01).

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the influential variables of participation toward voluntary activities of elderly women's. For this purpose, the data collected 312 women's elderly in Jinju city. Statistics employed for the analysis were frequencies, logit regression and multiple regression analysis. The major results of this study were as follows; In participation intention toward voluntary activities for women's elderly, the variables which influence were job, state of health, level of life, need of voluntary activities, and satisfaction of voluntary activities in the past.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.204-226
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• 1999

This study attempted to compare the social interest, motivation, and attitude of nursing college students who participated in a voluntary program and the students who didn't participate in a voluntary program. The purpose of this study can be summarized as to find the effect of a voluntary program and to offer fundamental data for institutionalizing a voluntary program in college. The subjects were composed of two groups, one group attend the voluntary program and the other group doesn't. The subjects were 390 nursing students: 179 in the experimental group and 211 in the control group. The results of this study are as follows : 1. Before voluntary activities, the mean value of the control group was higher than that of the experimental group in social interest and altruistic motivation. The difference is statistically meaningful(t= -2.2.53, p=.25, t= -2.509, p= .013). 2. After voluntary activities, selfish motivation and altruistic motivation in the experimental group was higher than before. The difference is statistically meaningful(t= 2.404, p=.0l7, t=-2.751, p=.007). 3. The social interest, selfish motivation, altruistic motivation toward voluntary activities and selfish attitude, altruistic attitude toward voluntary activities will not have changed in the control group before or after voluntary program. However, the altruistic attitude lowered after voluntary activity. It is statistically meaningful(t=2.694, p=.008). 4. After the voluntary activities, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in altruistic attitude. In the experimental group, the mean value of altruistic attitude increased significantly, but in the control group the mean value of altruistic attitude decreased ( t = 2.15, p = .032). The results of this study showed that voluntary activities not only increase social interest and altruistic attitude, but also the subject's understanding toward the community. 3. The social interest, selfish motivation, altruistic motivation toward voluntary activities and selfish attitude, altruistic attitude toward voluntary activities will not have changed in the control group before or after voluntary program. However, the altruistic attitude lowered after voluntary activity. It is statistically meaningful (t=2.694. p=.008). 4. After the voluntary activities, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in altruistic attitude. In the experimental group, the mean value of altruistic attitude increased significantly, but in the control group the mean value of altruistic attitude decreased (t = 2.15, p =.032). The results of this study showed that voluntary activities not only increase social interest and altruistic attitude, but also the subject's understanding toward the community.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.65-73
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• 2016

Purpose - Recently, the management conditions of small independent retailers are getting worse everyday as large-scale marts and franchised convenience stores are increasing. The objective of this research is to find out the antecedents and consequences of cooperation in voluntary chain in order to enhance small independent retailer's competitiveness. Voluntary chains, also called affiliation or symbol groups, or allied group represent a high market shared in some European countries like Italy, France, and Germany. Nevertheless, there are still limitations in this research from academic fields. Drawing from network theory, the author investigates the relationship between antecedent factors in voluntary chain cooperation, such as participation benefits, justice of compensation, and autonomy in voluntary chain, and relationship specific asset. The author also attempts to examine the relationship between the relationship specific asset and cooperation of voluntary chain member shop and cooperation and consequence factors of voluntary chain cooperation, such as efficiency, group cohesiveness, and long-term relationship. Research design, data, and methodology - The author presented conceptual framework integrating the major antecedents and consequences of voluntary chain cooperation. The data were collected from 174 independent small retailers who joined K-voluntary chain. K-voluntary chain consists of small independent retailers. In accordance with their status, each entrepreneur associated with the voluntary group can own one or more outlets and can be a part of the life and the decision-making process of the group. This participation is not based on company turnover or on the number of outlets, but based on a one member, one vote system. To verify the research model and test hypotheses, the author carefully investigated the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the proposed model. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS structural equation modeling program. Results - The results of this study are as follows. First, as antecedent variables, participation benefits and justice of compensation have positive effect on the relationship specific assets of voluntary chain members. Second, voluntary chain members' relationship specific asset also directly related to the level of its cooperation to chain headquarter. Third, cooperation of voluntary chain member shop facilitates efficiency, group cohesiveness, and long-term relationship. Unexpectedly, there are no effect autonomy in voluntary chain to relationship specific asset. Conclusions - This research shows several theoretical and practical implications to both marketing scholars and marketers. In terms of theoretical implications, this study applies to network theory and network theory variables to explain the antecedent and consequence factors of cooperation in voluntary chain. From the point of view from business management, most of all, this study shows the way how to reinforce competitiveness of voluntary chain. Specifically, it is necessary for voluntary chain headquarter to give higher level of participation benefit and justice of compensation to its members. Second, the results also indicate what the consequence factors of cooperation in voluntary chain. In other words, to increase the level of marketing efficiency, group cohesiveness, long-term orientation in retail voluntary chain, and chain headquarter need to facilitate participants' cooperation.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.201-228
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• 2018

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to classify never-married types of adult men and women and explore factors related to these types. Never-married types were categorized into 4 types according to continuity and voluntariness: continuous voluntary type; changed voluntary type; continuous non-voluntary type; and changed non-voluntary type. Factors related to types of being single were examined in terms of socio-demographic factors, individual and psychological factors (self-esteem, depression), dating relationship factors (current relationship status), original family factors (parental conflict, relationship with parents, parents' demand for marriage), marriage related factors (division of roles after marriage), and occupation related factors (work values, employment instability). Method: As for research method, a survey was conducted with never-married adult men and women between the ages of 35 and 49 living in Seoul, Gyeonggi or Incheon areas. Of 300 copies of questionnaire distributed, data from 295 copies were processed using SPSS 24.0 program for multinomial logit analysis. Results: The study results showed that, of never-married men respondents, continuous voluntary type accounted for 20.5%; changed voluntary type 18.9%; continuous non-voluntary type 49.6%; and changed non-voluntary type 11.0%. It was found that the factors related to continuous non-voluntary type among never-married men are age, religion, average monthly income, while the factors related to changed voluntary type are religion, self-esteem, depression, and frequency and strength of parental conflict, while the factor related to changed non-voluntary type men was living with parents. Examining never-married women respondents, it was found that, continuous voluntary type accounted for 33.9%; changed non-voluntary type 19.6%; continuous non-voluntary type 22.6%; and changed voluntary type 23.8%. The factor related to continuous non-voluntary type among never-married women was parents' demand for marriage, while the factors related changed voluntary type were age, depression and strength of parental conflict. Also, the factors related to changed non-voluntary type of never-married women were age, religion, living with parents, depression and parents' demand for marriage. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that continuous non-voluntary type formed the largest group among never-married men, whereas continuous voluntary type was the majority in never-married women. Both never-married men and women chose to remain single when they are living with their parents and their parental conflict is intense. Parents' demand for marriage was related to women, but not to men.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2011

Non-Annex I parties announced the voluntary emission reduction targets including the U.S. in the conference of party. NAMAs would be focused to solve the negotiation clue for the post-kyoto regime. Since the country would not be involved in Annex I parties, the voluntary carbon market would be created for the greenhouse gas reduction targets. According to Bali Roadmap, voluntary carbon market should be constructed by the MRV manners since this country does not belong to Annex I parties. Carbon point system would be proposed by the ways of the international voluntary emission reduction credit. The voluntary carbon market should involve the potential GHG reduction credit and link with the ETS in the country. This study proposed the way of linkage between ETS and voluntary carbon market including the carbon-point system.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.601-611
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• 2020

The study aims to investigate the impact of ownership structure on corporate voluntary disclosure in the listed companies of Bangladesh. While many studies on the impact of ownership structure on voluntary disclosure have looked at developed and developing countries, few studies have been carried out in a transition economy. Using a three-step relative voluntary disclosure index, the study applies a multivariate analysis on the cross-sectional data for the year 2018. The findings indicate that the quality of voluntary disclosure in transition economy is still below average but has improved compared to findings from the previous literature. We found a significant inverse relationship between corporate voluntary disclosure and public ownership, while no significant relationships between voluntary disclosure and institutional ownership, director ownership, and foreign ownership have been found. The empirical findings of the study will provide evidence to promote the voluntary disclosure characterized by the ownership structures. The findings have important implications for both local and foreign investors as they make their investment decisions especially related to a transition economy. Besides, the findings will assist, not only the corporate executives in rearranging their reporting paradigm, but also the regulators and governments in similar transition economy in adopting and formulating their corporate policies and strategies.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.199-210
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze the survey on the effects of food hygiene and customer voluntary behavior on product development. For this, we examined the demographic variables, relationship and distinctive influence. The study targeted 220 persons and employee who live in Seoul. The findings of this study are as follows. Firstly, we find that, as for food hygiene factors, there are significant relationships among customer satisfaction, cost reduction, customers' prior occupations, food hygiene safety. Secondly, we also find that there is a significant relationship between customer voluntary behavior and the survey. Thirdly, we find that, as for hygiene factors, there is a correlational significant relationship with customer voluntary behavior. Finally, the analysis shows that there is distinctive influence between the food hygiene and customer voluntary behavior. This study has academic significance in that it attempts to investigate the relationship between the factors influencing the development of new merchandise of the food industry.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.81-97
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of voluntary activity or midterm examination on self-esteem, health-promoting lifestyle, immunoglobulin in Nursing college student. Voluntary activity provides positive emotion(higher score of self-esteem) and midterm examination provides high level stress to students. Emotion and stress affect immune system. Seventy-five and seventy-eight subjects were assigned to voluntary activity and midterm examination group. In analyzing data, paired and unpaired t-tests and ANCOVA were used. The results were as following : 1.1 Self-esteem of after-voluntary activity was increased significantly than before-voluntary activity. 1.2 Health-promoting lifestyle of after-voluntary activity was not increased significantly than before- voluntary activity. 1.3 Immunoglobulin of after-voluntary activity was not increased significantly than before-voluntary activity. 2.1 Self-esteem of after-midterm examination was not decreased significantly than before-midterm examination. 2.2 Health-promoting lifestyle of after-midterm examination was decreased significantly .than before-midterm examination. 2.3 Immunoglobulin of after-midterm examination was not decreased significantly than before-midterm examination. 3.1 Self-esteem of voluntary activity group and midterm examination group was not different significantly. 3.2 Health-promoting lifestyle of voluntary activity group and midterm examination group was different significantly. 3.3 Immunoglobulin of voluntary activity group and midterm examination group was not different significantly.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.35-53
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• 2014

Company Social Networks (CSN) has emerged as a commonly used marketing channel. One of the most important advantages in CSN is the user's voluntary behavior as a relational performance. We classified level of voluntary behavior, as 'consumption', 'active participation', and 'creative contribution' to comprehend different relational performance of CSN. Moreover, we proposed research model to compare positive attitude and negative attitude. This study aims to investigate 'the process of user's voluntary behavior in CSN' which is causal relationship between benefits of CSN, user's attitude and voluntary behavior. Empirical results with 175 valid questionnaire data revealed that CSN benefit factors played a significant role in trust and distrust. Based on these effects, trust and distrust have different influences as level of voluntary behavior, just as proposed. For practitioners, it is crucial finding that users are more active behavior based on strong trust.