• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.90-104
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• 2019

In this study, CALPUFF modeling was performed, using a real surface and upper air meterological data to predict trustworthy modeling-results. Pollutant-releases from windscreen chambers of enclosed poultry farms, P1 and P2, and from a open poultry farm, P3, and their diffusing behavior were modeled by CALPUFF modeling with volume sources as well as by finally-adjusted CALPUFF modeling where a linear velocity of upward-exit gas averaged with the weight of each directional-emitting area was applied as a model-linear velocity ($u^M_y$) at a stack, with point sources. In addition, based upon the scenario of poultry farm-releasing odor and particulate matter (PM) removal efficiencies of 0, 20, 50 and 80% or their corresponding emission rates of 100, 80, 50 and 20%, respectively, CALPUFF modeling was performed and concentrations of odor and PM were predicted at the region as a discrete receptor where civil complaints had been frequently filed. The predicted concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were compared with those required to meet according to the offensive odor control law or the atmospheric environmental law. Subsequently their required removal efficiencies at poultry farms of P1, P2 and P3 were estimated. As a result, a priori assumption that pollutant concentrations at their discrete receptors are reduced by the same fraction as pollutant concentrations at P1, P2 and P3 as volume source or point source, were controlled and reduced, was proven applicable in this study. In case of volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, its required removal efficiencies of P1 compared with those of point source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, were predicted similar each other. However, In case of volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, its required removal efficiencies of both ammonia and $PM_{10}$ at not only P2 but also P3 were predicted higher than those of point source-adopted CALPUFF modeling. Nonetheless, the volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling was preferred as a safe approach to resolve civil complaints. Accordingly, the required degrees of pollution prevention against ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ at P1 and P2, were estimated in a proper manner.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.562-569
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• 2016

Recently, Low Impact Development (LID) is being used in Korea to control urban runoff and nonpoint source pollution. In this study, we evaluated the reduction of surface runoff from a study area, as the effect of connecting three bioretention as LID-BMP. Surface runoff and storage volume of bioretention is estimated by the Curve Number (CN) method. In this study, the storage volume of bioretention is divided by the volume of surface runoff and precipitation which directly enters the bioretention. The ratio of captured surface runoff volume to storage volume is highly influenced by the ratio of drainage area to surface area of bioretention. The high bioretention surface area-to-drainage area ratio captures more surface runoff. The ratio of 1.2 captures 51~54% of the total surface runoff, ranging from 5-30cm of bioretention depth; a ratio of 6.2 captures 81~85%. Three connected bioretentions could therefore captures much more runoff volume, ranging from $35.8{\sim}167.3m^3$, as compared to three disconnected bioretentions at their maximum amount of precipitation with non-effluent from the connecting three bioretentions. Hence, connecting LID-BMPs could improve the removal efficiencies of surface runoff volume and nonpoint source pollution.

• Journal of KSNVE
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.255-260
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• 1997

This paper describes 3-dimensional volume array of 4 microphones including a reference microphone which is capable of imaging wideband noise source position in 2-dimensional image plane. The cross correlation function and corresponding imaging function between a reference microphone and other microphone, are derived as a function of noise source position. The magnitude of the imaging function gives noise source mapping in image plane. Since the image plane is selective from a rectangular and a cylindrical plane, noise source position information such as range and bearing relative to the array is identified very much easily. Simulation results for typical source configurations confirms the applicability of the proposed array in noise control field.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2014

The leachate recirculation anaerobic digestion system has the advantage of stable methane gas generation compared with existing one phase systems. In this study, an anaerobic digestion system fed with source separated food waste from school cafeteria was studied with different food waste/inoculum anaerobic sludge volume ratios (8:2, 3:7, 2:8). From this study, leachate recirculation anaerobic reactor with food waste/inoculum anaerobic sludge volume ratio of 2:8 that is 9 gVS/L of OLR(Organic Loading Rate) had the highest gas production. Also this anaerobic reactor showed daily decrease of H2S and NH3 contents in produced gas. Average biogas yield was 1.395 m3 Biogas/kg VS added. Other anaerobic reactors with food waste/inoculum anaerobic sludge volume ratio of 8:2 and 3:7 stopped methane gas production.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.380-388
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• 2014

Background: The volume of surgery has been examined as a major source of variation in outcome after surgery. This study investigated the direct effect of surgery volume to in hospitals mortality and the moderating effect of structural complexity-the level of diversity and sophistication of technology a hospital applied in patient care-to the volume outcome relationship. Methods: Discharge summary data of 11,827 cancer patients who underwent surgery and were discharged during a month period in 2010 and 2011 were analyzed. The analytic model included the independent variables such as surgery volume of a hospital, structural complexity measured by the number of diagnosis a hospital examined, and their interaction term. This study used a hierarchical logistic regression model to test for an association between hospital complexity and mortality rates and to test for the moderating effect in the volume outcome relationship. Results: As structural complexity increased the probability of in-hospital mortality after cancer surgery reduced. The interaction term between surgery volume and structural complexity was also statistically significant. The interaction effect was the strongest among the patients group who had surgery in low volume hospitals. Conclusion: The structural complexity and volume of surgery should be considered simultaneously in studying volume outcome relationship and in developing policies that aim to reduce mortality after cancer surgery.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2004

In order to save time and money needed in the purchase commonly used gamma-ray standard sources, a new radioactive standard source was manufactured by the neutron activation of some regent in the research reactor HANARO. The source was manufactured with an aqueous solution by mixing and dissolving the irradiated reagents. The manufactured source was compared with a commercial standard source. It was confirmed that it could be used as an efficiency calibration source. Also, in order to compare the variation of efficiency due to the volume difference for various containers used in radioactivity assay, the efficiency variation as a function of sample volume was investigated.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

In this study, the dose distributions of a $^{32}$ p uniform cylindrical volume source and a surface source, a pure $\beta$emitter, were calculated in order to obtain information relevant to the utilization of a balloon catheter and a radioactive stent. The dose distributions of $^{32}$ p were calculated by means of the EGS4 code system. The sources are considered to be distributed uniformly in the volume and on the surface in the form of a cylinder with a radius of 1.5 mm and length of 20 mm. The energy of $\beta$particles emitted is chosen at random in the $\beta$ energy spectrum evaluated by the solution of the Dirac equation for the Coulomb potential. Liquid water is used to simulate the particle transport in the human body. The dose rates in a target at a 0.5mm radial distance from the surface of cylindrical volume and surface source are 12.133 cGy/s per GBq (0.449 cGy/s per mCi, uncertainty: 1.51%) and 24.732 cGy/s per GBq (0.915 cGy/s per mCi, uncertainty: 1.01%), respectively. The dose rates in the two sources decrease with distance in both radial and axial direction. On the basis of the above results, the determined initial activities were 29.69 mCi and 1.2278 $\mu$Ci for the balloon catheter and the radioactive stent using $^{32}$ P isotope, respectively. The total absorbed dose for optimal therapeutic regimen is considered to be 20 Gy and the treatment time in the case of the balloon catheter is less than 3 min. Absorbed doses in targets placed in a radial direction for the two sources were also calculated when it expressed initial activity in a 1 mCi/ml volume activity density for the cylindrical volume source and a 0.1 mCi/cm$^2$ area activity density for the surface source. The absorbed dose distribution around the $^{32}$ P cylindrical source with different size can be easily calculated using our results when the volume activity density and area activity density for the source are known.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.283-293
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• 2002

Purpose : A PC based brachytherapy planning system was developed to display dose distributions on simulation images by 2D isodose curve including the dose profiles, dose-volume histogram and 30 dose distributions. Materials and Methods : Brachytherapy dose planning software was developed especially for the Ir-192 source, which had been developed by KAERI as a substitute for the Co-60 source. The dose computation was achieved by searching for a pre-computed dose matrix which was tabulated as a function of radial and axial distance from a source. In the computation process, the effects of the tissue scattering correction factor and anisotropic dose distributions were included. The computed dose distributions were displayed in 2D film image including the profile dose, 3D isodose curves with wire frame forms and dosevolume histogram. Results : The brachytherapy dose plan was initiated by obtaining source positions on the principal plane of the source axis. The dose distributions in tissue were computed on a $200\times200\;(mm^2)$ plane on which the source axis was located at the center of the plane. The point doses along the longitudinal axis of the source were $4.5\~9.0\%$ smaller than those on the radial axis of the plane, due to the anisotropy created by the cylindrical shape of the source. When compared to manual calculation, the point doses showed $1\~5\%$ discrepancies from the benchmarking plan. The 2D dose distributions of different planes were matched to the same administered isodose level in order to analyze the shape of the optimized dose level. The accumulated dose-volume histogram, displayed as a function of the percentage volume of administered minimum dose level, was used to guide the volume analysis. Conclusion : This study evaluated the developed computerized dose planning system of brachytherapy. The dose distribution was displayed on the coronal, sagittal and axial planes with the dose histogram. The accumulated DVH and 3D dose distributions provided by the developed system may be useful tools for dose analysis in comparison with orthogonal dose planning.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.363-366
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• 2001

This study was to investigate the effects of media components on the mycelial growth of Lentinus eclodes, including C-source. N-source, Inorganic salts, and c/N ratio. Glucose and yeast extract were selected as C-source and N-source, respectively. $KH_2PO_4,\;K_2HPO_4,\;MGSO_4,\;7H_2O$ as inorganic salts were added. When glucose concentration was 30g/L and yeast extract concentration was 20g/L, indicating that C/N ratio was 1.5, the cell mass was about 9g/L.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.30-36
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• 2016

For the magnetic field analysis or design, it is important to know the behavior of the magnetic field in an interesting space. Magnetic field mapping becomes a useful tool for the study of magnetic field. In this paper, a numerical way for mapping the magnetic field within the cylindrical center volume of magnet is presented, based on the solution of the Laplace's equation in the cylindrical coordinate system. The expression of the magnetic field can be obtained by the magnetic flux density, which measured in the mapped volume. According to the form of the expression, the measurement points are arranged with the parallel cylindrical line (PCL) method. As example, the magnetic flux density generated by an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) magnet and a quadrupole magnet were mapped using the PCL method, respectively. The mapping results show the PCL arrangement method is feasible and convenience to map the magnetic field within a cylindrical center volume generated by the general magnet.