• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2013

In adaptive radiotherapy(ART), generated composite dose of surrounding normal tissue on overall treatment course which is using deformable image registration from multistage images. Also, compared with doses summed by each treatment plan and clinical significance is considered. From the first of May, 2011 to the last of July, 2012. Patients who were given treatment and had the head and neck cancer with 3-dimension conformal radiotherapy or intensity modulated radiotherapy, those who were carried out adaptive radiotherapy cause of tumor shrinkage and weight loss. Generated composite dose of surrounding normal tissue using deformable image registration was been possible, statistically significant difference was showed to mandible($48.95{\pm}3.89$ vs $49.10{\pm}3.55$ Gy), oral cavity($36.93{\pm}4.03$ vs $38.97{\pm}5.08$ Gy), parotid gland($35.71{\pm}6.22$ vs $36.12{\pm}6.70$ Gy) and temporomandibular joint($18.41{\pm}9.60$ vs $20.13{\pm}10.42$ Gy) compared with doses summed by each treatment plan. The results of this study show significant difference between composite dose by deformable image registration and doses summed by each treatment plan, composite dose by deformable image registration may generate more exact evaluation to surrounding normal tissue in adaptive radiotherapy.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2007

This study suggested a new method to stabilize molten salt wastes generated from the pyre-process for the spent fuel treatment. Using conventional sol-gel process, $SiO_2-Al_2O_3-P_2O_5$ (SAP) inorganic material that is reactive to metal chlorides were prepared. In this paper, the reactivity of SAP with the metal chlorides at $650{\sim}850$, the thermal stability of reaction products and their leach-resistance under the PCT-A test method were investigated. Alkali metal chlorides were converted into metal aluminosilicate($LixAlxSi1-_xO_{2-x}$) and metal phosphate($Li_3PO_4\;and\;Cs_2AlP_3O_{10}$) While alkali earth and rare earth chlorides were changed into only metal phosphates ($Sr_5(PO_4)_3Cl\;and\;CePO_4$). The conversion rate was about $96{\sim}99%$ at a salt waste/SAP weight ratio of 0.5 and a weight loss up to $1100^{\circ}C$ measured by thermogravimetric analysis were below 1wt%. The leach rates of Cs and Sr under the PCT-A test condition were about $10^{-2}g/m^2\;day\;and\;10^{-4}g/m^2\;day$. From these results, it could be concluded that SAP can be considered as an effective stabilizer for metal chlorides and the method using SAP will give a chance to reduce the volume of salt wasteform for the final disposal through further researches.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2011

Korean wheat semolina (FS: fine semolina) with similar characteristics to durum wheat semolina was substituted at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% in pasta dough and the physical and cooking characteristics were investigated for making optimal pasta. Water absorption of the dough increased with the 10, 20, and 30% substitution ratio of FS. Development times were high with >30% substituted FS. This result positively influenced an increase in production and the preparation of the fresh noodle pasta. Furthermore, soft textured fresh noodles could be made due to the decrease in stability and increased weakness of the >30% substituted FS. The amylograph gelatinization characteristics of Korean wheat semolina exhibited an increase of gelatinization temperature and decrease of maximum viscosity when compared with durum wheat. The handling property of the dough showed more than 4 points in all sample groups. Weight and volume decreased and turbidity and cooking loss increased according to the increasing amount of substituted FS. However, samples with ${\leq}$ 30% FS substitution ratio had similar volumes and cooking losses when compared to the control. The L- and a-values increased and the b-value of color decreased as more FS was added. In a texture analysis, the hardness of the cooking noodles showed a low value with the >30% substituted FS. Springiness, gumminess, and chewiness exhibited a high value. In the results of a sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was high score with more than 7 points for the 30% added FS. The preferences for pasta colors were divided into white, which is similar to the Korean traditional noodle, and yellow, which is similar to durum wheat. Flavor and taste were not affected by substituting with FS. Low hardness and high chewiness was the most preferred noodle. These results suggest that >30% substituted FS was suitable for increasing quality and organoleptic qualities of Korean wheat pasta.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2002

Background : Although patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer are known to have a poor prognosis, the prognostic factors for survival have not been well evaluated. Such factors may be different from those for overall survival. This study was performed to analyze the prognostic factors for survuval and the variation of survival according to metastatic organ, in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Materials and Methods : From January 1997 to December 2000, 151 patients with confirmed stage IV non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled into this study retrospectively. The clinical and laboratory data were analyzed using univareate Kaplan-Meied and Multivariate Cox regression models. Results : On univariate analysis, age, performance status, serum albumin level, weight loss, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), systemic chemotherapy, the number of metastatic organs and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level were significant factors (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, important factors for survival were ECOG performance (relative risk of death [RR]: 2.709), systemic chemotherapy (RR: 1.944), serum LDH level (RR: 1.819) and FEV1 (RR: 1.774) (p<0.05), Metastasis to the brain and liver was also a significant factor on univariate analysis). The presence of single lung metastasis was associated with better survival than that of other metastatic organs (p=0.000). Conclusion : We confirmed that performance status and systemic chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors, as has been recognized. The survival of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients was different according to the metastatic organs. Among the metastatic sites, only patients with metastasis to the lung showed bettrer survival than that of other sites, while metastasis of the brain or liver was associated with worse survival than that of other sites.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2003

Background : A CT scan is a useful modality for the diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the CT diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is sometimes difficult in patients with an atypical CT pattern, especially with lobar consolidation mimicking pneumonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and CT features of pulmonary tuberculosis, simulating pneumonia, from a CT scan. Materials and Methods : The clinical and CT features in 21 patients, where the CT diagnosis was pneumonia, or the CT differential diagnosis included pneumonia, were retrospectively analyzed. Results : Of the 21 patients, 6 were immunocompromised, 15 presented with fever or leukocytosis and 15 showed positive sputum smear test for acid fast bacilli. Also, 17 of the 21 patients showed a positive sputum culture test. On the CT scan, consolidation was noted in all patients (100%), volume loss of the involved lobe or segment in 12 (57%), bronchogenic spread in 15 (71%), a cavity in 7 (33%) and bronchial wall thickening also in 7 (33%). The location of the consolidation revealed a relatively even distribution, with no specific predilection site. The other associated pulmonary diseases included ARDS, bronchiectasis, severe pulmonary emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Conclusion : In the immunocompromised patients, or patients with an underlying pulmonary disease, whose CT scans showed pulmonary consolidation, especially in association with findings of bronchogenic spread, a cavity or bronchial wall thickening, meticulous examination for pulmonary tuberculosis is recommended.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2014

Liquid ionization chamber is filled with liquid equivalent material unlike air filled ionization chamber. The high density material allow very small-volume chamber to be constructed that still have a sufficiently high sensitivity. However liquid ionization chamber should be considered for both initial recombination and general recombination. We, therefore, studied using the Co-60 beam as the continuous beam and the microLion chamber (PTW) for comparing the ion collection efficiency by Greening theory, two-dose rate method and our experiment method. The measurements were carried out using Theratron 780 as the cobalt machine and water phantom and 0.6 cc Farmer type ionization chamber was used with microLion chamber in same condition for measuring the charge of microLion chamber according to the dose rates. Dose rate was in 0.125~0.746 Gy/min and voltages applied to the microLion chamber were +400, +600 and +800 V. As the result, the collection efficiency by three method was generally less than 1%. In particular, our experimental collection efficiency was in good agreement within 0.3% with Greening theory except the lowest two dose rates. The collection efficiency by two-dose rate method also agreed with Greening theory generally less than 1%, but the difference was about 4% when the difference of two dose rates were lower. The ion recombination correction factors by Greening theory, two-dose rate method and our experiment were 1.0233, 1.0239 and 1.0316, respectively, in SSD 80 cm, depth 5 cm recommended by TRS-398 protocol. Therefore we confirmed that the loss by ion recombination was about 3% in this condition. We think that our experiment method for ion recombination correction will be useful tool for radiation dosimetry in continuous beam.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 1982

Sardine and mackerel so called dark muscled fish have been underutilized due to the disadvantages in bloody meat color, high content of fat, and postmortem instability of protein. Recent efforts were made to overcome these defects and develope new types of product such as texturized protein concentrates and dark muscle eliminated minced fish. Approach of this study is based on the rapid dehydration of foamed fish-starch paste by dielectric heating. In process comminuted sardine meat was washed more than three times by soaking and decanting in chilled water and finally centrifuged. The meat was ground in a stone mortar added Ivith adequate amounts of salt, foaming agent, and other ingredients for aid to elasticity and foam stability. The ground meat paste was extruded in finger shape and heated in a microwave oven to give foamed, expanded, and porous solid structure by dehydration. Dielectric onstant $(\varepsilon')$ and dielect.ic loss $(\varepsilon")$ values of sardine meat paste were influenced by wavelength and moisture level. Those values at 100 KHz and 15 MHz were ranged 2.25-9.86; 2.22-4,18 for E' and 0.24-19.24; 0.16-1.20 for E", respectively, at the moisture levels of $4.2-13.8\%$. For a formula for fish-starch paste preparation, addition of $20-30\%$ starch (potato starch) to the weight of fish meat, $2-4\%$ salt, and $5-10\%$ soybean protein was adequate to yield 4-5 folds of expansion in volume when heated. Addition of e99 yolk was of benefit to micronize foam size and better crispness. In order to provide better foaming and dehydration, addition of $0.2-0.5\%$sodium bicarbonate, foaming agent, was proper to result in foam size of 0.5-0.7 mm and foam density of $200-400\;/cm^2$ which gave a good crispness. Heating time was depended upon the moisture level of fish-starch paste. For a finger shaped paste (1.0cm. $D\times10cm.L$) heating for 150-200 sec. in a microwave oven (700W. 2.45GHz) was sufficient to generate foams, expand, and solidify the porous structure of fish-starch paste. When the moisture content was above $55\%$ browning and scorching was deepened due to over-expansion and over-heating whereas the crispness was hardened by insufficient expansion at lower moisture content. In quality evaluation of the product, chemical composition of $30\%$ starch and $3\%$ salt added product was moisture $8.8\%$, lipid $2.4\%$, carbohydrate $46.7\%$, protein $36.1\%$, and ash $6.0\%$. Eleven membered panel test evaluated that fish-starch paste was acceptable in color, crisp-ness, taste, except a trace of fishy odour which could be masked by the addition of spice extracts.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.361-372
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• 2016

Lahar, one of catastrophic events, has the potential to cause the loss of life and damage to infrastructure over inhabited areas. This study using Laharz_py program, was performed schematic prediction on the impact area of lahar hazards at the Mt. Halla volcano, Jeju island. In order to comprehensively address the impact of lahar for the Mt. Halla, two distinct parameters, H/L ratio and lahar volume, were selected to influence variable for Laharz_py simulation. It was carried out on the basis of numerical simulation by estimating a possible lahar volumes of 30,000, 50,000, 70,000, 100,000, 300,000, $500,000m^3$ according to H/L ratios (0.20, 0.22 and 0.25) was applied. Based on the numerical simulations, the area of the proximal hazard zone boundary is gradually decreased with increasing H/L ratio. The number of streams which affected by lahar tended to decrease with increasing H/L ratio. In the case of H/L ratio 0.20, three streams (Gwangryeong stream, Dogeun stream, Han stream) in the Jeju-si area and six streams (Gungsan stream, Hogeun stream, Seohong stream, Donghong stream, Bomok stream, Yeong stream-Hyodon stream) in the Seogwipo-si area are affected. In the case of H/L ratio 0.22, two streams (Gwangryeong stream and Han stream) in the Jeju-si area and five streams (Gungsan stream, Seohong stream, Donghong stream, Bomok stream, Yeong stream-Hyodon stream) in the Seogwipo-si area are affected. And in the case of H/L ratio 0.25, two streams (Gwangryeong stream and Han stream) in the Jeju-si area and one stream (Yeong stream-Hyodon stream) in the Seogwipo-si area are affected. The results of this study will be used as basic data to create a risk map for the direct damage that can be caused due to volcanic hazards arising from Mt. Halla.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of noodles prepared with the addition of nanofiltered (NF) powder of sunmul. Noodles were prepared with different levels $(0\%,\;1.5\%,\;3\%\;and\;5\%,\;w/w)$ of NF powder and physico-chemical properties were examined. Results of rapid visco analyzer showed that peak, trough, final viscosity and set back decreased as the NF powder level increased. The weight and volume of cooked noodles increased with the addition of NF powder. Turbidity of soup also increased as the amount of NF powder increased, indicating higher cooking loss. The color of wet and cooked noodles became greenish yellow as the NF powder level increased. Hardness, springiness, gumminess and brittleness of cooked noodles decreased with the increasing amount of NF powder. Results of sensory evaluation showed that noodles prepared with up to $3\%$ addition of NF powder was considered to be as acceptable as noodles prepared without NF powder.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1985

In studying the structural work on ciguatoxin, parrot fish collected were identified as Scarus sordidus, S. frenatus, S. scaber and S. pectarlis, in which only S. sordidus contained toxic materials. Crude toxins obtained by silicic acid column chromatography, could be separated on a DEAE-cellulose column into two fractions, ST-1(less polar) and ST-2(polar) eluted with chloroform and chloroform-methanol(1:1). Furthermore ST-1 could be changed into ST-2 by repeated chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Rf values of ST-1 and ST-2 were 0.60-0.75 and 0.30-0.54 on TLC coated with silica gel 60F-254 developed by chloroform-methanol-water-acetic acid (90:9.5:0.2:0.3) mixture. The peaks of ST-1 and ST-2 were not observed on each HPLC chromatogram at low sensitivity(2X), but by bioassay they were detected in the fraction of 24-27ml(less polar toxin, 120ng) and 22-27 ml (polar toxin, 150 ng). Less polar ciguatoxin from morey eel viscera also showed its peak in the same elution volume(25ml). Being subjected to chromatography on basic aluminum oxide (activity grade I) or to alkaline treatment, followed by basic aluminum oxide (activity grade I) chromatography ST-1 toxin was remarkably converted into the polar toxic component supposed to be polar ciguatoxin in both cases. In the latter case, approximately 74% of the residual toxicity was changed into the polar component, accompanied by about 50% loss of the initial toxicity. More than 26% of ST-2 toxicity was transformed into the less polar toxic component supposed to be less polar ciguatoxin on a deactivated aluminum oxide (activity grade V) column.