• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 1991

Recently a non-electronic, disposable and portable infusor(Baxter infusor with patient control module, Baxter health care Co., Deerfield IL 60015 USA: BI $\bar{c}$ PCM) has been developed that will deliver both a continuous drug infusion as well as allow the patient to deliver extra doses of medication on a demand basis under predetermined limitation of analgesics. Patients may also not require as high analgesic dose rate to control pain when the acceptable and tolerable level of pain relief can be maintained by this device. From April l99l, we have used a total l93 units of BI $\bar{c}$ PCM. These units consisting of two components which one made by a balloon reservoir(capacity 65 ml, flow rate 0.5 ml/hr) to store medication and to regulate the pump power(490 torr), and another two PCMs to regulate additional analgesic administration by patients demand at intervals of 1S minutes and 60 minutes. The dose administered to the patient can be varied by changing the concentration of the infusate within the balloon reservoir. These devices were utilized for the pain control of 44 patients. These patients were divided into two groups. Twenty seven cases had cancer pain and 17 cases had non-cancer pain. The Touhy needle(No. l8 G.) tip was inserted into the epidural space and was used to guide the catheter to the spinal nerve level corresponding to the most painful area. The device was connected to the opposite site of the catheter tip and was filled with 60 ml of mixture solution such as 0.5% bupivacaine 15 ml, morphine HCl 10 mg, trazodone 10 ml, Tridol 3 ml and normal saline 31 ml were administed as the initial dose. When the initial dose was less effective, the next dose could be varied by increasing the concentration of bupivacaine, by adding more morphine (5~10 mg), and by reducing the volume of normal saline. Using these modules of drug self administration, we experienced the following: 1) Improvement of patient's self titration of analgesic requirement was provided. 2) The patients anxiety with pain recurrence resulting from delays in administering pain control medication was decreased significantly. 3) The working load accompanying with the single bolus injection as the usual method was reduced remarkably. 4) There was urinary retention in 5 cases and pruritus in 4 eases which developed as side effects but respiratory depression and vomiting was not encountered in a single case.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.158-163
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect on the marine environment by the use of Nano-S. Nano-S was made to apply to improve the red tide bloom. The experiment was performed at round tank with volume of 180 L. Each tank was filled with an aggravated sediment about $14{\pm}1cm$ hight and sea water. The water flow-rate of tank was established on the rate of 6.25 L/hr. Sea water level was fitted to 40 cm, therefore the filled water was about 150 L. The sediment was stabilized during one week. Then the Nano-S and the red mud were added into each tank 0 kg(control), 1 kg(tank A), 2 kg(tank B), 5 kg(tank C) and 10 kg(tank D) each other. The quantity was fulfilled with 0 kg(control), 2.75 kg(tank A), 5.51 kg(tank B), 13.77 kg(tank C) and 27.55 kg(tank D) per square meter of sediment. The experiment was performed during 30 days. Water and sediment samples were collected from each tanks on the before 1hour and after 1, 3, 6, 12 hour and 1st, 3th, 5th, 7th, 10th, 15th, 30th day of the experiment period. The change of water and sediment quality was analyzed before and after applying the Nano-S and the red mud.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.9
• /
• pp.4983-4988
• /
• 2013

Objectives: To establish a taxol-resistant cell line of human ovarian carcinoma (A2780/Taxol) and investigate its biological features. Methods: The drug-resistant cell line (A2780/Taxol) was established by continuous stepwise selection with increasing concentrations of Taxol. Cell morphology was assessed by microscopy and growth curves were generated with in vitro and in vivo tumor xenograft models. With rhodamine123 (Rh123) assays, cell cycle distribution and the apoptotic rate were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Drug resistance-related and signal associated proteins, including P-gp, MRPs, caveolin-1, PKC-${\alpha}$, Akt, ERK1/2, were detected by Western blotting. Results: A2780/Taxol cells were established with stable resistance to taxol. The drug resistance index (RI) was 430.7. Cross-resistance to other drugs was also shown, but there was no significant change to radioresistance. Compared with parental cells, A2780/Taxol cells were significantly heteromorphous, with a significant delay in population doubling time and reduced uptake of Rh123 (p<0.01). In vivo, tumor take by A2780 cells was 80%, and tumor volume increased gradually. In contrast, with A2780/Taxol cells in xenograft models there was no tumor development. FCM analysis revealed that A2780/Taxol cells had a higher percentage of G0/G1 and lower S phase, but no changes of G2 phase and the apoptosis rate. Expression of P-gp, MRP1, MRP2, BCRP, LRP, caveolin-1, PKC-${\alpha}$, Phospho-ERK1/2 and Phospho-JNK protein was significantly up-regulated, while Akt and p38 MARK protein expression was not changed in A2780/Taxol cells. Conclusion: The A2780/Taxol cell line is an ideal model to investigate the mechanism of muti-drug resistance related to overexpression of drug-resistance associated proteins and activation of the PKC-${\alpha}/ERK$ (JNK) signaling pathway.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2019

Background/Objectives: Although anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is rare, it is one of the deadliest forms of thyroid cancer. The fatality rate for ATC is high, and the survival rate at one year after diagnosis is <20%. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-tumor activities of paclitaxel, radiation, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combined therapy in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo and explore its effects on apoptotic cell death pathways. Materials & Methods: ATC cell line was exposed to TKI, lenvatinib in the presence or absence of paclitaxel with radiation, and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Effects of the combined treatment on cell cycle and intracellular signaling pathways were assessed by flow cytometry and western blot analysis. The ATC cell line xenograft model was used to examine the anti-tumor activity in vivo. Results: Our data revealed that the combined administration of paclitaxel, TKI, and radiation decreased cell viability in ATC cells, and also significantly increased apoptotic cell death in these cells, as demonstrated by the cleavage of caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation. This combination therapy reduced anti-apoptotic factor levels in ATC cells, while significantly decreasing tumor volume and increasing survival in ATC xenografts. Conclusion: These results indicate that administering the combination of paclitaxel, TKI, and radiation therapy may exert significant anticancer effects in preclinical models, potentially suggesting a new clinical approach for treating patients with ATC.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.11 no.1_2
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 1996

Human exposure to volatile compounds in tap water can occur from inhalation and dermal absorption as well as direct ingestion. The relative contribution to total human exposure from these pathways has been considered to be important especially for VOC's (volatile organic compounds). In an attempt to reduce the uncertainty of the risk assessment, it has been suggested that the exposure assessment process could be significantly improved by adopting Monte-Carlo simulation. However, there is no actual data in Korea for each exposure parameter to determine the level of exposure, and the distributional pattern. Therefore, we surveyed water use patterns and behavior related to multi-route exposure to VOC's in household tap water in Korea, and compared these values to the those in western countries. In the first survey, we calculated daily water intake using data from a sample of 1322 persons of several cities in Korea. In the second survey, we obtained questionnaire data on exposure time for showering, bathing and household activities, and tap water intake from 851households in Korea. In the last survey, we measured the exposure parameters (exposure time, water use rate etc.) related to showers, baths, toilets, dish washing, washing and cooking, and tap water intake was surveyed. Also, the subjects were measured their body weight, height and tidal volume, etc. A diary, a flow meter and a measuring cup were used to measure these values as precisely as possible. Average daily water intake was ranged 0.79-1.71 L/day for adults in three surveys. Tap water intake measured by log-sheet during one week in third survey was 1.26 (average), 1.98 L/day (90 percentlie), respectively. These results were comparable with results from EPA (1.4, 2L/day). The average amount of water used by housewives in the third survey was 515.0 $\pm$ 564.6L/day. In usual activity, the amount of water used in the bathroom, the laundry and the kitchen was 140.0 $\pm$ 538.9, 148.0 $\pm$ 174.5, 229.3 $\pm$ 205.4 L/day, respectively. Exposure parameters such as water intake rate, exposure duration, body weight, inhalation rates in surveyed data of Korean people differed from those published from western countries. This could be attributed to variations in lifestyle, dietary habits and physiological characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.152-160
• /
• 2021

Converter steel slag(BOF slag) is a vast amount of solid waste generated in the steelmaking process which has very low utilization rate in Korea. Due to the presence of free CaO which can derive bad volume stability in BOF slag, it usually land filled. For recycling BOF and identify its applicability as fine aggregate, this study investigates the fundamental characteristics of mortar with cement replaced ferronickel slag(FNS), which has the potential to be used as a binder. The results suggest that the mineral phases of BOF slag mainly include larnite(CaSiO₄), mayenite(Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃) and wuestite(FeO) while olivine crystallines are shown in FNS. The results of flow and setting time reveals that the flowability and process of hardening increased when the amount of FNS and BOF slag incorporated was increased. The length change shows that the amount of change in the length of the mortar was almost constant regardless of mix proportion while compressive strength was reduced. Micro structure test results revealed that FNS or/and BOF slag mix took a long time to react in the cement matrix to form a complete hydration products. To achieve the efficient utilization of B OF slag as construction materials, proper replacement rate is necessary.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.404-411
• /
• 2019

In this study, the HEC-HMS was applied to determine rainfall-runoff processes for the Gokgyuchun basin. Several sub-basins have large-scale reservoirs for agricultural needs and they store large amounts of initial runoff. Three infiltration methods were implemented to reflect the effect of initial loss by reservoirs: 'SCS-CN'(Scheme I), 'SCS-CN' with simple surface method(Scheme II), and 'Initial and Constant rate'(Scheme III). Modeling processes include incorporating three different methods for loss due to infiltration, Clark's UH model for transformation, exponential recession model for baseflow, and Muskingum model for channel routing. The parameters were calibrated using an optimization technique with trial and error method. Performance measures, such as NSE, RAR, and PBIAS, were adopted to aid in the calibration processes. The model performance for those methods was evaluated at Gangcheong station, which is the outlet of study site. Good accuracy in predicting runoff volume and peak flow, and peak time was obtained using the Scheme II and III, considering the initial loss, whereas Scheme I showed low reliability for storms. Scheme III did not show good matches between observed and simulated values for storms with multi peaks. Conclusively, Scheme II provided better results for both single and multi-peak storms. The results of this study can provide a useful tool for decision makers to determine master plans for regional flood control management.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.230-238
• /
• 2023

Small and medium-sized food manufacturing enterprises are largely reliant on manual labor, from inputting raw materials to palletizing the final product. Recently, there has been a trend toward smartness and digitization through the implementation of robotics and sensor data technology. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of improvement through 3D simulation on two repetitive work processes within a food manufacturing company. These processes involve workers whose speed cannot match the capacity of the applied equipment. Two manual processes were selected: the weighing and packing process performed by workers after skewer assembly, and the manual batch process of counting randomly delivered frozen foods, packing (both internal and external), and palletizing. The production volume, utilization rate, and number of workers were chosen as verification indicators. As a result of the simulation for improving the 3D process, production increased by 13.5% and 56.8% compared to the existing process, respectively. This was particularly evident in the process of applying palletizing robots. In both processes, as the utilization rate and number of input workers decreased, robots could replace tasks with high worker fatigue, thereby reducing work overload. This study demonstrates the potential to visually compare the process flow improvement using 3D simulations and confirms the possibility of pre-validation for improvement.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.867-873
• /
• 2023

In this study, for the purpose of standardized quality control of a cold medicine, we simultaneous analyzed four main chemical components of a cold medicine: acetaminophen, caffeine, methyl paraben, and propyl paraben. The sample was subjected to quantitative analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), after pretreatment of four components. The experiment was carried out by using Isocratic elution at wavelength of 270nm. Acetonitrile and water (H₂O) were used as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min in a commercial C18 reversed-phase column. A volume of 10uL cold medicine were injected into the column with column oven temperature at 35℃. As a result of the experiment, the values of Resolution were 4.983, 1.596, 5.519, and 1.678 respectively-well over Rs >1.5, which indicates that the separation of four components were efficient. In addition, value of symmetry factor of the components was 1.056, 1.069, 1.032, and 1.133 respectively, to show its symmetrical stability. The calibration curve of all four components exhibits good linearity with R² >0.9995 to 0.9999. Furthermore, the limit of detection(LOD) were between 0.0118 to 1.5973 mg/mL, while the limit of quantification (LOQ) were between 0.0353 to 4.7919 ㎍/mL with the recovery rate of 79.6% ~ 120.5%. The results of this study showed an efficient quality evaluation of a simultaneous analysis method for cold medicine components.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.91-102
• /
• 2009

In this study, to estimate the transforming (runoff and leachate) rate of the organic fertilizer made of livestock resources to farm land, laboratory scale test was conducted and the results were obtained as follows: The runoff volume from farm land showed the tendency of increase according to the increase of rainfall intensity. The most rainfall leachated into the underground at the rainfall intensity of 20mm/hr, and rainfall of 5L or less leachated at the rainfall intensity of > 32.4 mm/hr. This shows that surface runoff largely depends on the rainfall intensity when soil characteristic and hardness are similar in each site. When liquid compost was fertilized, the surface runoff was similar with the results from the reactor fertilized by compost, and leachate flow was found to be lower than compost. The runoff ratio of contaminant parameters from farm land were BOD 0.00003,, $COD_{cr}$ 0.00006, TN 0.00056, TP 0.00011, TOC 0.00005, Especially, the runoff ratio of TN showed 10 folds higher than other parameters. On the other hand, the runoff ratio of SS showed higher value of 0.001, and colloid particles of soil caused this result rather than the leachate from compost fertilizer. At all ranges of rainfall intensity, fertilizer removal ratio by farm land was found to be 94.9~98.4% for compost and 85.8~98.1% for liquid compost in terms of BOD. For TN, it resulted in 96.6~98.4% for compost and 97.2~98.5% for liquid compost, and thus the most fertilizer from livestock resources were shown to be reduced through farm land application.