• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2020

Objective: To develop the fermentation quality and chemical composition of alfalfa (Medicago sativa Lam.) silage, plants were inoculated with different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains at field 24 hours before harvest. Methods: The treatment groups were as follow: silage without additive as a control and inoculated with each strains of Lactobacillus brevis (LS-55-2-2), Leuconostoc citerum (L. citerum; L-70-6-1), Lactobacillus bifermentans (L. bifermentans; LS-65-2-1), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum; LS-3-3) and L. plantarum (LS-72-2). All the silages were stored at 25℃. Parameters such as pH, microorganism and volatile fatty acid contents, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, net gas, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, dry matter intake and relative feed value were measured to determine fermentation quality, chemical compositions and relative feed value of alfalfa silages. Results: Significant differences were found among the control and treated groups in terms of pH and microorganism contents at all opening times and crude protein, net gas, metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility of final silage. The pH values ranged from 4.70 to 5.52 for all treatments and control silage had the highest value of overall treatments at T₇₅d silages. Volatile fatty acid of silages was not influenced significantly by inoculations. However, lactic acid content of L. bifermentans (LS-65-2-1) was higher than the other treatments. The highest metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility were recorded from L. citerum (L-70-6-1) inoculation. In addition, no significant differences were found among treatments in terms of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter intake and relative feed value. Conclusion: Among the treated LAB isolates, L. bifermentans came into prominence especially in terms of organic acid composition and quality characters of silages.

• 청정기술
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2013

휘발분 21~57 wt%를 포함하는 17종의 다양한 등급의 석탄에 대하여 $CO_2$ 가스화 반응을 수행하였다. TGA를 이용하여 $CO_2$ 가스화 반응을 실시한 후 열분해 조건($N_2$)에서의 거동과 비교하였다. $N_2$ 분위기에서 온도 증가에 따른 무게 감량은 석탄 내 휘발분 함량에 비례하였고, $CO_2$가스화 반응성도 휘발분 증가에 따라 증가하였으나 열분해 대비 분산된 모습을 보였다. 석탄 내 산소 기능기들은 상대적으로 반응성이 크며, 이에 따라 O/C 비율의 증가는 $CO_2$ 가스화 반응성의 증가로 나타났다. 하지만 H/C 비율 및 가스화 반응의 촉매 역할을 담당할 수 있는 회분의 함량은 $CO_2$ 반응성과 유의할만한 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다. 이러한 반응 특징은 수증기 가스화 반응과 유사하였으며 고정층 반응기에서 얻어진 $CO_2$ 가스화 결과와 일치하였다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.461-473
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• 2017

Total mixed ration (TMR) including concentrate diet and roughage together have been used for the ruminant animal. Relatively high concentrations of moisture and water soluble carbohydrate are representative feature of TMR. Those moisture and water can also provide a niche for bacterial growth. Therefore, a possible fermentation of TMR induced by micro-organism is generally accepted. The present study hypothesized that different lactic acid bacteria could alter fermentation of TMR and subsequently rumen fermentation. Three lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei (A), L. plantarum (B) and L. parabuchneri (C), were employed and 7 treatments under full factorial design were compared with control without inoculation. TMR for dairy cow was used. Significant alterations by treatments were detected at lactic acid and butyric acid contents in TMR (p<0.05). Treatment AC (mixture of A and C) and BC (mixture of B and C) showed great lactate production. Great butyrate production was found at treatment C. At in vitro rumen fermentation, treatments B, C and AB (mixture of A and B) showed significantly great total gas production (p<0.05). All treatments except treatments B and AB, showed less dry matter digestibility, significantly (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid production at treatment AC was significantly greater than others (p<0.05). In individual volatile fatty acid production, treatment AB and AC showed great acetate and propionate productions, significantly (p<0.05). This study investigated correlation between organic acid production in TMR and rumen volatile fatty acid production. And it was found that butyric acid in TMR had significant negative correlation with acetate, propionate, total volatile fatty acid, AP ratio and dry matter digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.51-54
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• 1992

Silages were prepared with different ratios of oat and wheat straw 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 with or without urea supplementation and were ensiled for 60 days in air tight polyethylene bags and kept at room temperature. Results showed that dry matter loss was maximum in 100% oat silage and it decreased as the ratio of wheat straw increased. There was a significant difference in crude protein value of the silages prepared by different ratios of oat and wheat straw. Addition of urea significantly increased the crude protein and decreased the crude fibre value. Silage made with urea supplementation were well fermented as indicated by higher value of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lower value of residual carbohydrates. Maximum VFA concentrations were observed in 60:40 oat-wheat straw silages. The value of enzyme soluble organic matter (ESOM) was high in all the urea supplemented silages as compared to without urea and maximum value was found in 60:40 oat-wheat straw combination.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2010

The effect of co-firing with pulverized coal and wood biomass on ignition and burn-out temperature was investigated at air and oxy-fuel conditions by thermo gravimetric analyzer(TGA). Three kinds of coal(shenhua, adaro, wira) were selected and mixing ratios of coal and wood biomass was set to 1, 0.5, and 0.8. The ignition temperature depended on the amount of volatile matter of blended fuel, while the burn-out temperature was dominated by the oxidant ingredients. The oxy-fuel condition with an oxygen ratio(Ofr,o) of 0.3 showed similar tendency with air condition in the heat flow measurement. Volatile matter reaction, however, became dominant when oxygen ratio exceeded 0.8 for co-firing combustion of wood biomass and pulverized coal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.617-622
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• 1992

Four rumen-fistulated swamp buffaloes steers were used in a change-over experiment. This experiment was designed to provide a comparison of the effect of urea-ammonia treatment of rice straw with untreated rice straw. Nitrogen, mineral and trace elements were supplied at adequate levels to both diets in order to overcome deficiencies which may have otherwise confounded a direct comparison. There was a 46% increase in the intake of digestible organic matter (OM) with the urea-ammonia treated diet. This was contributed by a 17% increase in the digestibility of OM and a 25% increase in the voluntary intake of OM. Of the cell wall fraction, the digestibility of hemicellulose increased by the greatest amount (26%). There was an increased rate of passage of particulate matter out of the rumen for the treated straw, along with the increased rate of OM fermentation resulted in a 9% decrease in the amount of digesta dry matter (DM) contained in the rumen. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) pool in the rumen was 24% higher for the treated diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.812-819
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• 2013

Forty two Malpura lambs (21 d old) were divided into three groups of 14 each consisting of 8 females and 6 males. Lambs were allowed to suckle their respective dams twice daily up to weaning (13 wks) and offered free choice concentrate and roughage in a cafeteria system. The lambs in control group were fed conventional concentrate mixture, in RBO group concentrate mixture fortified with 4% industrial grade rice bran oil and in Ca-soap rice bran oil (as in RBO group) was supplemented in the form of calcium soap. The concentrate intake decreased($p{\leq}0.05$) in RBO group as a result total dry matter, crude protein and metabolizable energy intake decreased compared to control whereas Ca-soap prepared from the same rice bran oil stimulated the concentrate intake leading to higher total dry matter, crude protein and energy intakes. The digestibility of dry matter ($p{\leq}0.05$), organic matter ($p{\leq}0.05$) and crude protein ($p{\leq}0.05$) was higher in RBO group followed by Ca-soap and control whereas no effect was observed for ether extract digestibility. Higher cholesterol ($p{\leq}0.05$) content was recorded in serum of oil supplemented groups (RBO and Ca-soap) while no effect was recorded for other blood parameters. Rice bran oil as such adversely affected and reduced the body weight gain ($p{\leq}0.001$) of lambs in comparison to control whereas the Ca-soap of rice bran oil improved body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in lambs. Fat supplementation decreased total volatile fatty acids ($p{\leq}0.05$) and individual volatile fatty acid concentration which increased at 4 h post feeding. Fat supplementation also reduced ($p{\leq}0.05$) total protozoa count. Ca-soap of rice bran oil improved pre slaughter weight ($p{\leq}0.05$) and hot carcass weight ($p{\leq}0.05$). It is concluded from the study that rice bran oil in the form of calcium soap at 40 g/kg of concentrate improved growth, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality as compared to rice bran oil as such and control groups.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2016

This paper discusses the influence of organic matter contained in aggregate on the emission characteristic of ammonia ($NH_3$) from cement mortar. $NH_3$ can be released to indoor-outdoor environment through diffusion in mortar (or concrete) and have resulted in the increasing air pollution, and especially well known as a harmful gas for the human body. The concentration of $NH_3$ released from cement concrete was then compared to the contents of organic matter contained in the aggregate. The result indicates that the contents of organic matter in the aggregate significantly differ with types of aggregate from different areas of production. The organic matter becomes organic nitrogen through the process of microbial breakdown for a certain period and pure ammonium ion ($NH_4{^+}$) is produced from the organic nitrogen. The $NH_4{^+}$ was reacted with alkaline elements in the cement and released as $NH_3$ from cement concrete through a volatile process. The released $NH_3$ was proportional to the contents of $NH_4{^+}$ adsorbed in the aggregate from different areas of production and the concentrations of $NH_3$ emission from cement mortar according to the aggregate differ by more than 4 times.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.1034-1042
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 다양한 석탄 연구에 적용되고 있는 층류 반응기(LFR)를 이용하여 열분해와 연소 분위기에서 탄종에 따른 화염형상을 분석하였고, 휘발분 함량이 다른 두 석탄의 타르와 수트의 발생률을 구하였으며 이를 촤 입자의 표면적 및 표면 형상 변화와 함께 비교하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 층류 반응기는 화염형상을 가시적으로 분석하기에 뛰어나므로 석탄이 반응할 때 생성되는 수트 클라우드를 측정하여 그 형상 변화를 근거로 탈휘발의 종료 지점을 가정하였다. 휘발분 함량이 많은 Berau 탄은 Glencore A.P. 탄보다 수트 클라우드의 폭과 길이가 증가하였고, 연소 분위기에서는 촤와 수트의 산화반응에 의하여 열분해 때보다 화염과 수트 클라우드의 길이가 짧아지면서 더 밝은 빛을 내었다. 포집높이 50 mm까지에서는 휘발분 함량이 많은 Berau 탄의 타르와 수트 발생률이 Glencore A.P. 탄보다 작았다. 이는 석탄 연료의 조성 중 Berau 탄내에 상대적으로 높은 산소 성분의 함량과 OH- 같은 라디칼들로 인해 타르가 산화되기 때문이다. 반면에, 50 mm 이후부터는 Berau 탄이 Glencore A.P. 탄보다 더 많은 타르와 수트의 발생률이 나타나며 탄종간에 수트 발생률의 역전현상이 일어나는데 이는 촤 입자 내부의 휘발물질과 탈휘발 과정에서 생성된 화염 속의 잔여 타르 및 light gas 성분이 반응하여 수트를 발생시켰기 때문이다. 이를 통해서 석탄 내의 휘발분의 함량과 산소농도는 수트 클라우드의 길이와 폭에 명확한 영향을 주며, 수트 발생률에 매우 중요한 인자라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. SEM과 B.E.T.의 결과로부터 탈휘발이 종료된 후에도 촤 입자 내부의 잔존 휘발물들이 분출되면서 타르와 수트가 발생함을 확인할 수 있었고, 각 탄의 휘발분 함량과 기공의 발달 차이를 통해서 100 mm 이후에 나타난 타르와 수트의 발생률 역전 현상을 설명할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1738-1746
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of increasing amounts of Leucaena leucocephala forage on dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), enteric methane production, rumen fermentation pattern and protozoa population in cattle fed Pennisetum purpureum and housed in respiration chambers. Methods: Five crossbred heifers (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) (BW: $295{\pm}6kg$) were fed chopped P. purpureum grass and increasing levels of L. leucocephala (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of dry matter [DM]) in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. Results: The voluntary intake and methane production were measured for 23 h per day in respiration chambers; molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were determined at 6 h postprandial period. Molar concentration of VFAs in rumen liquor were similar (p>0.05) between treatments. However, methane production decreased linearly (p<0.005), recording a maximum reduction of up to ~61% with 80% of DM incorporation of L. leucocephala in the ration and no changes (p>0.05) in rumen protozoa population were found. Conclusion: Inclusion of 80% of L. leucocephala in the diet of heifers fed low-quality tropical forages has the capacity to reduce up to 61.3% enteric methane emission without affecting DMI, OMI, and protozoa population in rumen liquor.