• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.433-438
• /
• 2006

Compositional changes In essential oil of Zanthoxylum piperitum A.P. DC. were investigated under six different storage conditions for 3 months. Essential oil from Zanthoxylum piperitum was collected by steam distillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD). Forty-one volatile compounds, consisting of 12 hydrocarbons, 11 alcohols, 8 aldehydes, 3 oxides, 3 esters, 3 ketones and 1 acid were identified from the fresh essential oil of Zanthoxylum piperitum. In essential oils, compositional changes occurred in particularly monoterpene hydrocarbons. Total levels of ketones, esters, oxides and alcohols increased during storage. Moreover, aerobic condition caused decrease in a few constituents duringstorage even at low temperature.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.14-22
• /
• 2018

After signing the WHO FCTC in 2003, South Korea ratified the FCTC in 2005. This study was conducted to provide data on toxic constituents that can be used as useful information for the level of exposure to Korean smokers. Emissions data from five brands of cigarettes were tested under the ISO and "Canadian Intense (HCI)" smoking regimes, respectively. We conducted an analysis of 25 compounds containing nicotine, tar, carbonyls, phenolics, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and semi-VOC cigarette smoke. Tar and nicotine showed levels of 4.3 to 5.8 mg/cig and 0.4 to 0.5 mg/cig, respectively, which are within the range of tolerance presented in ISO 8243. In the case of carbonyls, formaldehyde was detected within a range of 8.2 to $14.3{\mu}g/cig$, and acetaldehyde was present within a range of 224.7 to $327.2{\mu}g/cig$ under the ISO smoke regime. Crotonaldehyde was not detected under the ISO regime, and all of the carbonyls showed values 2.3 to 4.5 times higher under the HCI regime than those under the ISO regime. Catechol, which showed a level of 47.0 to $80.5{\mu}g/cig$ under the ISO regime and 117.5 to $184.7{\mu}g/cig$ under the HCI regime, was the highest constituent among the phenols. The amount of isoprene was 91.7 to $158.3{\mu}g/cig$ under the ISO regime and 221.0 to 377.0 under the HCI regime. To summarize, most of the constituents showed a tendency to be detected at levels 2 to 4 times higher under the HCI regime than under the ISO regime. Above all, these results represent the first analysis in Korea from an independent institute of tobacco companies under accreditation of ISO 17025.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.51-59
• /
• 1998

이상에서 살펴본 바와 같이 산마늘을 산지별로, 그리고 부위별로 총아미노산 및 유리아미노산의 함량을 비교하고, 휘발성 유황화합물과 사포닌의 함량을 서로 비교하였을 때 그 이용목적에 따라 산지별로, 부위별로 각각 품질평가는 달라질 수 있음을 나타내었다. 즉, 아미노산을 이용하기 위해서는 이 식물의 지하부를 이용하는 것이 지상부를 이용하는 것 보다 훨씬 좋을 것으로 평가되었고 산지별로는 울릉도산의 지하부가 가장 많이 함유된 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 산지별로 유리아미노산이나 총아미노산의 양이 크게 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 아미노산 중에서도 arginine, glutamine 및 asparagine 등은 다른 아미노산종에 비하여 현저히 많은 양을 함유함을 밝혔다. 그리고, 유황화합물의 경우에는 내륙종인 오대산산이나 지리산산의 것이 해양적 지리조건의 울릉도산에 비하여 현저히 많은 양을 함유하였음을 밝혔다. 내륙종은 지상부에 이들 화합물을 많이 함유하였으나 울릉도산은 지하부가 더 많이 이들을 함유하였다. 마지막으로, 사포닌 성분의 경우에는 지하부가 지상부보다 훨씬 많은 양을 함유하였고 그 순서는 울릉도산, 지리산산, 오대산산이었다. 오대산산은 다른 두 산지의 것보다 현저히 적은 양을 함유하였다. 산마늘 MeOH 추출물의 n-BuOH 분획의 양은 사포닌의 함량을 잘 방영하지 못하였는데 이는 이 분획에 저자 등이 구명한 allivicin 등 flavonol 배당체 등의 함유량의 차이에 일부 기인할 것으로 추측된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.299-304
• /
• 1998

본 연구는 방향성 약용작물인 삼백초, 구릿대, 천궁의 향기 성분 조성과 식물정유 함량을 조사하여 향료업과 관련된 다양한 식품첨가물 또는 향원 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 몇가지 실험한 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 1. 삼백초의 향기성분은 22종으로 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 1, 3-benzodioxole, myristicin, ${\alpha}-cadinol$, patchouene였고 조성은 alcohol류 6종, ester류 1종, ether류 2종, hydrocarbon류 11종, ketone류 1종, fatty acid류 1종이었다. 2. 구릿대의 향기성분은 14종으로 주요 성분은 3-carene, ${\beta}-caryophyllene$, ${\beta}-cubebene$, butylated hydroxytoluene, caryophyllene oxide, piperonal이었고 조성은 alcohol류 1종, ester류 1종, ether류 1종, hydrocarbon류 10종, aldehyde류 1종이었다. 3. 천궁의 향기성분은 16종으로 주요성분은 aristolene, benzocycloheptene, ylangene, valencene, ${\beta}-cedrene$, satene, and menthofuran이었고 조성은 alcohol류 2종, ether류 1종, hydrocarbon류 12종. furan류 1종이었다. 4. 삼백초, 구릿대 및 천궁 잎의 식물정유 함량은 각각 0.987%, 0.452%, 0.439%로 삼백초가 가장 높은 함량을 보였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.749-754
• /
• 1989

탱자(Poncirus trifoliata)의 향기성분을 분석하기 위해 gas co-distillation 방법으로 정유를 추출한 후 GC/retention index(RI)와 GC/MS를 이용해 multi-dimensional analysis를 행하였다. Gas co-distillation 방법으로 탱자의 향도 그대로 지니며 기기분석에 적합한 정유를 얻을 수 있었다. 향기성분의 확인작업에는 GC/RI와 GC/MS를 상보적으로 사용한 multi-dimensional analysis가 효과적이었으며 GC/RI로만 확인할 경우 극성이 다른 두 가지 column을 사용해서 신뢰도를 높일 수 있었다. 탱자에 다량 함유되어 있는 향기성분들은 limonene, myrcene, ${\beta}-caryophllene,\;trans-{\beta}-ocimene,\;{\beta}-pinene$, 3-thujene, 7-geranyloxycoumarin 등으로 밝혀졌으며 확인된 30개의 성분 중 cis-3-hexenyl acetate, n-hexyl acetate, 2-methyl acetophenone, elixene 그리고 elemicine 등은 이제까지 감귤류에서는 발견되지 않았던 새로운 성분들이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.85-95
• /
• 2017

Background: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) products, such as slices, have a similar appearance, but they have significantly different prices, leading to widespread adulteration in the commercial market. Their aroma characteristics are attracting increasing attention and are supposed to be effective and nondestructive markers to determine adulteration. Methods: The aroma characteristics of American and Asian ginseng were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and an electronic nose (E-nose). Their volatile organic compounds were separated, classified, compared, and analyzed with different pattern recognition. Results: The E-nose showed a good performance in grouping with a principle component analysis explaining 94.45% of variance. A total of 69 aroma components were identified by GC-MS, with 35.6% common components and 64.6% special ingredients between the two ginsengs. It was observed that the components and the number of terpenes and alcohols were markedly different, indicating possible reasons for their difference. The results of pattern recognition confirmed that the E-nose processing result is similar to that of GC-MS. The interrelation between aroma constituents and sensors indicated that special sensors were highly related to some terpenes and alcohols. Accordingly, the contents of selected constituents were accurately predicted by corresponding sensors with most $R^2$ reaching 90%. Conclusion: Combined with advanced chemometrics, the E-nose is capable of discriminating between American and Asian ginseng in both qualitative and quantitative angles, presenting an accurate, rapid, and nondestructive reference approach.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.346-354
• /
• 1987

국내 mandarin감귤중 만생종으로 대표적인 임온주 및 청도품종과 valencia sweet orange의 향기성분을 capillary GC와 GC/MS에 의해 분석하여 mandarin으로부터 탄화수소류 11종, 알코올류 10종, 알데하이드류 4종, 에스테르 1종, 기타 5종등 31종을 확인 하였으며, sweet orange에서는 탄화수소류 12종, 알코올류 11종, 알데하이드류 8종, 에스테르 1종, 기타 5종등 37종을 확인 하였다. 이들 중 limonene이 62.63, 88.56%로 대부분을 차지하고 있으며 sweet orange에 23.93%나 많이 함유하고 있다. 이외 mandarin에는 octanal, terpineol, styrene, d-citronellol, farnesol, ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\alpha}-terpinene$, e-cadiene, citronellal, cis-carveol등이 있고 sweet orange에는 myrcene, elemene, decanol, terpineol, terpinolene, linalool, d-citronell등이 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국연초학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.67-75
• /
• 1990

담배향료로 사용하는 코코아 분말을 Cigarette smoking condition인 distillation-pyrolysis zone과 high temperature zone중에서 4개의 온도 35$0^{\circ}C$, 55$0^{\circ}C$, $650^{\circ}C$, 85$0^{\circ}C$를 선택하여 열분해 장치를 이용하여 열분해하였고, 열분해생성물은 CS2 trap과 charcoal tube로 포집하여 GC/MS분석에 이용하였다. 분석 결과 $650^{\circ}C$에서 열분해가 가장 잘 이루어졌고 수율 역시 가장 높았다. 열분해의 주요 성분은 주로 hydrocarboil과 phenolic화합물이 90%이상을 차지하였고 그 외에 소량의 aldehyde, ketone, pyrazine도 검출되었다. 열분해 온도에 따라서 성분의 변화를 보면 decane, styrene, tridecane, m-cresol,4-ethylphenol등은 증가하였고, hexadecane, tetradecane등은 감소하였다. 또 o-cresol, 2-ethylphenol등은 함량변화가 거의 없었다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.183-191
• /
• 2008

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common constituents of cleaning and degreasing agents, paints, pesticides, personal care products, gasoline and solvents. And VOCs are evaporated at room temperature and most of them exhibit acute and chronic toxicity to human. Benzene is the most widely used prototypical VOC and the toxic mechanisms of them are still unclear. The multi-step process of toxic mechanism can be more fully understood by characterizing gene expression changes induced in cells by toxicants. In this study, DNA microarray was used to monitor the expression levels of genes in HepG2 cells and HL-60 cells exposed to the benzene on IC20 and IC50 dose respectively. In the clustering analysis of gene expression profiles, although clusters of HepG2 and HL-60 cells by benzene were divided differently, expression pattern of many genes observed similarly. We identified 916 up-regulated genes and 1,144 down-regulated genes in HepG2 cells and also 1,002 up-regulated genes and 919 down-regulated genes in HL-60 cells. The gene ontology analysis on genes expressed by benzene in HepG2 and HL-60 cells, respectively, was performed. Thus, we found some principal pathways, such as, focal adhesion, gap junction and signaling pathway in HepG2 cells and toll-like receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction in HL-60 cells. And we also found 16 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated commonly expressed total 30 genes that belong in the same biological process like inflammatory response, cell cycle arrest, cell migration, transmission of nerve impulse and cell motility in two cell lines. In conclusion, we suggest that this study is meaningful because these genes regarded as strong potential biomarkers of benzene independent of cell type.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.18-24
• /
• 2009

The volatile compounds of dried sancho (Zanthoxylum schinifolium), an aromatic plant were extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) method and identified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Selected chiral constituents of sancho oil were characterized by enantiodifferentiation using multidimensional gas chromatograph (MDGC)-MS. A total of 57 compounds were identified and quantified, and the major compounds were identified estragole, nonanoic acid, octanoic acid, $\beta$-phellandrenene, and limonene. Among them, estragol (63.9%) was found as the predominantly abundant component of sancho. $\alpha$-pinene and nerolidol, and $\beta$-pinene and linalool were determined to be enantiomerically pure (100%) for their (S)-form and (R)-form, respectively. The enantiomeric composition of limonene in sancho revealed 83.9% purity for the (S)-enantiomer, whereas (E)- and (Z)-rose oxides showed mixtures of both enantiomers. The enantiomeric excess (%) for citronellal was 22.6% with the (R)-enantiomer as major enantiomer. The enantiomeric composition of these compounds can be used as parameter for authenticity control of sancho.