• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2007

시효처리에 따른 Cu pillar 범프 내 다양한 계면에서의 금속간화합물 성장거동을 각각 120, 150, $165^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 300시간동안 시효처리하면서 연구하였다. 분석 결과 Cu pillar와 SnPb 계면에서는 $Cu_6Sn_5$와 $Cu_3Sn$이 관찰되었고, 시효처리 시간이 경과함에 따라 parabolic 형태로 성장하였다. 또한 시효처리 온도가 높을수록 시간에 따른 $Cu_6Sn_5$와 $Cu_3Sn$의 성장속도는 더욱 빨랐다. kirkendall void는 Cu Pillar와 $Cu_3Sn$ 사이의 계면과 $Cu_3Sn$ 내부에서 형성되었고, 시효처리 시간이 경과함에 따라 성장하였다. 리플로우 후에 SnPb와 Ni(P)사이의 계면에서는 $(Cu,Ni)_6Sn_5$가 형성되었고, 시효처리 시간에 따른 $(Cu,Ni)_6Sn_5$거 두께 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 시효처리 온도와 시간에 따른 금속간화합물의 두께 변화를 이용하여 전체$(Cu_6Sn_5+Cu_3Sn)$금속간화합물과 $Cu_6Sn_5,\;Cu_3Sn$ 금속간화합물의 성장에 대한 활성화 에너지를 구해본 결과 각각 1.53, 1.84, 0.81 eV의 값을 가지고 있었다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.818-823
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• 2012

In order to predict necking behaviour of aluminium sheets, a crystal plasticity model is introduced in the finite element analysis of tensile test. Due to the computational limits of time and memory, only a small part of tensile specimen is subjected to the analysis. Grains having different orientations are subjected to numerical tensile tests and each grain is discretized by many elements. In order to predict the sudden drop of load carrying capacity after necking, a well-known Cockcroft-Latham damage model is introduced. The mismatch of grain orientation causes stress concentration at several points and damage is evolved at these points. This phenomenon is similar to void nucleation. In the same way, void growth and void coalescence behaviours are well predicted in the analysis. For the comparison of prediction capability of necking, same model is subjected to finite element analysis using uniform material properties of polycrystal with and without damage. As a result, it is shown that the crystal plasticity model can be used in prediction of necking and fracture behavior of materials accurately.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.285-290
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• 2012

In spite of progress in predicting ductile failure, the development of a macroscopic yield criterion to describe damage evolution in HCP (hexagonal close-packed) materials remains a challenge. HCP materials display strength differential effects (i.e., different behavior in tension versus compression) in their plastic response due to twinning. Cazacu and Stewart(2009) developed an analytical yield criterion for porous material containing randomly distributed spherical voids in an isotropic, incompressible matrix that shows tension-compression asymmetry. The goal of the calculations in this paper is to investigate the effect of the tension-compression asymmetry on necking induced by void nucleation, evolution and consolidation. In order to investigate the effect of the tension-compression asymmetry of the matrix on necking and fracture initiation, three isotropic materials A, B, and C were examined with different ratios of tension-compression asymmetry. The various types of material had BCC, FCC, and HCP crystal structures, respectively. The ratio between tension and compression in plastic flow significantly influences the fracture shape produced by damage propagation as well as affecting the localized neck.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.409-422
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• 2001

The dynamic character of a system of the governing differential equations for the one- dimensional two-fluid model, where the momentum flux parameters are employed to consider the velocity and void fraction distribution in a flow channel, is investigated. In response to a perturbation in the form of a＇traveling wave, a linear stability analysis is peformed for the governing differential equations. The expression for the growth factor as a function of wave number and various flow parameters is analytically derived. It provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of the one-dimensional two-fluid model in terms of momentum flux parameters. It is demonstrated that the one-dimensional two-fluid model employing the physical momentum flux parameters for the whole range of dispersed flow regime, which are determined from the simplified velocity and void fraction profiles constructed from the available experimental data and $C_{o}$ correlation, is stable to the linear perturbations in all wave-lengths. As the basic form of the governing differential equations for the conventional one-dimensional two-fluid model is mathematically ill posed, it is suggested that the velocity and void distributions should be properly accounted for in the one-dimensional two-fluid model by use of momentum flux parameters.s.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2017

Objective : Solid bone fusion is an essential process in spinal stabilization surgery. Recently, as several minimally invasive spinal surgeries have developed, a need of artificial bone substitutes such as demineralized bone matrix (DBM), has arisen. We investigated the in vivo bone growth rate of DBM as a bone void filler compared to a local autologous bone grafts. Methods : From April 2014 to August 2015, 20 patients with a one or two-level spinal stenosis were included. A posterior lumbar interbody fusion using two cages and pedicle screw fixation was performed for every patient, and each cage was packed with autologous local bone and DBM. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) of leg pain and back pain and the Korean Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI). Clinical outcome parameters and range of motion (ROM) of the operated level were collected preoperatively and at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Computed tomography was performed 1 year after fusion surgery and bone growth of the autologous bone grafts and DBM were analyzed by ImageJ software. Results : Eighteen patients completed 1 year of follow-up, including 10 men and 8 women, and the mean age was 56.4 (32-71). The operated level ranged from L3/4 to L5/S1. Eleven patients had single level and 7 patients had two-level repairs. The mean back pain NRS improved from 4.61 to 2.78 (p=0.003) and the leg pain NRS improved from 6.89 to 2.39 (p<0.001). The mean K-ODI score also improved from 27.33 to 13.83 (p<0.001). The ROM decreased below 2.0 degrees at the 3-month assessment, and remained less than 2 degrees through the 1 year postoperative assessment. Every local autologous bone graft and DBM packed cage showed bone bridge formation. On the quantitative analysis of bone growth, the autologous bone grafts showed significantly higher bone growth compared to DBM on both coronal and sagittal images (p<0.001 and p=0.028, respectively). Osteoporotic patients showed less bone growth on sagittal images. Conclusion : Though DBM alone can induce favorable bone bridging in lumbar interbody fusion, it is still inferior to autologous bone grafts. Therefore, DBM is recommended as a bone graft extender rather than bone void filler, particularly in patients with osteoporosis.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.153-174
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• 2012

Micromechanical facture models can be used to predict ductile fracture in steel structures. In order to calibrate the parameters in the micromechanical models for the largely used Q345 steel in China, uniaxial tensile tests, smooth notched tensile tests, cyclic notched bar tests, scanning electron microscope tests and finite element analyses were conducted in this paper. The test specimens were made from base metal, deposit metal and heat affected zone of Q345 steel to investigate crack initiation in welded steel connections. The calibrated parameters for the three different locations of Q345 steel were compared with that of the other seven varieties of structural steels. It indicates that the toughness index parameters in the stress modified critical strain (SMCS) model and the void growth model (VGM) are connected with ductility of the material but have no correlation with the yield strength, ultimate strength or the ratio of ultimate strength to yield strength. While the damage degraded parameters in the degraded significant plastic strain (DSPS) model and the cyclic void growth model (CVGM) and the characteristic length parameter are irrelevant with any properties of the material. The results of this paper can be applied to predict ductile fracture in welded steel connections.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.913-930
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• 2016

It is common practice to use Reduced Web Beam Sections (RWBS) in steel moment resisting frames. Perforation of beam web in these members may cause stress and strain concentration around the opening area and facilitate ductile fracture under cyclic loading. This paper presents a numerical study on the cyclic fracture of these structural components. The considered connections are configured as T-shaped assemblies with beams of elongated circular perforations. The failure of specimens under Ultra Low Cycle Fatigue (ULCF) condition is simulated using Cyclic Void Growth Model (CVGM) which is a micromechanics based fracture model. In each model, CVGM fracture index is calculated based on the stress and strain time histories and then models with different opening configurations are compared based on the calculated fracture index. In addition to the global models, sub-models with refined mesh are used to evaluate fracture index around the beam to column weldment. Modeling techniques are validated using data from previous experiments. Results show that as the perforation size increases, opening corners experience greater fracture index. This is while as the opening size increases the maximum observed fracture index at the connection welds decreases. However, the initiation of fracture at connection welds occurs at lower drift angles compared to opening corners. Finally, a probabilistic framework is applied to CVGM in order to account for the uncertainties existing in the prediction of ductile fracture and results are discussed.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.276-281
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• 2000

Si(111) 표면을 NH$_3$분위기에서 실리콘질화물(SiNx)로 변형시킨 후 탄화규소(silicon carbide, SiC) 박막을 성장하였다. 질화시간이 증가함에 따라 SiC 박막 두께가 감소함을 관찰하였다. 또한 성장변수에 따라 SiC/Si 계면에서 결정결함인 틈새를 없앨 수 있었다. 100nm, 300nm, 500nm의 SiNx/Si 기판 위에 SiC 박막을 성장시켰다. 성장된 SiC 박막들은 모두 [111]면을 따라 성장되었고, SiC 결정들이 원주형 낟알로 성장되었다. SiC/SiNx 계면에서 void를 관찰할 수 없었다. 이러한 실험 결과는 SOI 구조의 산화규소를 SiNx로 대체함으로써 SiC 소자 제작에 응용될 수 있는 방향을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2015

알루미늄 6061-T6는 $Mg_2Si$와 ${\beta}-Al_5FeSi$로 구성되며, 피로 손상도가 증가하면 ${\beta}-Al_5FeSi$주변에서 기공이 발생하고 성장하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 우선 알루미늄 6061-T6 시편에 대한 SEM 촬영을 통해 이러한 현상을 확인하였다. 이후, 피로 손상도에 따라 이 시편의 전위댐핑 (dislocation damping), 정합변형률 (coherency strain), 및 기공 (void)이 감쇠계수와 비선형인자에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 관찰하였다. 그 결과 비선형인자는 피로 손상도가 증가에 따라 증가하다가 피로수명 75% 이후에서는 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 전위댐핑과 정합변형률이 증가할수록 비선형인자는 증가하지만, 기공이 증가하면 초음파의 산란이 커져 비선형인자가 감소하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 따라서, 피로에 따라 조직변화가 복잡하게 나타나는 재료의 열화 평가에 있어서는 비선형인자를 주의하여 활용하여야 한다는 결론을 얻었다.

• KCI Concrete Journal
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2002

The mechanical properties of fiber reinforced porous concrete for use as a planting material were investigated in this study. Changes in physical and mechanical properties, subsequent to the addition of carbon fiber and silica fume, were studied. The effects of recycled aggregate were also evaluated. The applicability as planting work concrete material was also assessed. The results showed that there were no remarkable changes in the void and strength characteristics following the increase in proportion of recycled aggregate. Also, the mixture with 10% silica fume was found to be the most effective for strength enforcement. The highest flexural strength was obtained when the carbon fiber was added with $3\%$. It was also noticed that PAN-derived carbon fiber was superior to Pitch-derived ones in view of strength. The evaluation of its usage for vegetation showed that the growth of plants was directly affected by the existence of covering soil, in case of having the similar size of aggregate and void.