• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.217-225
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• 1992

This research was carried out to determine the 25-Hydroxyvitamin $D_3$[25(OH)$D_3$] content in liver of broiler Hubbard chicks fed vitamin VD-deficient diet for 31 days in a subdued light room and exposed to UVB light (maximum intensity at 297nm) with dose of 0.204 or 0.408 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$(30 or 60 min irradiation) . The lipid in liver collected at 0~138 hr after irradiation was extracted by chloroform-methanol(2：1, v /v) and 25(OH)$D_3$ fraction was separated by Sep-Pak silica cartridge. The 25(OH)$D_3$ concentration was measured by normal phase HPLC. The negative control chicks Presented 25(OH)D$_3$17.5 ng/g liver. When 0.204mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was treated to whole body of chicks, the 25(OH)$D_3$ level was increased to 37.8 ng/g at 12 hr after irradiation, the peak concentration, 40.5 ng /g was appeared at the time of 86 hr, and decreasing trend was shown thereafter until 138 hr, the final time in this study. When 0.408 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was applied, the 25(OH)$D_3$ content was 36.7 ng /g liver at 12 hr, 61.4 ng/g(maximum value ) was appeared at 42 hr, and 39.5 ng /g at 138 hr. The increased absolute amounts in liver 25(OH)$D_3$ were 23 and 43.9 ng/g as chicks were exposed to UVB light with dose of 0.204 and 0.408mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively. Consequently, it was found that when double dose of UVB light was irradiated to the chicks, their liver samples produced nearly double 25(OH)$D_3$ at 42 hr after exposure, and the peak value was presented earlier by 24 hr than that in the low dose treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1071-1077
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was investigated the effects of YK-209 mulberry leaves on disaccharidase activites of small intestine and blood glucose-lowering in diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ). Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to one normal and four STZ-induced diabetic groups; YK-209 0% mulberry leaves diet (DM group),0.1% YK-209 mulberry loaves diet (DM-0.1Y group),0.2% YK-209mulberry leaves diet (DM -0.2Y group), and 0.4% YK-209 mulberry leaves diet (DM -0.4Y group). Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of 55 mg/kg body weight of STZ in sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.3) via tail vein after 3 weeks feeding of experimental diets. Rats were sacrificed at the 9th day of diabetic states. The functional ingredients in the mulberry leaves, the 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) contents of YK-209 mulberry leaves was higher than those of the Cheongil mulberry leaves. ${\gamma}$ -Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and rutin contents of YK-209 mulberry leaves were 1.3 and 1.4 times higher than those of the Cheongil mulberry leaves, respectively, and vitamin C contents of YK-209 mulberry leaves were also higher than those of the Cheongil mulberry leaves. Intestine index was increased in all diabetic groups, compared with normal group but not significantly different among all diadetic groups. Level of blood glucose was decreased in diadetic rats by supplementation YK-209 mulberry leaves. The disaccharidase activities in proximal part of intestine such as maltase, sucrase, and lactase in YK-209 mulberry leaves supplementation groups were significantly lower than those of DM group, In conclusion, this research indicated that the functional ingredients of YK 209 mulberry leaves were higher than those of the Cheongil leaveses, and YK-209 mulberry leaves has the hypoglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.350-356
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to verify the relation among vegetarian diet, physical activity and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Two hundred and forty five buddhist nuns (age : 23~79 yrs) were selected as vegetarians. For control subjects, 235 healthy female adults (age : 23~79 yrs) were selected. Study period was from October 1996 to February 1997. The contents are consist of food consumption survey, anthropometric measurement, amount of energy expenditure, physical activity and clinical examination. Results were summarized as follows : The average ages of vegetarians were $44.2{\pm}17.3\;yrs$ and those of non-vegetarians were $40.5{\pm}18.4\;yrs$. Average body mass indices (BMI) of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were $22.5{\pm}2.7\;and\;21.1{\pm}2.5$, WHRs were $0.9{\pm}0.1\;and\;0.8{\pm}0.1$, and the average duration of vegetarian diet of the vegetarians was 13.1{\pm}12.9 years. All the nutrient intakes of both groups were over RDA's except calcium and vitamin A intakes of non-vegetarians that were below RDA's Fiber and vitamin C intakes of the vegetarians were significantly higher than those of non-vegetarians (p<0.01). Average energy intakes of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were $2177.1{\pm}420.6\;kcal/day\;and\;2103.2{\pm}534.9\;kcal/day$, total daily energy expenditure were $1789.9{\pm}325.8\;kcal/day\;and\;1703.8{\pm}344.8\;kcal/day$, those by physical activity were $507.8{\pm}360.9\;kcal/day\;and\;400.0{\pm}247.8\;kcal/day$. Serum lipid level, blood sugar, systolic blood pressure of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of non-vegetarians, but ratio of HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol was higher than those of non-vegetarians. Levels of total serum cholesterol of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were 161.4{\pm}33.3 mg/dL and 189.6{\pm}33.6mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol were $48.2{\pm}11.4\;mg/dL\;and\;50.8{\pm}12.2\;mg/dL$, LDL-cholesterol were $86.6{\pm}26.9\;mg/dL\;and\;111.1{\pm}17.0\;mg/dL$, atherogenic indice(AI) were $2.4{\pm}0.6\;and\;2.9{\pm}0.7$, fasting blood sugar were $90.8{\pm}14.3\;mg/dL\;and\;103.6{\pm}24.6\;mg/dL$, systolic blood pressure were $107.5{\pm}14.9\;mmHg\;and\;119.3{\pm}15.3\;mmHg$. Energy expenditure by physical activity was negatively correlated with levels of serum total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic indice(AI). Therefore, physical activity and vegetarian diet effectively helped reduce blood lipids related to cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.237-249
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• 2016

In this study, the antioxidant effect of Chungkukjang supplementation against memory impairment and oxidative stress in scopolamine (2 mg/kg i.p)-injected mice was investigated. The experimental animals were divided into five groups and fed experimental diets for 12 weeks; normal diet group (C), scopolamine + normal diet group (S), scopolamine + 63.0% soybean Chungkukjang supplementation group (SS), scopolamine + 45.0% Yakkong Chungkukjang supplementation group (SY), and scopolamine + 50.0% black foods such as black rice, black sesame seeds, and sea tangle added Yakkong Chungkukjang group (SYB). For the results of food intake, body weight gain, and brain weights, levels of scopolamine-injected groups were lower than the levels of the control group. The reduced brain weight of the scopolamine-injected group (S) was regulated to control level by supplementation of three types Chungkukjang. In the oxidative stress indicator, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in serum of scopolamine-injected mice were higher than those of other groups. However, supplementation of soybeans, Yakkong and black foods added Yakkong Chungkukjang was proven to regulate them. Antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in serum showed no significant differences among the groups. The reduced levels of vitamin A and vitamin E in serum and brain tissue of scopolamine-injected mice were controlled by supplementation of three types of Chungkukjang. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of scopolamine-injected group was lower than those of other groups. However, TAC was significantly elevated by Chunggukjang supplementation. Therefore, antioxidative effects of soybeans, Yakkong, and black foods added Yakkong Chungkukjang supplementations against oxidative stress in scopolamine-injected in mice could expected.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1107-1112
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• 2010

In this study, the stable maintenance of bioactivity in alkaline ionized water (AIW) and antibacterial effects of AIW were evaluated to confirm benefits of AIW. As controls, purified water (PW) and tap drinking water (DW) were used. The pH and ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) of AIW, PW and DW used were 9.5 and 120 mV, 7.2 and 144 mV, and 7.3 and 564 mV, respectively. High level of minerals was observed in DW (DW>AIW>PW of mineral contents). Concentrations of $Ca^{++}$ and $Na^+$ in DW were 14.5, and 8.4 mg/l, respectively, while no $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, $K^+$, and $Na^+$ were detected in PW. Evaluation of antioxidant activities for AIW, PW and DW showed that the waters did not act as antioxidants. However, the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) or superoxide radical scavenging activities or reducing power of vitamin C were stably maintained in AIW and PW, though not in DW, against heat treatment ($60^{\circ}C$) or vigorous shaking (120 rpm) at $37^{\circ}C$. Similarly, after aspirin treatment at $60^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr, the antithrombosis activity in PW and AIW was 62.6% and 55.3%, while that of DW was 52.1%. Furthermore, cell growth analysis and viable cell count of Escherichia coli H7:O157 in PW, AIW and DW showed that AIW and DW, not DW, have antibacterial activities. Our results suggest that the state of water, for example pH, ORP and mineral contents of water, should be considered in medicine or food industries, and that AIW has high potential for utilization in various fields.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.128-134
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• 1975

For development of long-term storage method of sweet-persimmons using polyethylene film bags, basic experiment was conducted with 30 boxes of sweet-persimmons in 1973 and the same experiment was extended for industrial application with 2,500 boxes of the persimmons in the cold storage of Jinyoung Sweet-persimmon Association in 1974. Investigation was made on change of the quality by storage period. At the same time, persimmons put in the cold storage test were shipped to market at different time in order to monitor consumer response and commercial feasibility. The followings are conclusion obtained from the result of this experiment. 1. Storage of sweet-persimmon, Buyu, produced in Jinyoung, Kimhae was possible for 1 month at $2^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ cold storage. This storage period was extended to 4 months until the end of February in case that the fruits were hermetically sealed in P.E. film bags of 0.08 to 0.1 mm thickness. 2. During the storage period of sweet-persimmons packed in the film bags, the loss of weight due to evaporation was effectively prevented with use of the film of bag thicker than 0.04 mm. 3. The storage ability of 3-5 persimmons per small bag was somewhat superior to that of many persimmons packed in the large box of 15kg capacity. 4. The thicker the film of bags, the more $CO_2$ gas was accumulated inside, however, from 1 month after beginning of the storage the rate of $CO_2$ accumulation became very low maintaining the stabilized level of 5-6% at the plot of 0.06-0.08mm thick bags. 5. While the persimmons were in storage, decreased was the content of total sugars, total acids, and vitamin C, of which the phenomenon was remarkable especially with the fruits of non-packed plot. 6. The sweet-persimmons in the film bags subjected to cold storage when shipped to market in their intact condition were more beneficial than when they were shipped out in unpacked condition. The intact fruits packed in the P.E. film bags were able to keep their commercial value for 10days in the outdoor situation. 7. The sweet-persimmons that were packed in the film bags and put in the cold storage had maintained promissing marketability and the economic feasibility was acknowledged when the experimental practice was applied to industrial scale.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.104-117
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined dietary and health characteristics of the young-old and the old-old by food security status. Methods: The study used data from the $6^{th}$ (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study subjects consisted of 3,948 subjects, of whom 2,445 were the young-old (aged 65 to 74 years) and 1,503 were the old-old (aged 75 years and over). Food security status was evaluated using an 18-item questionnaire. Energy intake, nutrient densities, and prevalence of insufficient nutrient intake were assessed. Food intake was evaluated in terms of the number of food group servings. Dietary behaviors and health status were also assessed. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity among the young-old and the old-old was 10.0% and 11.6%, respectively. Among the young-old, the food insecure group had a significantly higher level of prevalence of insufficient intake for all the nutrients (protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorous, and iron) assessed in this study compared with the food secure group. In case of the old-old, significant differences were found only for four nutrients (protein, riboflavin, niacin, and phosphorus) in the prevalence of insufficient nutrient intake between the food secure and the food insecure groups. Kinds of food groups with significantly different numbers of servings by food security status were dissimilar between the two age groups. In both the age groups, the food insecure group consumed a significantly lower number of servings in meat fish eggs legumes and fruits than the food secure group; grains and vegetables intake in the young-old and oils sweets intake in the old-old differed in the number of servings by food security status. Among the young-old, the prevalence of chewing difficulties in the food insecure group was significantly higher than that of the food secure group, while among the old-old, no significant differences were found by food security status. Conclusion: Dietary and health characteristics of the young-old and the old-old differed by food security status. Such differences were more apparent in the young-old than the old-old. Therefore, it is suggested that food and nutrition assistant programs should be designed with consideration of the differences.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the health, nutritional status and metabolic syndrome risk according to the dietary pattern of adult single-person households, using information obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: Data were collected from the 2013-2016 KNHANES, of adults aged 19-64 years, belonging to single-person households. Based on cluster analysis, the dietary patterns of subjects were classified into three groups. The dietary behavior factors, health-related factors, nutritional status, and prevalence of metabolic syndrome obtained from KNHANES questionnaires were compared according to the individual dietary pattern. The nutrient intake data of the subjects were calculated using the semi-food frequency questionnaire. Moreover, blood and physical measurement data of the subjects were analyzed to obtain the prevalence of metabolic syndromes. Results: The major dietary intakes of subjects were classified as 'Rice and kimchi', 'Mixed', and 'Milk·dairy products and fruits' patterns. Characteristics of subjects based on their dietary pattern, gender, age, and education level were significantly different. The 'Milk and fruits' pattern showed low frequency of skipping breakfast and eating out, and had higher intake of dietary supplements. Frequency of alcohol intake and smoking rates were highest in the 'Mixed' pattern. Maximum nutrient intake of fat, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium was obtained in the 'Milk·dairy products and fruits' pattern. According to dietary patterns adjusted for age and gender, the risk of metabolic syndrome was 0.380 times lower in the 'Milk·dairy products and fruit' pattern than in the 'Rice and kimchi' pattern. However, when adjusted for other confounding factors, no significant difference was obtained between dietary patterns for metabolic syndrome risk. Conclusion: These results indicate that the health and nutritional status of a single-person household is possibly affected by the dietary intake of subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.359-375
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• 2022

Purpose: Adult Korean men belonging to the main economically active population are known to have long sedentary hours. This study was undertaken to determine the difference and relevance of sedentary hours on the nutrition, diet, and health status of adult men, and to suggest how to prevent health risk factors. Methods: Subjects (n = 1,068) were classified into 4 groups based on their sedentary hours, ranging from the first quartile (Q1) having the least hours spent sitting, to the fourth quartile (Q4) spending the longest hours. Results: Subjects belonging to Q4 had the lowest average age, the largest waist circumference, and the highest level of education. Among those engaged in economic activities, the ratio of white-collar workers was significantly higher in Q4. Accordingly, the rate of not doing high-intensity or moderate-intensity physical activity while working was also the highest in Q4. A significant difference was obtained in the drinking frequency between groups, but this was found to be associated with the average working hours rather than sedentary hours. The proportion of not doing aerobic exercise was higher with longer sitting hours. The highest diagnosis of diabetes (8.8%) was obtained in the Q4 group. Among the factors related to cardiovascular disease, only low density lipoprotein-cholesterol showed a significant difference, with Q4 being significantly higher than Q1. Considering energy and nutrient intake, vitamin B₁ and calcium intake were the lowest in the group with the longest sitting hours, as well as the least consumption of vitamin C than the recommended estimated average requirement. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the health and nutritional status of Korean adult men are affected by sedentary hours. This should be recognized as a health risk factor and guidelines need to be developed for sedentary lifestyle management.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.292-306
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• 2024

Purpose: This study investigated fruit and vegetable intake and associated socio-demographic and dietary factors, and compared the nutritional intake according to the fruit and vegetable intake level among Korean adolescents. Methods: This study was conducted on 1,676 adolescents who participated in the 2016-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were classified into four groups based on the fruit and vegetable intake recommendations in 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans: Application (KDRIs Application): sufficient fruit intake (SF) group, sufficient vegetables intake (SV) group, sufficient fruit and vegetables intake (SFV) group, and not sufficient fruit and vegetable intake (NS) group The nutrient intake per day in each group was compared.. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors influencing fruit and vegetables intake. Results: In the sample of adolescents surveyed, only 1.40% met the recommended daily intake of fruits and vegetables, while 79.54% fell below the established threshold for adequate consumption. Female adolescents, those with fathers holding university degrees or above, and those who ate breakfast at least three times a week were likelier to have adequate fruit intake. Male adolescents and those from higher-income households were likelier to consume vegetables. Females, those who ate out daily, those from lower-income households, and those who understood food labels were likelier to have adequate fruit and vegetable intake. The daily nutrient intake and intake-to-requirement ratio significantly differed according to the fruit and vegetable intake groups. The NS and SF group had lower ratios for calcium and iron, while the NS group had the lowest vitamin A and C intake. By contrast, the SFV group met almost all daily nutrient requirements, except for calcium and vitamin A. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for nutrition education programs to encourage adolescents to consume adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables.