• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 2005

Objective : The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of BVA in the treatment of patients with acute ankle sprain. Design : A prospective randomized double-blind study of BVA was conducted. Setting : The study was done in the Kyungwon University Seoul Hospital from August 1st, 2004 to June 15th, 2005. Patients : 30 patients diagnosed with acute ankle sprain, especially 2nd degree on the Ankle grade pain chart(AGPC) participated in the study, who were divided into two groups (A and B) randomly by a coordinator flipping a coin. Group A and B were relevant to control and BVA group respectively, of which a coordinator never informed any other participant involved. Eventually 13 of 17 in group A and 11 of 13 in Group B finished all the process of the clinical trial. Intervention : In both group A and B, The Procedure of acupuncture treatment was made similar by appearance that four acupoints such as 坵墟(GB40), 中封(LR4), 商丘(SP5), 解谿(ST41) of the injured side were selected and Normal saline aqua-acupuncture(control, as a placebo) or BVA was done and then acupuncture at 坵墟(GB40), 中封(LR4), 商丘(SP5), 解谿(ST41), 足三里(ST36), 陽陵泉(G34) of the affected side was given again. the needles were retained for 20 minutes under the infrared rays. The treatment was given daily for a week. Outcome Measures : Ankle-Hindfoot Scale (AHS) and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) were followed by three treatments. Statistical Analysis : Analysis regarding variations in AHS and VAS is carried out by applying Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon signed rank test sign test with level of significance at 5%. Results : At the end of the treatment, there was significant statistical differences between the two groups in VAS and AHS as well, while at the 3rd day only a VAS showed statistical significance. In each group, both VAS and AHS showed statistical significance along with duration of treatment. Conclusions : BVA was thought to be effective alternatives for relieving symptoms of acute ankle sprain, although further study was needed on the large scale.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.73-91
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• 1999

This study was carried out to invastigate the researches of Snake Venom and snakes which used in treatment 1. The fist literature that used the snake for treatment is Shin Nong Ben Cao Jing 2. Composition of Snake Venom is consist of Enzymatic proteins ; Phospholipase A(A1-2), Protease, L-amino acid oxidase etc, and Non-enzymatic proteins ; Crotamine(Cytolysin), Proteolytic factor(Hematoxin), Crotoxin(Neurotoxin) etc. 3. Main toxins in Snake Venom are Hematoxin, Cytolysin, Neurotoxin and Cardiotoxin. Lethal dose 50 value of Agkistrodon brevicaudus is $45.87{\mu}g$/18g, Agkistrodon saxatilis is $10.28{\mu}g$/18g, Agkistrodon ussuriensis is $8.68{\mu}g$/18g, therefore Agkistrodon ussuriensis has strongist Snake Venom of all in Korea. 4. Pharmacological actions of Snake Venom are anticoagulation, thrombolytic function, hypotensor etc. 5. Systemic syndromes and signs after snakebite are Dizziness(25.7%), Vomitting(23.1%), Fever(22%), Visual disturbance(18%), Headache(17.7%) and Dyspnea(17.6%), etc. 6. Local syndrome and sign after snakebite is Discoloration(54.2%), Bleeding(20.2%), Bullae(10.7%), Skinulcer(10.8%), etc. 7. Pathological syndromes after snakebite are WBC increase, Urine protein, Urine sugar, Haematuria and elevation of S-GDT, S-GPT etc. These syndromes are leaded by Hematoxin and Cytolysin. 8. Complication signs after snakebite are Cellulitis, Gastritis, Lympoma, Abscess etc. 9. Common function of Viperidae(Agkistrodon acutus or Zaocys dhumnades etc) is expelling the wind(祛風), removing obstruction in the channels(通絡), antipastic function(止痙). And it is used in order to cure hemiparesis, hemiplegia, facial palsy and CVA disease, etc. 10. Using way of snake for medical treatment is various like Herbal alchol therapy, pill, powder and injection etc. The Study on the Snake Venom should be carried out continuously for using of medical treatment.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.99-127
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• 1998

The purposes of this study are first, to plan communication strategies for promoting the 1st National Science Festival and other events of the April 1997's Science Month in Koreas; second, to monitor communication activities done for those events; third, to evaluate effects of communication activities. Both the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Korea Science Foundation were arranged to execute our planned communication strategies. Basically we utilized the three sequences of human behavioral condition : Exposure, attention, and cognition. For planning, we suggested concrete communication strategies for each sequence, for example, first, those for bringing exposure to every event, second, those for bringing attention to the event, and third, those for bringing cognition of the event. Those communication strategies were suggested to use specifics of newspapers, television programs, radio programs, commercial and corporate magazines, electric visual sign advertisements on the street, and computer communication. For monitoring and evaluation, we used the same three sequences as the criteria. For example, we monitored and evaluated how much exposure, attention or cognition an event got or which specific medium contributed to exposure to, cognition of an event. For monitoring, graduate students were dispatched to examine each event through watching and interviewing. For evaluation, about 950 of event participants and non-participants were surveyed by means of face-to-face interview. Overall, we found that newspaper articles and television programs contributed a lot to people's exposure to events of the April 1997's Science Month. Especially, newspaper played a major role of heightening exposure. However, most events and/or their science and technology content failed to get salient attention and its following active cognition. The 1st National Science Festival attracted much exposure, but had some problems of disorder and commercialism. This sharp increase of exposure and some attention were believed to have reinforced people's, especially event participants' positive opinion of science and technology which is part of scientific culture.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2000

Background: For terminal cancer pain management, controlled-release oral morphine (morphine sulfate tablet, MST) is a simple and convenient regimen. Recently, fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system (F-TTS, transdermal fentanyl) has been developed and became one of the alternative ways of providing adequate pain relief. This open prospective study was designed to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of MST and transdermal fentanyl in the management of terminal cancer pain. Methods: In this open comparative and randomized study, 64 terminal cancer patients received one treatment for 15 days, controlled-release oral morphine (MST group) or fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system (F-TTS group). Daily diaries about the vital sign, visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, opioids requirement, co-anagesics, adjuvant drugs and adverse effects were completed with 24 patients in MST group, 18 patients in F-TTS group. Results: The majority of patients in both treatment groups were late-stage cancer and their distribution was not different in both groups. Daily opioids requirement was 126.4 mg in MST uced in F-TTS group (P<0.05). The incidence of nausea, vomiting and constipation was lower in F-TTS group (P<0.05). Patients satisfaction was similar, but F-TTS patient group favored continous use of same treatment compared with MST group after the study was finished. Conclusions: Transdermal fentanyl seems to be safe and similar analgesic effect to controlled-release oral morphine for the control of the terminal cancer patients. However, transdermal fentanyl provides a simpler and more convenient especially in respect to constipation, nausea & vomiting. To determine the exact analgesic effect, cost-effectiveness and complications, controlled trials should be followed.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2004

It has been reported that rotator cuff tear have good response to arthroscopic or open repair even if the range being so wide. However, the majority of this literature regarding the diagnosis and treatment of tear focused on lesion of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. But involvement of the subscapularis tendon with rotator cuff tear should be thought to be less common and poorer to open operative repair. Furthermore, some europian author have stated that the rotator cuff tear including the subscapularis tendon are sufficiently distinct in their clinical presentation and prognosis as to merit separate consideration of their diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate result of arthroscopic or open repair in patient with rotator cuff tear that include the subscapularis tendon. Of the 128 rotator cuff repairs performed from 1998 through 2003, 12 had a tear that include the subscapularis tendon in combination with the supraspinatus (8 cases) and infraspinatus (4 cases). Mean duration of symptoms before surgical treatment was 6 months (range 3 to 12 months). All 12 patient demonstrated a positive lift off sign. Shoulder function was assessed using the Constant- Murley score, which ranges from 30 to 58. Pain was assessed using a linear visual analogue scale range from 0 to 10. Postoperative Constant score range from 40 to 64 (average 47.8). Pain score improved from 5.5 to 8.5, but there are postoperative pain improvement on nothing in 5 patient. The overall result for 12 patient were satisfy in 2, fair in 5 and dissatisfy in 5: Therefore satisfactory result were noted only in 16 % of this overall group. In conclusion, we have failed to make good result in patient with rotator cuff tear that included the subscapularis tendon. At the result, outcome after surgical repair of this type of rotator tear is comparatively inferior to the result of operative repair of rotator cuff not involved the subscapularis tendon.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.11-20
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• 2010

User-oriented Design is necessary in planning the interior design of Metropolitan Railroads trains, since this is a typical means of transportation in this modem society and all ages people with different body scale use this facility. However, there are little studies about facility panning and zoning of Metropolitan Railroads train considering users. Therefore, in this study, after completing the checklist based on the current legal standards of facility installation of South Korea and Japan, we examined user's facility and suggest several improvement of the opening 14 metropolitan railroad lines in Seoul. Then, we evaluated this facilities according to 41 standards; general facility(24 standards), safety facility(4 standards), guide facility(11 standards), other facility(4 standards). The result of this study may be summarized as follows. 1) General facility has to be designed to obtain lots of room for storage and this facility should be fixed up tightly with secure system. 2) Safety facility should be designed to minimize a difference of floor-level between threshold of train and ground. Also, using various color and material could help passengers to distinguish different space and facility. 3) Guide facility should be designed to guide passengers to the accurate direction with proper sign design in the pathway of Metropolitan railroad train. Also, more various color, which based on the research about physiological and psychological effect, should be used to guide people. 4) Other facility should equip more visual system using common good and informative contents. Through this study, we try to understand the current interior physical condition of Metropolitan Railroads trains. However, for future studies, it is expected to supplement evaluation standards considering aesthetic design, environmental improvement of indoor air quality and the satisfaction and demand of Metropolitan Railroads trains.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.29-37
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• 2012

Since most construction workers comprehend information on work through sight, the importance of safety signs are increasing by the day. In Korea, due to the sharp economic progress and the higher standard of the workforce, since the end of 1980, each year the number of foreign workers entering the country who working simple technical jobs have increased this condition. This study researched safety signs, which are the final accident prevention measures at the workplace. Based on the study, comprehension of the standard safety signs of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) was lacking at a level of 2.5. Also, the perception level of the Industry Public Safety Law (38%) was very low. And, it was found that sex and experience or non-experience in safety training was not an issue in the level of understanding. However, when satisfying the standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and changing the safety signs, the level of understanding went up to 3.49 and the perception level was increased significantly to 70%. Thus, it is concluded that, since the foreign workers are mainly from non-English speaking countries and because the workers of Korea are not familiar with English, in order to provide proper safety information, there must first of all be simplistic and concise pictograms. This will provide needed information and must be coupled with simple English words that can give additional information to the worker and be effective in helping him understand and perceive the safety sign. Also, it has been determined that the existing forms of safety signs and their effectiveness in industry accident prevention must be reassessed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.315-322
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• 2013

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the effect of silk scaffolds on one-wall periodontal intrabony defects. We conjugated nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) onto a silk scaffold and then seeded periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) or dental pulp cells (DPCs) onto the scaffold. Methods: Five dogs were used in this study. Bilateral 4 mm${\times}$2 mm (depth${\times}$mesiodistal width), one-wall intrabony periodontal defects were surgically created on the distal side of the mandibular second premolar and the mesial side of the mandibular fourth premolar. In each dog, four of the defects were separately and randomly assigned to the following groups: the PDLCcultured scaffold transplantation group (PDLC group), the DPC-cultured scaffold transplantation group (DPC group), the normal saline-soaked scaffold transplantation group, and the control group. The animals were euthanized following an 8-week healing interval for clinical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histologic evaluations. Results: There was no sign of inflammation or other clinical signs of postoperative complications. The examination of cellseeded constructs by SEM provided visual confirmation of the favorable characteristics of nHA-coated silk scaffolds for tissue engineering. The scaffolds exhibited a firm connective porous structure in cross section, and after PDLCs and DPCs were seeded onto the scaffolds and cultured for 3 weeks, the attachment of well-spread cells and the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM) were observed. The histologic analysis revealed that a well-maintained grafted volume was present at all experimental sites for 8 weeks. Small amounts of inflammatory cells were seen within the scaffolds. The PDLC and DPC groups did not have remarkably different histologic appearances. Conclusions: These observations indicate that nHA-coated silk scaffolds can be considered to be potentially useful biomaterials for periodontal regeneration.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.9 s.351
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• pp.135-141
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• 2006

In order to prevent traffic accident, it is very important that the driver regulates the location of rear view mirror using the automatic seat regulation system which guarantees the maximum vision of the possibility for accuracy. In order to solve this problem the paper deals with the automatic seat control system which guarantees comfortable and safe seating and good visual field. Also a automatic car seat control algorithm has been developed to regulate the back mirror. Particularly, the automatic seat control algorithm function for the air bag operation in case of an accident has been added depending on passengers weight. Moreover when the driver passes a dangerous area an algorithm has been developed which gives the driver a naming sign and has been simulated in a ubiquitous environment. The simulation result proved that the Intelligence analysis for traffic accidents can reduce franc accidents more than 25% than the currently existing methods.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.421-426
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• 2012

As headlamp technology advances, newly developed various headlamps were introduced in the market. The objective of this study is to quantitatively analyze the detection distance of the recently developed LED headlamps and existing headlamps, complying with specific technical standard. Background: The detection distance of headlamps is very important to prevent automobile accident at night time. The studies of detection distance of LED, Halogen and HID headlamp have been conducted, but no study has shown the detection distance of pedestrian target with various colors (Black, White, Blue). Method: The experiment of detection distance was conducted with 30 people, which divide into 2 groups as 15 men and 15 women. Automatic transferable target on the rail was manufactured in order to reduce the error of study's result, and ANOVA also conducted to analyze the main effect with sign color, sex and headlamp classified by detection distance. In addition, the luminance by average detection distance was measured as well. Results: The detection distance of headlamps was HID > LED > Halogen. The luminance measure of LED headlamp was lower than HID and Halogen headlamps. Conclusion: The headlamp performs a very significant role for safety at night time but it needs to be improved through assessment of visual characteristics. Also, it needs to be suggested the need of test method for dynamic detection distance concerning technical development is suggested.