• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.135-139
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare EEG topographical maps in patients with chronic stroke after action observation physical training. Methods: Ten subjects were recruited from a medical hospital. Participants observed the action of transferring a small block from one box to another for 6 sessions of 1 minute each, and then performed the observed action for 3 minutes, 6 times. An EEG-based brain mapping system with 32 scalp sites was used to determine cortical reorganization in the regions of interest (ROIs) during observation of movement. The EEG-based brain mapping was comparison in within-group before and after training. ROIs included the primary sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal lobe, and visual cortex. EEG data were analyzed with an average log ratio in order to control the variability of the absolute mu power. The mu power log ratio was in within-group comparison with paired t-tests. Results: Participants showed activation prior to the intervention in all of the cerebral cortex, whereas the inferior frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex were selectively activated after the training. There were no differences in mu power between each session. Conclusion: These findings suggest that action observation physical training contributes to attaining brain reorganization and improving brain functionality, as part of rehabilitation and intervention programs.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.6917-6924
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• 2015

인간의 시각구조는 시야각과 가시거리에 의해 형성된다. 그러나 시지각에 기반한 대다수의 공간구조분석이론은 시야각을 반영하고 있지 않거나 평면적인 시야각만을 고려하고 있다. 일부 반영하는 이론들도 시야각에 포함된 부분과 제외된 부분을 이분법적으로 분리시킨 이론으로서 인간의 보편적 주시특성이 배제되어 있다. 본 연구는 아이트래킹 실험을 통하여 시야각의 한계를 실증적으로 파악하고 시야각별 주시확률을 도출하여, 이를 3차원 가시성 분석이론에 적용하였다. 그리고 시야각체 제한이 가능한 공간 시지각 분석어플리케이션을 제작하고 여기에 시야각별 Multiple frustum culling의 개념을 적용하여 그 가능성을 파악하였다. 주시특성 파악은 33명을 대상으로 이동형 아이트래커를 이용하여 임의의 공간에 대한 3분간의 보행과정을 측정한 데이터를 수집하였으며, 각도별로 주시고정 빈도 확률을 분석하여 데이터를 마련하였다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.47-62
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• 2022

Objectives : To analyze and understand the clear meaning of Nochae(勞瘵), which is used in the same meaning as tuberculosis in Korean medicine. Methods : Nochae was mainly investigated using the Korean medicine classic DB(https://mediclassics.kr). Records that clearly revealed the visual observation of Nochaechung(勞瘵蟲), the cause of Nochae, and those that do not were arranged in chronological order. It was also analyzed what modern diseases are similar to Nochae. Results : Records that Nochaechung can be observed visually through feces or vomiting suggested the possibility of ascariasis. Nochaechung, which has a shape similar to silkworms and causes symptoms such as coughing and hemoptysis similar to those of tuberculosis while parasitic on human, suggested the possibility of paragonimus westermani. Based on the record that it showed symptoms of coughing and hemoptysis along with chills, fever, and weight loss, Nochae might have been a disease such as pneumonia and lung cancer as well as tuberculosis. Records of women's bloating, weight loss, anorexia, and jaundice suggested that Nochae might have been a liver cirrhosis. Conclusions : Records that clearly reveal the visual observations of Nochaechung, suggested that Nochae was a parasitic disease such as ascariasis or paragonimiasis. Records that visual observation of Nochaechung was not clearly revealed, suggested that Nochae might have been diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer, and liver cirrhosis in addition to tuberculosis.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제2호
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• pp.22-28
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• 1994

The restaurant is regarded as the place of association and rest, and is the commercial facilities required the space of delightful and comfortable in mentality as well as the visual satisfaction for the users. The customers have their tendency to avoid the visual and physical contact between the strangers in the restaurant. Therefore, it is required to arrange the undisturbed space from strangers through the appropriate guest seats arrangement by understanding such mental basement. In this study, we have examined the way of space application between the people in the space and the mental mechanism, and we made study and analysis on the conciusness & behavior of the users of the restaurant actually. As the result, the theoretical study was connected to the customers conscious or unconscious behavior and the same results was come out from the paper-and-pencil test and observation research, and its appropriateness was clarifed. To put it briefly , the people have been showing their trends to prefer the place where have a fine view, undisturbed from others and may keep to the private area. On the whole , they prefer the visual variation somewhat rather than the simple, and they are fond of the space of open and comfortable. and also showing that the mental environment could be established by the control of physical environment. Therefore, we can say that the restaurant is required to fulfill this spatial desire of the users through the guest seats arrangement and other visual factors.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제12B권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

몰입형 가상현실 시스템에서는 실제로 가상세계가 입체적으로 가시화된다 할지라도 현실에서와 같이 정확한 거리 및 깊이 단서가 제공되지 않기 때문에, 사용자가 가상객체들과 원활한 상호작용을 하는데 많은 불편함이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이 점을 개선하기 위하여 몰입형 가상세계에서 사용자가 효과적으로 시공간지각을 할 수 있도록 지원해 주는 Visual Guider를 제안한다. Visual Guider는 사용자가 가상객체들 간의 상대적 거리 정보를 신속하고 정확하게 파악할 수 있도록 이차원 윈도우 어플리케이션에서 활용되는 눈금자 개념을 도입하여 삼차원 가상공간상에 적용한 것이다. 본 논문에서는 제안 기법을 $CAVE^(TM)-like$ 시스템 상에서 구현된 실험용 가상공간 상에 적용하여 사용자의 위치 이동과 가상객체의 선택 및 조작에 활용한 결과를 보인다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2009

In this study, the author aims to examine that the image for specific space coming through vision is to reveal how people perceive the space through vision and whether the perceived space includes the role as the catalyst that causes the following activities. It is believed that the fact which elements are remembered as the whole expression as well as the memorized images that humans have regarding the space should act as the important factor in terms of space perception. The conclusions from this study are as follow; 1) By analyzing the frequency of observation time that were obtained from the examinee, it was possible to classify the property of observation with S areas. Besides, it was possible to the meanings that the design elements have in each area. The establishment of the areas are considered as the important factor to examine which design elements have drawn the attention. 2) In case of I area which showed the most design factors that would lead examinee's vision or have interests in the examinee views, it showed that it stared the lower parts from the middle of the Image spatially, which was the most stable position from the image with strong tendency for staring at this area. 3) The most frequently stared area was the lower part of the middle, however, while the I area gazed the right side of the middle, II area faced the left side more so that it was revealed that it stared at the lower part of the middle and right side, then, moved to left. 4) Despite the frequent observation, some areas had very low or few observation data records and the area which was designed with monotonous color with relatively large size was also involved here so that it was identified that the simply treated area in design was rarely gazed.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.594-603
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• 2023

Background/Aims: The necessity for pharyngeal anesthesia during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is controversial. This study aimed to compare the observation ability with and without pharyngeal anesthesia under midazolam sedation. Methods: This prospective, single-blinded, randomized study included 500 patients who underwent transoral upper gastrointestinal endoscopy under intravenous midazolam sedation. Patients were randomly allocated to pharyngeal anesthesia: PA+ or PA- groups (250 patients/group). The endoscopists obtained 10 images of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. The primary outcome was the non-inferiority of the PA- group in terms of the pharyngeal observation success rate. Results: The pharyngeal observation success rates in the pharyngeal anesthesia with and without (PA+ and PA-) groups were 84.0% and 72.0%, respectively. The PA- group was inferior (p=0.707, non-inferiority) to the PA+ group in terms of observable parts (8.33 vs. 8.86, p=0.006), time (67.2 vs. 58.2 seconds, p=0.001), and pain (1.21±2.37 vs. 0.68±1.78, p=0.004, 0-10 point visual analog scale). Suitable quality images of the posterior wall of the oropharynx, vocal fold, and pyriform sinus were inferior in the PA- group. Subgroup analysis showed a higher sedation level (Ramsay score ≥5) with almost no differences in the pharyngeal observation success rate between the groups. Conclusions: Non-pharyngeal anesthesia showed no non-inferiority in pharyngeal observation ability. Pharyngeal anesthesia may improve pharyngeal observation ability in the hypopharynx and reduce pain. However, deeper anesthesia may reduce this difference.

• 감성과학
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2015

본 연구는 지하철 입구 공공공간에서 피험자의 선택적 주의집중 분석을 위한 공간요소별 주시데이터 추출이다. 주시데이터의 추출방법 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 눈을 통해 획득되는 시각정보의 특성을 분석하는 과정에 중심와의 반경을 이용하여 주시범위를 설정하는 방식은 기존의 시지각 이론을 근간에 두면서 선택적 주의집중에 해당하는 주시데이터의 추출 결과를 객관화시킬 수 있는 방법을 정리했다. 둘째, 주시데이터 추출방법으로 기존에는 격자에 의한 빈도 분석이 주를 이루었는데 세부적 특성으로 공간정보를 분석함에 한계를 가지고 있었다. 이에 비해 선택적 주의집중 정도를 알 수 있는 주시데이터 추출방법은 공간에서 특정 요소에 시선이 얼마만큼 집중되는지를 분석해 낼 수 있었다. 선택적 주의집중을 통해 공간사용자의 주시특성을 분석하게 되면, 요소 맞춤형 주시데이터 추출이 가능하고, 이를 공간디자인이나 사인 배치에 활용하고 성과를 검증하는 것도 가능하다. 셋째, 공간요소에 대한 시간범위별 분석을 통해 특정 공간 요소를 주시한 데이터 특성을 시계열적으로 추적하여 정리하는 것이 가능했는데, 본 연구에서 대상으로 삼은 "해당 공간범위"의 결과를 보면, 남녀 모두 2분을 지난 시점에서 주의집중 정도가 급격히 떨어진 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 넷째, 주시 우위빈도를 통해 선택적 주의집중이 일어난 구역을 시간범위별로 분석하였는데, 성별에 따라 남자는 I시간범위(52.4 %), 여자는 IV시간범위(24.0 %)에서 강한 주시가 이루어진 특성이 있어, 성별 차이가 나타난 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉, 성별에 따라 선택적 주의집중이 일어나는 시간범위가 서로 다르다는 것에서부터 성별 차이를 향후 피험자 특성으로 설정하여 실험하고 분석하는 것이 필요하다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 1998

경사 자계 펄스에 의한 MR 소음은 환자의 촬영뿐만 아니라 뇌기능 영상과 같은 신경 과학 영상에도 문제점 중의 하나이다. 특히 뇌기능 영상에서 소음은 피질과 혈관의 산소량의 변화로부터 생기는 작은 신호의 변화에 영향을 미치는 심각한 잡음 중의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 청각, 운동, 및 시각피질에서 소음이 뇌기능 영상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 그 결과 소음이 운동과 시각 피질에 미치는 여향은 서로 반대였다. 즉, 운동 피질에서는 소음이 총반응을 증가시켰고, 반대로 시각 피질에서는 소음이 총반응을 감소시켰다. 현재의 연구가 시작 단계에 있고, 앞으로 더 많은 실험적 검증이 필요한 실정이나, 소음이 운동과 시각 피질의 뇌기능 영상에 미치는 여향에 관한 첫번째 보고이며, 이결과는 앞으로 뇌기능 연구의 데이터 해석에 기초 자료로 이용될 수 있다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2023

PURPOSE: A visual feedback method was proposed to induce brain stimulation in a stroke patient, and among them, there was a treatment using a mirror. On the other hand, mirror therapy focuses only on the functional changes in body movements, and analysis of neurophysiological mechanisms of brain activity is lacking. In addition, studies on evaluating the activity and response generated in specific brain regions during visual feedback training using mirrors are insufficient. METHODS: Fifteen healthy adults (male: 10, female: 5, Years: 23.33 ± 1.23), who were right-handed were recruited. By attaching the C3, Cz, and C4 channels in the sensorimotor cortex using an electroencephalogram, training was performed under the conditions without mirror-based visual feedback (No-condition) and with visual feedback (Tasks-condition). At this time, the immediate activity of the mu-rhythm in response to training was separated and evaluated. RESULTS: The tasks-condition of C3, Cz, and C4 channels activated the relative mu-rhythm rather than the no-condition, and all showed significant differences (p < .05). In addition, in all channels at the start time, the tasks-condition was more active than the no-condition (p < .05). The activity of the cortical response was higher in the tasks-condition than in the no-condition (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The mu-rhythm activity can be evaluated objectively when visual feedback using a mirror is applied to healthy subjects, and a basic analysis protocol is proposed.