• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.193-217
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• 2022

The Wooden Seated Amitabha Buddha Triad and Altarpiece have not been the subjects of definitive species identification and scientific analysis. In this study, visual investigation, portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), species identification, and lacquer layer observations were carried out to determine the original materials and conservation status. Cracks, exfoliation and discoloration were detected during the visual investigation. The p-XRF data indicated that chrome oxide green, malachite, gold, cadmium red, cinnabar, minium, hematite, lead white, ink stick (Carbon), and copper were used for pigments and the coronet accessory. Tilia spp., Abies spp., and Pinus spp. were identified from both the Buddha Triad and Altarpiece. Finally, lacquer layer analyses of the base layer, lacquer layer, orange pigment layer, and gold leaf layer observed modern synthetic pigments likely used in previous conservation. As the Korean Cultural Heritage Charter and the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites clearly state that objects of cultural heritage must be conserved using their original materials, future conservation of these objects should utilize the data obtained in this study to employ traditional materials. Furthermore, a deterioration map diagnosis can be applied together with the obtained analysis data to understand the conservation status of and inform an appropriate and authentic conservation treatment for the Buddha Triad and Altarpiece.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 2006

The aim of this study was performed the clinical test using Netspeg lens for good visual acuity on subjects with abnormal refraction status. The subjects of one hundreds adults (fifty males, fifty females, mean=21 years, range=19 to 24) were recorded. The subjects were researched the history including the systemic health, medication, genetics, allergy, systemic disease and ocular disease. The refraction test was recorded the monocular and binocular using objective method. Visual acuity was performed the binocular status using the Netspeg lens and CR-39. Stereopsis test was performed the titmus fly and TNO at near distance using Netspeg lens and CR-39. The P-VEP test was used the 16 pattern size(Bausch Lomb, production in USA) with three channels. Also Subjects viewed the p-vep stimulus with binocular vision through the corrected visual acuity using the Netspeg lens and CR-39. The contrast sensitivity test was performed the contrast sensitivity chart(pelli-Robertson, USA) at 1m distance using the Netspeg lens and CR-39. The ultrastructure of surface on the Netspeg lens and CR-39 was observed the SEM(JMS-5800, made in Japan). The results of this study was as follows: 1. In corrected visual acuity of abnormal refraction using the Netspeg lens and CR-39, the Netspeg lens wearer were acquired the good visual field and clear visual acuity comparative to CR-39 wearer in the subject vision test. however the comfort of visual acuity was similar results in the Netspeg lens and CR-39. Also the subjects of Netspeg lens wearer was good visual acuity more than CR-39 wearer and in the analysis of P-VEP, the amplitude of wave on Netspeg lens used appears to be better through the CR-39(p>0.5). Besides, on the contrast sensitivity, the Netspeg lens wearer was good results than CR-39. The value on stereopsis with TNO by Netspeg lens wearer was better than CR-39 in results. However, in the stereopsis test with Titmus, the Netspeg lens and CR-39 wearer was similar results. 2. The ultrastructure of Netspeg lens surface was the smooth and fine shape more than CR-39. Also, Netspeg lens have a fine line structure in ultrastructure. In conclusion, the results of this study conformed that the surface ultrastructure of Netspeg lens used is more specific pin hole design structure than CR-39. This study indicated that the vision of Netspeg lens used have a better than CR-39 in the corrected visual acuity for abnormal refraction eye. Therefore, In this paper, we suggested that the ultrastructure and line structure of Netspeg lens was related to good visual function. However the visual function of the aspheric Netspeg and ultra waterproof Netspeg lens was similar results.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.347-356
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• 2013

Purpose: To evaluate the visual acuity and visual performance after implantation of a aspheric multifocal (ReSTOR$^{(R)}$ SN6AD3) intraocular lens (IOL). Methods: Nineteen cataract patients (30 eyes) implanted with an aspheric multifocal IOL (ReSTOR$^{(R)}$ SN6AD3) either unilaterally or bilaterally were participated. Visual acuity (VA) and objective optical performance were evaluated at the time of preoperation, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 month after operation. At 3 month of post-operation, objective visual performance were measured and compared with the 38 eyes of 20 age-matched normal control. Distance VA was measured by using the ETDRS LCD chart and intermediate and near visual acuity were measured using Jaeger chart. Objective visual performance was assessed preoperatively and 1 week, 1 month and 3 month postoperatively using a double-pass system (Optical Quality Analysis System) with a 4-mm pupil diameter, the OSI (objective scatter index), MTF (modulation transfer function) cut off and strehl ratio. At 3 month of post-operation, visual acuity and visual performance compared with age matched normal control. Results: The uncorrected distance VA, OSI, MTF cut off and strehl ratio were significantly improved (p<0.05) until 1 month postoperatively. Visual performance of MTF cut off and strehl ratio after 3 month of operation were significantly improved compared to the normal control (p=0.063, p=0.103 respectively), however, OSI was higher than normal control. Patients implanted with aspheric multifocal IOL were satisfied with distance and near VA however, were unsatisfied with intermediate VA and reported glare and halos. Conclusions: The visual performance reaches to a stable condition in 1 month of implantation of aspheric multifocal IOL and improved to the level of age-mated normal patients. Also patients were satisfied with their quality of vision, however, intermediate VA, glare and halos were reported as complications.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.35
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• pp.329-346
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• 2014

Art is the product from the combination of politics, economy, and social and cultural aspects. Recent development of digital media has affected on the expansion of visual expression in art. Digital media allow artists to use sound and physical interaction as well as image as an plastic element for making a work of art. Also, digital media help artists create an interactive, synaesthetic and visual perceptive environment by combining viewers' physical interaction with the reconstruction of image, sound, light, and among other plastic elements. This research was focused on the analysis of the relationship between images in art work and the viewer and data visualization using sound from the perspective of visual perception. This research also aimed to develop an interactive art by visualizing physical data with sound generating from outer stimulus or the viewer. Physical data generating from outer sound can be analyzed in various aspects. For example, Sound data can be analyzed and sampled within pitch, volume, frequency, and etc. This researcher implemented a new form of media art through the visual experiment of LED light triggered by sound frequency generating from viewers' voice or outer physical stimulus. Also, this researcher explored the possibility of various visual image expression generating from the viewer's reaction to illusionary characteristics of light(LED), which can be transformed within external physical data in real time. As the result, this researcher used a motif from Piet Mondrian's Broadway Boogie Woogie in order to implement a visual perceptive interactive work reacting with sound. Mondrian tried to approach at the essence of visual object by eliminating unnecessary representation elements and simplifying them in painting and making them into abstraction consisting of color, vertical and horizontal lines. This researcher utilized Modrian's simplified visual composition as a representation metaphor in oder to transform external sound stimulus into the element of light(LED), and implemented an environment inducing viewers' participation, which is a dynamic composition maximizing a synaesthetic expression, differing from Modrian's static composition.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2004

Purpose : To identify those factors influencing the post-operative satisfaction in myopia patients receiving laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) Methods : This study included 288 consecutive patients who received LASIK between July and December 2001 from two eye clinics located in Seoul and Pusan. Factors that were considered to influence post-operative satisfaction included pre-operative baseline characteristics, pre-operative expectation for treatment outcomes, and treatment outcomes. Before undergoing LASIK, study subjects were asked to rate the degree of their expectation for the improvement of visual functions and symptoms after LASIK on a 5-point Likert-type scale: where 1 referred to 'somewhat worse,' 2 to 'no change,' 3 to 'somewhat improved,' 4 to 'improved,' and 5 to 'very improved.' Self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate baseline visual functions and symptoms on a 5-point scale before LASIK. At 6 months after LASIK, the evaluation was repeated to measure treatment outcomes in terms of the difference in the score before and after LASIK. Post-operative satisfaction was also measured at 6 months on a 5-point scale. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the independent relationship between influencing factors and postoperative satisfaction. Results : A total of 171 patients (59.4%) participated in the 6-month follow-up investigation. The average expectation scores for the improvement in visual functions and symptoms were 3.8 and 3.4, respectively. The average score for the 7 questions assessing satisfaction was 4.0. The results of the regression analysis showed that the post-operative satisfaction increased with improvement in the visual function ($\beta$=0.16, p<0.05) and symptoms ($\beta$=0.25, p<0.05), the degree of preoperative refractive error ($\beta$ =0.26-0.67, p<0.05) and in male patients ($\beta$=0.31, p<0.1). The pre-operative expectation was not a statistically significant factor in explaining postoperative satisfaction in the regression model. Conclusion : The finding from this study was that patients with very severe myopia tended to be more satisfied with the treatment than those with mild myopia, which implies that LASIK can be more beneficial to those suffering from a severe visual condition. Patient satisfaction was also significantly affected by the treatment outcomes experienced after LASIK. This suggests that improving the clinical outcome is the most fundamental requirement for the improvement of patient satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.381-389
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• 2004

To investigate changes of multi-purpose solutions for soft contact lens(MPS) depending on using period or keeping temperature, we evaluate four brands of MPS. No significant difference was seen in protein deposit removing efficacy after samples had used for 24 weeks and kept at $4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ or $30^{\circ}C$. The pH values of the samples of 4 brands measured weekly over the 24 week testing period. The initial average pH value of samples were 7.0, 7.5, 7.6 or 8.2. One brand of MPS was in the range of the threshold for ocular awareness, which is outside the zone of 6.6 ~ 7.8. During the testing period, the pH value were decreased in using period-dependent manner. At the 24th week, the average pH values of samples turned to 6.6, 7.2, 7.2 or 7.7. However, the difference of keeping temperature was not associated with decreased levels of pH values. After 24 weeks, one of total 36 samples was contaminated by bacteria. Furthermore, the change of components was shown after 24 weeks in the analysis using thin layer chromatography and the analysis of UV absorption pattern. The results of our study provides that the keeping temperature of MPS is not the important factor of changes of MPS, but the using period of MPS can cause contact lens wearers discomfort.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.195-209
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to suggest objective basic data for the national park development through the quantitative analysis of the visual quality included in the physical environment of the Dukyu National Park. For this, spatial images structure of physical elements have been analyzed by factor analysis algorithm and degree of visual quality have been measured mainly by questionnaires. Result of this thesis can be summarized as follows. Factors covering the spatial image of the Dukyu National Park landscape have been found to be the overall synthetic evaluation spatial, appeal, natural quality and physical factors such as the overall the synthetic evaluation, spatial and appear yield high factor scores. Thus, these factors can be considered to represent the site spatial image of Dukyu Korean-National Park. By using the control method for the number of factors, Total variance explained by the factors has been obtained as 45.46% and 45.45%. Principal variables of main factors explained above may be the scaling containing the functional criteria of quantitative approach for landscape management of national park development. According to difference of special image from each place, for these variables that decided the visual quality can be differed, and even the same place due to landscape control point change the visual quality can be affected affirmately or negatively, according to recognized by the landscape control point.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

The purpose of this thesis is to classify landscape-type of golf course, and t provide a better understanding of landscape of existing golf courses, seek a developed method for landscape, and other useful knowledge. In order to classify landscape type of the golf course, and analyze the preference for the determinants, we have selected 4 golf courses in Yongin, Kyonggi Province. The analysis in this study shows that a variable, 'familiarity' is the most potent influence of visual preference, (Sig 0.01), and it can be divided into five classes of landscape-type in golf course. More specifically, we conducted the analysis of the image of views and visual preference to bring out major factors which could decide visual preference in golf courses. The results between visual preference and physical variable are as follows; 1. It implies that a factor for a image of the view in golf course is analyzed by 4 districts from factor 1 to factor 4. An ability explaining those factors in the whole of variable quantity is 51.742%, implying factors for the image of the scene in golf courses are appeared as familiarity, changeableness, spaciousness, and naturalness. Among those factors, since familiarity(C.V.; 26.783%) and changeableness(C.V.; 112.200%) took high rank, this represents the fact that familiarity or changeableness highly affects the forming of image. 2. Defending on degree of image ability in golf course, we could classify as five types such as Type I, Type II, Type II, Type IV, and Type V. 3. As a result of calculating type of factor score, Type I had the lowest ranking in naturalness, and rather lower than others such as organization and spaciousness. The II is a top-ranked one in familiarity and naturalness, while it has the lowest ranking in spaciousness. Type III has the highest ranking in organization and preference. Type IV is the lowest-ranked one in familiarity and preference. Type IV is the lowest-ranked one is familiarity and preference. Type V has the highest ranking in spaciousness, but the lowest ranking in organization. 4. As a result of preference, Type III, Type II, Type V, Type I, and Type IV come out in order. That water-seen place type charges the highest rank shows the importance of changeable materials. 5. These factors-familiarity, organization, spaciousness and naturalness- are the major materials of the scene of view in golf courses. The possibility of how to use those for designing and making enhanced golf courses should be reinvestigated through these factors. Especially, it is acknowledged that the duction of changeableness, which is not mentioned in the study of informational approach, is much stimulating for the designing use. A further research on this theme should be made in the future, not limiting to the golf courses in Yongin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1333-1342
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• 2008

This study intended to evaluate the visual sensibility of textiles of knitting simulation through the painting function of SDS-ONE, a computer knitting system, with the use of various fancy yarns for hand knitting. For this study, six kinds of fancy yarns with difference manufacturing style and form were selected: loop yarn, tamtam yarn, fur1 yarn, fur2 yarn, ladder yarn, and tape yarn. In order to create a computer knitting simulation, paint function of SDS-ONE was employed to scan the fancy yarns for hand knitting with a scanner. Then, after the registration of the yarns as data, the yarn was brought in for knitting simulation in plain stitch with 3 gauge. After that a survey was conducted involving 60 female experts in their twenties. Using SPSS 12.0, factor analysis, reliability, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, Duncan test, and regression analysis were performed to analyze the collected data. First, according to the result of analyzing the visual sense factor, three factors of the 'inflexibleness/ruggedness sense', 'lightweight sense', and 'smoothness sense' was extracted. According to the result of analyzing the visual sensibility factor, three factors of the 'activity', 'grace', and 'purity' was extracted. Second, With regard to preference and purchase intention, the knitted fabric with tamtam yarn(H2) was preferred than the other samples, indicating that the respondents had intention to purchase it. As for word-of-mouth intention, H2 ranked the first place, implying the respondents had intention to recommend it to other people. Third, the examination of the use of products each knitting simulation knit found that sweater and muffler are the most appropriate knit products. And H2 was the most suitable sample for sweater and muffler products. This study tried to prove that knit textile can be visually evaluated through a computer knitting simulation without the actual knitting and then to provide accurate data to related companies or the academic circle.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2015

Until recently, the three conventional evaluation methods, which are instrumental (Chromameter$^{(R)}$ CR-400 and Mexameter$^{(R)}$ M18) and visual assessments have been used frequently for skin color evaluation. However, we took notice the potential of image analysis as a new tool to evaluate color change of skin. To reveal the reliability of the image analysis for the evaluation of whitening agents, 34 healthy female volunteers with hyperpigmentation were recruited, and the selected volunteers applied the whitening products containing Vitamin C twice a day in the morning and evening and received iontophoresis treatments once a week for 8 weeks. The changes in hyperpigmentation evaluated by Chromameter$^{(R)}$, Mexameter$^{(R)}$ and visual assessment were compared with the results from the image analysis. As with $L^*$ value trends of the analysis using Chromameter$^{(R)}$, the V value from the image analysis increased after applying the test products compared with baseline values. Furthermore, V value showed a positive correlation with $L^*$ value (r = 0.494, p < 0.01) and negative correlation with MI (r = - 0.683, p < 0.01) and VG (r = - 0.549, p < 0.01). Therefore, image analysis may be considered as an effective method to complement the limitations of visual assessment for whitening efficacy in Asians.