• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.17-40
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• 2007

Most research on web site design has focused on technological factors, while visual aesthetic factors have been considered less important. In contrast, this study focuses on visual aesthetic factors in web site design. Findings of this study can be summarized as follows : (1) The result of SPSS-factor analysis shows that there are 3 distinct factors, 'classical aesthetics', 'expressive aesthetics', and 'usability' 'Classical aesthetics' and 'expressive aesthetics' can be described by visual aesthetic design, 'Visual aesthetic design' can be distinguished from 'usability'. This conceptual confusion relating to 'usability' and 'visual aesthetic design' can be clarified by these findings. (2) As a result of multiple regression analyses, 'classical aesthetics', 'expressive aesthetics', and 'usability' have a positive influence on 'interactivity' and 'web site evaluation'. This research clarifies the concepts of 'expectations' of Grier [18] and 'engagement' of Rosen and Purinton [33] as the 'interactivity' between users and web sites. Furthermore, this research suggests a valid model with high $R^2$(interactivity, 48% : web site evaluation, 68%). (3) Empirical tests show that the differences among users in 'entry point' are related to the characteristics of web sites and the personal characteristics of users. The differences among users in terms of 'scanning time' are closely related to the attitudes and evaluation tendencies of users with respect to web sites. These findings could contribute to the 'search phase' of the Faraday model [16], enabling it to be more precise and extensible. The managerial implication of this study is that customers' preferences regarding web site designs are differences, as their preferences are based on their individual characteristics. Therefore, marketing managers should consider promotional tools on web sites that are relevant to the target market. An optimal strategy for web design could be a carefully-selected combination of factors that are relevant to the 'interactivity' and 'evaluation' of web sites. Additionally, if marketing managers want to attract more favorable attitudes and more affirmative evaluations from users, web sites should be designed so that they are understood more quickly by users. finally, this study suggests that 'good design' for web sites depends on understanding how to attain the appropriate balance between 'classical aesthetics' and 'expressive aesthetics', based on the target customer.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.441-452
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• 2012

Recently, various researches have been attempted to effectively display pseudo-aural senses to the hearing-impaired or the deaf, using vibro-tactile stimulus as well as visual sense. Particularly, it is reported that as complementary senses to support the visual sense, tactile senses displayed by either speakers or vibration motors improve the reality sense significantly but do not nearly improve the emotional sense. Thus, in this study, the thermal sense is selected as another complementary sense to support the pseudo-aural sense display and it is investigated whether the thermal sense could generate a pseudo-aural sense or not. For this purpose, a thermal display module which could effectively display the desired thermal sense is implemented. Then, experiments have been conducted to subjects, which provide them with various types of stimuli combined with the aural, the vibrotactile, and the thermal stimuli along with the visual information. It can be confirmed, through statistical analysis on the data collected from experiments, that subjects could feel a pseudo-thermal sense closer to the real thermal sense which the normal subject feel from both the visual and the aural information, particularly either i) with the thermal stimulus along with the visual information or ii) with both the thermal and the vibrotactile stimuli along with the visual information than only with the visual information. Conclusively, it can be confirmed that the thermal stimulus applied to the skin of the subjects could play a role of effectively displaying pseudo-aural sense related to the thermal sense, as an complementary media for the pseudo-aural display.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.45-51
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the survey results of clinical performance and visual problem, and the survey were carried out before and after of VDT working for 4 hours by wearing functional lens designed for improving VDT syndrome and single-vision lens. Methods: We tested near & far visual acuity, change of spherical equivalent, near point of accommodation, near point of convergence, AC/A ratio, accommodative facility and survey of subjective symptoms to visual problem of before and after VDT working for 4 hours after wearing single-vision lens and functional lens subjected on 30 males and females in the age of 20 to 45. Results: When wearing functional lens comparing to single-vision lens, near visual acuity, near point of accommodation, near point of convergence, and accommodative facility are significantly improved. It is investigated that average scores of 10 items to visual problem after VDT working for 4 hours are 3.63${\pm}$0.75 at single-vision lens and 4.69 ${\pm}$ 0.83 at functional lens, and therefore functional lens is significantly improved. Conclusions: It is thought that functional lens is an excellent lens which helps to improve accommodative function and visual problem after VDT working for 4 hours than single-vision lens.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.485-492
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• 2018

This study would analyze visual components in the best seller cover design in 2017. The visual components were classified through a preliminary review with editorial design experts, and the top 20 best sellers at the Kyobo Book Centre, which recorded the top rank in sales in 2017 were selected as the subjects of the study. The subjects of the survey were 50 graduates from the design-related departments, who could judge the components, and the following results were drawn as an analysis. First, most layouts were a comparison type, and The Temperature of Language took the highest position at 45.5%. Second, in the typography, having a correlation with the section, most were composed of a Serif, and 'Sapiens' took the highest position at 92.5%. Third, the image is concerned with the illustration, in which The Miracles of the Namiya General Store took the highest position at 93.2%. These visual components of the cover design act as an important factor in choosing books for readers who first encounter the books. Thus, it would be necessary to continue to conduct studies of visual components in best sellers, and hopefully, this study would be helpful for the development of the publication market as it is utilized in the marketing field based on these studies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.324-333
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• 2020

This study compares the visual elements of the top five global beer brands currently in the Chinese market with those of the top five Chinese beer brands. The purpose of the research is to identify the importance of visual elements in the label design of beer package and to present the direction of efficient label design. To this end, it is a brand among visual elements of beer label design, and it investigates the label design of Chinese beer and global beer brand through the multi-accelerated comparative analysis method, focusing on color, illustration and layout, and analyzes the difference of elements appearing in the global beer label design from China by utilizing the recursive five-point scale. According to the research, the visual elements used in the Chinese beer brand were more complex compared to the global beer brand, and most layouts were similar, making the product less differentiated. On the other hand, the global beer brand has secured brand identity and differentiation based on its iconic visual elements and diversity of layout. In order to establish itself as a strong brand in consumers' minds, the Chinese beer brand needs differentiated label design through active use of unique brand design.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.214-221
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• 2019

Visual perception information acquired through human eyes contains much information on how to view visual stimuli using eye tracking technology, it is possible to acquire and analyze consumer visual information as quantitative data. These measurements can be used to measure emotions that customers feel unconsciously, and they can be directly collected by numerically quantifying the character's search response through eye tracking. In this study, we traced the character's area of interest (AOI) and found that the average of fixation duration, count, average of visit duration, count, and finally the time to first fixation was analyzed. As a result of analysis, it was found that there were many cognitive processing processes on the face than the character's body, and the visual attention was high. The visual attention of attraction factor has also been able to verify that attraction is being presented as an important factor in determining preferences for characters. Based on the results of this study, further studies of more characters will be conducted and quantitative interpretation methods can be used as basic data for character development and factors to be considered in determining character design.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.67 no.5
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• pp.353-361
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• 2023

This study analyzed the uses of visual representations of particles in the matter units of the middle school science textbooks developed under the 2015 Revised National Curriculum. The material units in four textbooks were divided into explanation, inquiry, and evaluation sections, and visual representations of particles presented in the science textbooks were analyzed by the use type, the activity type, and the level of activity. In the explanation section, the visual representations of particles were mainly presented in the auxiliary use type, and in the inquiry and evaluation section, they were mainly presented in a direct use type. In terms of the activity types of the direct use of visual representations of particles, the interpreting activity was mainly presented in the explanation and evaluation sections, while the generating activity and completing activity were presented in relatively higher proportion in the inquiry section than the other two sections. In terms of activity level, identifying was the most common activity level in the explanation section, and inferring was the most common activity level in the inquiry and evaluation sections. Based on these results, the implications for the presentation and uses of visual representations of particles in science textbooks are discussed.

• Korean Association of Arts Management
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• no.52
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• pp.39-73
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to explore the issues and alternatives in the promotion of space and exhibition support projects in visual arts, and to suggest an applicable direction of the government grant program. For this study, FGI and in-depth interviews were conducted in the direct beneficiaries of the grant program, the staff of the grant program, and the group of visual arts expert. As a result, the deliberation and selection of the support project should be carried out with sufficient time in consideration of the specificity of the support project. And the project requires to divide into two kinds of the projects based on the understanding of the social role and differentiation of non-profit exhibition spaces and private art museums. For the grant application and assessments, a long-term support is necessary to bring the capability and issues in efficient allocation of the budget, flexibility of budget item, and the budget shortfalls. Furthermore, the reliability between the grant program and beneficiaries needs to form a healthy partnership, and the evaluation criteria and eNARADOEUM system should be more practical and rationally established. Through this analysis, the implications of understanding the specificity of visual arts support projects, establishment of sustainable visual arts creation policies, and budget utilization were derived. Consequently, cultural and artistic support projects were directed to place more emphasis on efficiency than control, direction considering the position of consumers than suppliers, and long-term business planning rather than short-term perspective.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.473-483
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• 2023

This study was conducted to find out the psychological or physiological healing effects of real natural forests and virtual forest experiences using virtual reality (VR) in an artificially-controlled digital environment. To find out this, 81 healthy undergraduate students from C University were experimented on visual forest stimulation effects in the digital environment from September 5 to December 9 in 2022. The experiment evaluated the psychological and physiological healing effects of visual forest stimulation in the digital forest environment (2D, 3D). The SRI (stress response inventory) experiment for analyzing psychological effect showed statistically significant differences among groups. As for the SRI experiment for measuring psychological stress, except Control group, 2D group in the digital environment showed little difference before and after the experiment. But 3D group showed less stress than before. As a result, it was proved that visual forest stimulation in a forest-based digital environment (2D, 3D) reduces psychological stress significantly. And when analyzing how visual forest stimulation changes EEG (electroencephalogram) in the digital environment, alpha waves (RA), which are activated during relaxation or stabilization, were more active than beta waves (RB), which are activated during tension or awakening. This study is expected to be used to create a psychological and physiological healing environment for those who cannot go to a natural forest due to mobility difficulties by providing them visual forest stimulation experiences in a digital environment. It is also expected that the results will be the basis for forest healing in the digital environment and virtual reality programs will help forest healing activities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2021

This research studied the effect of visual improvement of "72 Hour Project" that has regenerated small scale derelict spaces in Seoul through citizen participation. 29 projects built form 2016 to 2019 were analyzed. The research analyzed landscape image preference of before and after status of projects using 12 pairs of landscape adjectives. Basic statistical analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and ANOVA were performed based on the survey results. Since the satisfaction level of the projects compared with the before-condition was 3.63 higher than 3.00, it could be concluded that there was an meaningful effect of visual improvement after completion of the projects. As the result of the factor analysis, landscape adjective pairs were categorized into two factors: harmony and aesthetics. Through the cluster analysis, four clusters were formed and characteristics of each cluster were identified. As the result of rhe cluster analysis, the cluster with the high harmony level and the aesthetics level showed the highest overall satisfaction level. Comparing each cluster, it could be concluded that the factor of harmony was more important than the factor of aesthetics in evaluating the satisfaction level of projects. Analyzing qualitative aspects of project groups, spatially well-balanced design with generous vegetation areas was more effective in landscape improvement than artistic design with visually strong installations. Further researches based on behavior studies of actual users are required to compensate the limits of this research. This research can contribute to establish the improved direction of policies to regenerate various types of small scale derelict spaces.