• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.579-588
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• 2018

Purpose : To analyze the eyeglasses supply system for ametropic soldiers in ROK military. Methods : We investigated and analyzed the supply system of eyeglasses for the ametropic soldiers provided by the Korean military. The refractive powers and corrected visual acuity were measured for 37 ametropic soldiers who wear insert glasses for ballistic protective and gas-masks supplied by the military based on their habitual prescriptions. Full correction of refractive error was prescribed for subjects having less than 1.0 of distance visual acuity, and comparison was held for inspecting the changes in corrected visual acuity. Suggestions were provided for solving the issues regarding current supplying system, and this study investigated the applicabilities for utilizing professional optometric manpower. Results : The new glasses supplied by army for ametropic soldiers were duplicated from the glasses they worn when entering the army. The spherical equivalent refractive powers of the conventional, ballistic protective and gas-mask insert glasses supplied for 37 ametropic soldiers were $-3.47{\pm}1.69D$, $-3.52{\pm}1.66D$ and $-3.55{\pm}1.63D$, respectively, and the spherical equivalent refractive power of full corrected glasses was $-3.79{\pm}1.66D$, which showed a significant difference(p<0.05). The distant corrected visual acuity measured at high and low contrast(logMAR) of conventional, ballistic protective and gas-mask insert glasses were $0.06{\pm}0.80$, $0.21{\pm}0.82$, $0.15{\pm}0.74$, $0.34{\pm}0.89$, $0.10{\pm}0.70$ and $0.22{\pm}0.27$, respectively, while the corrected visual acuity by full corrected glasses were increased to $0.02{\pm}1.05$, $0.10{\pm}0.07$, $0.09{\pm}0.92$, $0.26{\pm}0.10$, $0.04{\pm}1.00$ and $0.19{\pm}1.00$, respectively. There was a significant difference(p<0.05) except for the case of the low contrast corrected visual acuity of the conventional and gas-mask insert glasses. The procedure for ordering, dispensing, and supplying military glasses consists of 5 steps, and it was found that approximately two weeks or more are required to supply from the initial examination. Conclusion : The procedure of supplying the military glasses showed three issues: 1) a lack of refraction for prescription system, 2) relatively long length of time required for supplying the glasses, 3) an inaccurate power of supplied glasses. In order to solve those issues, in the short term, education is necessarily required for soldiers on the measurement of the refractive powers, and in the near future, further standard procedures for prescription of glasses as well as the securement of optometric manpower are expected.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2009

Statement of problem: There are two methods of color choice for the esthetic restoration. One is visual shade matching which draws a comparison between shade guide and teeth in dentist's own eye and the other is using a digital shade analysis system recently introduced. Although the visual shade matching has a lot of problems, decision of color by this visual shade matching and the ways of expression for the decided color are still applicable to clinical dentistry. Purpose: This study is designed to investigate shade guides used in the dental clinics and laboratories have the same value using ShadeEye-$NCC^{(R)}$ dental chroma meter (Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan) using shade guide are evaluated. Material and methods: At the first experiment, eight Vita Lumin Vacuum shade guides (Vident Inc., California, USA) were collected from the dental clinics. A1 and B1 shade tabs are chosen and the colors are analyzed five times each in both tooth and porcelain modes by digital shade analysis system, ShadeEye-$NCC^{(R)}$. In the second experiment, twelve Vita shade guides using practically in the dental clinics and laboratories were collected and also A1 and B1 shade tabs are chosen and the colors of A1 and B1 are analyzed one time each in both tooth and porcelain modes by ShadeEye-$NCC^{(R)}$. Results and conclusion: There were significant differences among eight shade guides in terms of shade (chroma), value and hue in both of A1 and B1 (P<.05). Shade guides using in present both dental clinics and laboratories did not show significant differences, except A1 in the porcelain mode, it showed significant differences (P<.05) in the shade even though the shade tab has the same name.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.53-65
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• 2007

Appropriate representation of hydrologic boundaries in groundwater models is critical to the development of a reliable model. This paper examines how the model predictions are affected by the uncertainty in the conceptualization of the hydrologic boundaries including groundwater divides, streams, and the lower boundaries of the flow system. The problem is analyzed for a study area where a number of field data for model inputs were available. First, a groundwater flow model is constructed and calibrated for the area using the Visual Modflow code. Recharge rate is used for the unknown variable determined through the calibration process. Secondly, a series of sensitivity analyses are conducted to evaluate the effects of model uncertainties embedded in specifying boundary conditions for streams and groundwater divides and specifying lower boundary of the bedrock. Finally, this paper provides some guidelines and discussions on how to deal with such hydrologic boundaries in view of developing a reliable conceptual model for the groundwater flow system of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.92-105
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• 2016

This study aims to establish a simulation method for CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) sight area. The simulation incorporates variables for computing CCTV sight area including CCTV specifications and installation. Currently CCTV is used for traffic, crime prevention and fire prevention by local governments. However, new locations are selected by administrator decision rather than analysis of the optimal location. In order to determine optimum location, a method to CCTV compute range is needed, which incorporates specifications according to CCTV purpose. For this purpose, limitations of previous research methods must be recognized and the simulation method must supplement these limitations. Here in this study, we derived CCTV sight area variables for realistic analysis to complement the limitations of previous studies. A total of eight elements were derived from image device sensors and installation: wide angle, height, angle, setting height, setting angle, and others. This research implemented a 3D simulation technique that can be applied to the derived factors and automate them using ArcObject and Visual C#. This simulation method can calculate sight range in accordance with CCTV specifications. Furthermore, when installing additional CCTVs, it can derive optimal allocation position. The results of this study will provide rational choices for specification selection and CCTV location by interagency collaborative projects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.57-67
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• 2014

The vigor condition of trees is an important indicator for the management of urban forested area. But difficulties in how to assess the tree vigor condition still remain. Previous efforts were limited in the 1) measurement of single indicator rather than using multiple indices, 2) purpose-oriented measurement such as for air-pollution effect or specific pathological symptom, and 3) ordinal-scale evaluations by field crews 4) despite human errors based on his/her experiences or prior knowledge. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a quantitative and objective methodology for assessing tree vigor condition, by measuring multiple modules and building the profile inventory. Furthermore, the possibility and limitations were discussed in terms of schematic frames describing tree vigor condition. The vigor condition of 56 flowering cherry plants in urban park were assessed by in-situ measurements of following eight items; growth of crown(Gc), growth of shoots, individual tree volume(Vol), plant area index, woody area index, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content(Lc) and leaf water content(Lw). For validation, these measurements were compared with the ranks of holistic tree vigor condition, which were visually assessed using a 4-point grading scale based on the expert's knowledge. As a result, the measures of each evaluation item successfully highlighted a variety of aspects in tree vigor condition, including the states of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic parts. The variation in the results depending on evaluated parts was shown within an individual tree, even though the broad agreement among the results was found. The result of correlation analysis between the tested measurements and 4-point visual assessment, demonstrated that the state of water-stressed foliage of the season (Lw) or the development of plant materials since sapling phase (Vol) could be better viewed from the outer appearance of trees than other symptoms. But only based on the visual assessment, it may be difficult to detect the quality of photosynthesis (Lc) or the recent trend in growth of trees (Gc). To make this methodology simplified for the broad-scale application, the tested eight measurements could be integrated into two components by principal component analysis, which was labelled with 'the amount of plant materials' and 'vigor trend', respectively. In addition, the use of these quantitative and multi-scale indicators underlies the importance of assessing various aspects of tree vigor condition, taking into account the response(s) on different time and spatial scale of pressure(s) shown in each evaluated module. Future study should be advanced for various species at diverse developing stages and environment, and the application to wide areas at a periodic manner.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.215-229
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• 2007

Objectives : Placebo phenomena have been considered as a confounding factor of clinical trial. Expectancy and belief of acupuncture have not been evaluated quantitatively. The present study was performed to analyze the emotional and cognitive factor .of acupuncture and investigate whether the expectancy of acupuncture treatment is associated with the cognition of acupuncture. Methods : The expectancy and the perception of bodily sensation (PBS) of 22 participants were assessed using self-reported questionnaire. The subjects used the self assessment manikin (SAM) to rate each of the standard affective image of the international affective picture system (lAPS) and other acupuncture-related image. Based on the degree of expectancy, the high expectant (HE) and the low expectant (LE) group were classified. The thermal and pressure pain threshold was objectively evaluated using radiant-heat device and algometer. The degree of expected pain of acupuncture and the actual pain of painful stimulation was subjectively evaluated using facial pain scales (FPS). Results : Using SAlVI analysis, we identified the negative correlation between hedonic valence and arousal dimension on acupuncture-related visual cue. The degree of the PBS and general pain threshold did not show any significant difference between the HE and the LE group. The HE group rated the acupuncture images as more pleasant, more arousing, than the LE group. In addition, we also found that the higher expectancy marked the lower FPS of the expected pain of acupuncture, but not of the actual pain of painful stimulation. Conclusions : Our preliminary study identified the psychological dimensions of acupuncture-related visual cue. These findings indicate that the expectancy of acupuncture could affect the cognition of acupuncture.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.501-510
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• 2010

The knowledge base on emotional information is one of the key elements in the implementation of emotion retrieval systems for contents design of Mobile devices. This study proposed a new approach to the knowledge base implementation by automatically extracting color components from full-color images. In this study, the validity of the proposed method was empirically tested. Database was developed using 100 interior images as visual stimuli and a total of 48 subjects participated in the experiment. In order to test the reliability of the proposed 'emotional information knowledge base', firstly 'recall ratio' that refers to frequencies of correct images from the retrieved images was derived. Secondly, correlation Analysis was performed to compare the ratings by the subjects to what the system calculated. Finally, the rating comparison was used to run a paired-sample t-test. The analysis demonstrated satisfactory recall ration of 62.1%. Also, a significant positive correlation (p<.01) was observed from all the emotion keywords. The paired Sample t-test found that all the emotion keywords except "casual" retrieved the images in the order from more relevant to less relevant images and the difference was statistically significant (t(9)=5.528, p<.05). Findings of this study support that the proposed 'emotional information knowledge base' established only with color information automatically extracted from images can be effectively used for such visual stimuli search tasks as commercial interior images.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.593-602
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• 2011

The estuarine area of the ecological environment had been seriously damaged by reckless developments during the past half century. The demand for management in estuarine area increased but the efficient management system did not exist. Therefore the aim of this study is to develop a GIS-based integrated DB management system by integrating the ecological environmental data of each division in estuarine area. To achieve this, the system used integrated DB. It is classified into a surveyed monitoring DB in 2010 at estuarine area of Yeongsan and GIS DB to express the spatial data. The integrated DB management system was developed using VisualBasic.NET languages and Arcobjects component for Map-based spatial analysis. Also, to improve the utilization of data, the composition of GUI(Graphical User Interface) through user needs analysis, the expression of monitoring DB, the priority of layer and the function for modular unit were defined. Ultimately the system was developed based on the defined items. GIS-based integrated DB management system can support to understand the ecological environment in estuarine area of Yeongsan river. Also it will provide the users with effective sharing and environmental management of the data. In the future study, comprehensive diagnosis for ecological environment in estuarine area and the reliable prediction need to be made by connecting modeling system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.70-80
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• 2013

The purpose of this study has placed its meaning in the use as the basic material for the research of the person's facial expressions, by researching and analyzing the visual reactions of recognition of children according to the facial expressions of emotion and by surveying the verbal reactions of boys and girls according to the individual expressions of emotion. The subjects of this study were 108 children at the age of 6 - 8 (55 males, 53 females) who were able to understand the presented research tool, and the response survey conducted twice were used in the method of data collection by individual interviews and self administered questionnaires. The research tool using in the questionnaires were classified into 6 types of joy, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, and fear which could derive the specific and accurate responses. Regarding children's visual reactions of recognition, both of boys and girls showed the high frequency in the facial expressions of joy, sadness, anger, surprise, and the low frequency in fear, disgust. Regarding verbal reactions, it showed the high frequency in the heuristic responses either to explore or the responds to the impressive parts reminiscent to the facial appearances in all the joy, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear. And it came out that the imaginary responses created new stories reminiscent to the facial expression in surprise, disgust, and fear.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.1 s.59
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• pp.59-68
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• 2005

In 20th century, that is the times of mass production with mass consumption, a company supplies standard product by the system of mass production line. Therefore, the company, itself, had to introduce its product quality to the customers. It was the buying criterion of consumer against product. In that period, a company utilized its identity in order to give customers product information such as product value, price and quality, etc. However, as digital technology with the wide-spread of informationalization & technical revolution is developed, products have diversification and customers have better incomes. So, buying method tends to thi purchase of self-satisfaction generally. In the buying criterion of consumerbased on personality & sensibility, a company must offer the buying criterion of product which can appeal the special quality & image of product itself to customers, and it must stop appealing the Cl of company under the condition of mass production by product quality and function. This study tried to focus on the method which can create effective brand and its image that are the buying criterion of new product. Also, this study tried to find the effective relation between economical & social paradigm which is the result of social informationalization with intensive knowledge, and buying determination of customer, And, this study tried to present guideline of effective brand image and brand special Quality that is affected to buying determination of customers together. The model of Positive analysis had two types. The first model studied the mutual relation between economical/social change factors and special quality of brand. And, the second model studied the mutual relation between the cause of special quality of brand and formation of brand image through regression analysis. Therefore, the construction of sensitive brand image for forming brand must be requested. The sensitive brand image is highly related to preference of sensibility, and it must be based on mind identity & visual identity. And, mind identity must have creation of value, satisfaction, combination of community, personal preference, etc. Visual identity must have esthetic order, and originality of molding, etc. Namely, brand image must form the accommodation of era change, personality & sensibility satisfaction, the effectiveness of service, etc., in order to create effective brand image.