• 만화애니메이션 연구
• /
• 통권37호
• /
• pp.439-461
• /
• 2014

예술은 시대마다 새로운 표현 도구를 탄생시켜 온 과학기술과 밀접한 관계를 맺으며 예술 형식에 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 특히 애니메이션은 움직이는 이미지의 '환상성'을 내세우며 그 시작부터 과학 기술 시대를 배경으로 탄생한 영화와 유사한 영상 매체라는 점에서 기술적인 측면과 떼려야 뗄 수 없는 밀접성을 갖는 대표적인 예술 장르이다. 이런 이유로 애니메이션에 대한 미학적 접근은 기술매체 발전을 전제로 고찰되는 측면이 강하기도 하다. 지금의 컴퓨터 애니메이션의 모태가 된 컴퓨터 그래픽스 아트의 선구자인 존 휘트니는 기술적 실험을 통해 테크놀로지를 하나의 도구가 아닌 자신만의 예술 세계를 표현하기 위한 시도로 이어 나갔다. 이러한 새로운 매체의 등장은 단순히 표현을 위한 도구나 수단 뿐 아니라 예술을 바라보는 수용방식과 의식에도 큰 영향을 미치게 되었고, 1980년대를 전후로 애니메이션은 디지털 컴퓨터 기술과 본격적인 접목으로 기술적 완성도를 앞세워 새로운 영상미학을 열게 된다. 오늘날 디지털 기술의 발달은 애니메이션의 사실주의적 환영을 더욱 견고히 해나가기 위해 극사실주의적 디지털 캐릭터 구현 방식을 적극 수용하고 있다. 다른 한편으로는 애니메이션의 가장 대표적인 표현양식인 이미지의 왜곡이나 변형을 강조한 고전적 카툰 캐릭터 방식을 내세워 사실적 환영효과를 추구하기도 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 시그래프 아시아에 출품된 작품들을 토대로 디지털 기술의 발전과정 속에서 어떻게 새로운 애니메이션의 디지털 리얼리즘을 만들어 나가고 있는지 이 두 가지 서로 다른 디지털 캐릭터 스타일의 수용방식을 통해 기술 변화에 따른 아날로그와 디지털의 상호 보완적 가능성을 살펴보도록 한다.

• 복식
• /
• 제66권6호
• /
• pp.95-109
• /
• 2016

The process of making fashion accessories brings many benefits to visually impaired people. It helps the development of their tactile sensation, improves their aesthetic attitude, creativity, and imagination, and brings energy to their life. The current accessory making education in Korea is targeted to people with normal vision, and does not reflect the specific needs of the visually impaired. This causes a lot of trouble in educating the visually impaired. Therefore, this study aims to increase the efficiency of accessory making education by selecting curriculum and material that are appropriate and systematic for the visually impaired. In order to understand visual impairment, literature review was conducted to examine the definition and classifications of the impairment. Research was also done regarding material types and production method of fashion accessory. The study also designed an education program, including teaching guidelines, by referring to literature related to fashion accessory design, teaching guideline. The study conducted 12 experiments based on the results from April to June 2014. After revising and supplementing the teaching method, 2nd set of experiments were conducted from July to September 2014. Each class lasted for one and a half hour every week, and the class was composed of 6 students, 1 instructor and 1 volunteer. After each class, interviews were done to collect student opinions about the curriculum and material. Total experiment results and interview were reflected in constructing the final education program. The result of the experiments and interviews showed that selecting the accessory materials for class must be selected carefully. The visually-impaired students were very sensitive to the size, texture, shape, hole size of beads and length of material. After the experiments, all the students were able to distinguish the size and shape of the beads well, and finished the accessories using the given materials. The study verified that there is a need for another approach when educating the visually impaired about fashion accessory design. Many factors need to be considered from selecting materials to class contents. This study will contribute as a reference to fashion accessory making education as well as other design education for the visually impaired.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제47권5호
• /
• pp.352-357
• /
• 2010

Objective : This retrospective study was performed to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) using two different stand-alone cages in the treatment of lumbar intervertebral foraminal stenosis (IFS). Methods : A total of 28 patients who underwent ALIF at L5-S1 using stand-alone cage were studied [Stabilis$^{(R)}$ (Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA); 13, SynFix-LR$^{(R)}$ (Synthes Bettlach, Switzerland); 15]. Mean follow-up period was 27.3 ${\pm}$ 4.9 months. Visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were assessed. Radiologically, the change of disc height, intervertebral foraminal (IVF) height and width at the operated segment were measured, and fusion status was defined. Results : Final mean VAS (back and leg) and ODI scores were significantly decreased from preoperative values (5.6 ${\pm}$ 2.3 ${\rightarrow}$ 2.3 ${\pm}$ 2.2, 6.3 ${\pm}$ 3.2 ${\rightarrow}$1.6 ${\pm}$ 1.6, and 53.7 ${\pm}$ 18.6 ${\rightarrow}$ 28.3 ${\pm}$ 13.1, respectively), which were not different between the two devices groups. In Stabilis$^{(R)}$ group, postoperative immediately increased disc and IVF heights (10.09 ${\pm}$ 4.15 mm ${\rightarrow}$ 14.99 ${\pm}$ 1.73 mm, 13.00 ${\pm}$ 2.44 mm ${\rightarrow}$ 16.28 ${\pm}$ 2.23 mm, respectively) were gradually decreased, and finally returned to preoperative value (11.29 ${\pm}$ 1.67 mm, 13.59 ${\pm}$ 2.01 mm, respectively). In SynFix-LR$^{(R)}$ group, immediately increased disc and IVF heights (9.60 ${\pm}$ 2.82 mm ${\rightarrow}$ 15.61 ${\pm}$ 0.62 mm, 14.01 ${\pm}$ 2.53 mm ${\rightarrow}$ 21.27 ${\pm}$ 1.93 mm, respectively) were maintained until the last follow up (13.72 ${\pm}$ 1.21 mm, 17.87 ${\pm}$ 2.02 mm, respectively). The changes of IVF width of each group was minimal pre- and postoperatively. Solid arthrodesis was observed in 11 patients in Stabilis group (11/13, 84.6%) and 13 in SynFix-LR$^{(R)}$ group (13/15, 86.7%). Conclusion : ALIF using stand-alone cage could assure good clinical results in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar IFS in the mid-term follow up. A degree of subsidence at the operated segment was different depending on the device type, which was higher in Stabilis$^{(R)}$ group.

• 조형예술학연구
• /
• 제1권
• /
• pp.189-226
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this paper is to examine the common characteristics of late 20th century interior design style and the post-modern thinking system. A period has its own predominant spirit which determine the tendency of art, and the ubiquitous power in the spirit decides the period's pattern of art. Therefore the interior design style belongs to general art sphere that has its own individual character derived from the dominant power of the controlling system. Paying special attention to this understanding, the auther has processed this paper by combining the post-modem thinking with special characteristics of each of the 20th century interior design style. Until now, researches have been focused on the individual style of post-modern design; however, a general research comprising the whole characteristics of expression has not been made. Accordingly, the rationale of emphasizing the general point of view is establshed. Also, this study suggests a model applicable to studies concerning other art area. This type of methodology is receving more attention as an approach investigating new art ideology for researching post-modern thinking and late 20th century art styles. The conclusions are as follows: First, the distinctive expressions of postmodernism appear to be characteristic of illusion, metaphor, pluralism, decoration, and symmetry, Those of late modernism appear to be the characteristic of complicated simplicity and symplified complexity, passiveness of symbolism and harmony, indeterminacy of form and space, and unintentional decorativeness. And the characteristics of deconstructionism are spatial difference and temporal defferal, and un-reductive and non formal abstractiveness of the space, unfinishness, chance, and secretiveness of individual style. Second, the disinctive expression seems to share common characteristics with postmodern thinking. The best examples are pluralism, non-formalism, populism, and historicism, originating from the deconstruction of 'meta-narrative'. Third, based on the second conclusion, general distinctive expression could be simplified as chacteristics of plurality, hybridity, and indeterminacy. These expressive chacteristics appear to be automatically connected with general postmodern thinking. Last, in consideration of the above conclusion, the extreme generality could be distinctively clarified as 'textural co-exsistence'. Accordingly, the author might confirm that 'textural co-existence' originated from the text that comes from postmodern thinking. In conclusion, design expression of late 20th century interior design accepts the ?universal theme of ubiquitous postmodern thinking. And universal expressions and supreme generality can be common analysis tools for understanding and studying complicated late 20th century interior design.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한음성학회 1997년도 7월 학술대회지
• /
• pp.228-229
• /
• 1997

1 Intonation is important. It cannot be ignored. To convince students of the importance of intonation, we can use sentences with two very different interpretations according to intonation. Example: "I thought it would rain" with a fallon "rain" means it did not rain, but with a fall on "thought" and a rise on "rain" it means that it did rain. 2 Although complex, intonation is structured. For both teacher and student, the big job of tackling intonation is made simpler by remembering that intonation can be analysed into systems and units. There are three main systems in English intonation: Tonality (division into phrases) Tonicity (selection of accented syllables) Tone (the choice of pitch movements) Examples: Tonality: My brother who lives in London is a doctor. Tonicity: Hello. How ARE you. Hello. How are YOU. Tone: Ways to say "Thank you" 3 In deciding what to teach, we must distinguish what is universal from what is specifically English. This is where contrastive studies of intonation are very valuable. Usually, for instance, division into phrases (tonality) works in broadly similar ways across languages. Some uses of pitch are also similar across languages - for example, very high pitch may signal excitement or urgency. 4 Although most people think that intonation is mainly about pitch (the tone system), actually accent placement (tonicity) is probably the single most important aspect of English intonation. This is because it is connected with information focus, and the effects on interpretation are very clear-cut. Example: They asked for coffee, so I made them coffee. (The second occurrence of "coffee" must not be accented). 5 Ear-training is the beginning of intonation training in the VeL approach. First, students learn to identify fall vs rise vs fall-rise. To begin with, single words are used, then phrases and sentences. When learning tones, the fIrst words used should have unstressed syllables after the stressed syllable (Saturday) to make the pitch movement clearer. 6 In production drills, the fIrst thing is to establish simple neutral patterns. There should be no drama or really special meanings. Simple drills can be used to teach important patterns: Example: A: Peter likes football B: Yes JOHN likes football TOO A: Mary rides a bike B: Yes JENny rides a bike TOO 7 The teacher must be systematic and let learners KNOW what they are learning. It is no good using new patterns and hoping that students will "pick them up" without noticing. 8 Visual feedback of fundamental frequency with a computer display can help students learn correct patterns. The teacher can use the display to demonstrate patterns, or students can practise by themselves, imitating recorded models.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제41권5호
• /
• pp.565-581
• /
• 2003

Statement of problem : A scientific examination and understanding of overall aspects of the natural dentition is the first step involved in making a satisfactory selection in the shade of an aesthetic prosthesis. Proper natural shade selection of the prosthetic restoration that is in harmony with the remaining dentition is as important aesthetically, as harmony of form and function in the anterior dentition. Clinically, the most commonly applied method of shade selection has been visual, but because of the subjective nature inherent to this method, shade selection results are variable and can be influenced by such factors as the technician, the type of shade guide used, and the type and intensity of the lighting. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to develop a more objective and scientific approach to examining and understanding the shade of teeth, which has in turn lead to the development of a number of shade analysis devices that present a more objective method of shade analysis. Material and Method : In this study, the shades of healthy anterior teeth were examined and analyzed using the recently developed digital shade analysis of the $ShadeScan^{TM}$ System. The study examined 80 individuals in their twenties, 40 males and 40 females, presenting 6 healthy, unrestored maxillary anterior teeth. Tooth brushing and oral prophylaxis were performed prior to evaluation. The ShadeScan handpiece was used to acquire images of the 6 maxillary anterior teeth. These images were analyzed using the Vita/Classical mode of the $ShadeScan^{TM}$ Software, and shade maps of each tooth were acquired and divided into cervical, middle, and incisal thirds. The shade distribution of each third, left and right symmetry, and gender differences were investigated and analyzed. Results : The results of the study are as follows : 1. An overwhelming majority of the examined teeth were found to possess shades belong to Group A, with the greatest variations occurring at the middle and cervical thirds of the maxillary central and lateral incisors, in both male and female subjects. 2. Canines of both male and female subjects showed left and right symmetry with uniform shade distribution of A4 and C4, while the lateral and central incisors showed left-right symmetry of the incisal 1/3 with a uniform shade distribution of A2 and A3 shades 3. No significant differences in shade distribution were seen between genders in maxillary canines, whereas maxillary central and lateral incisors showed differences at the middle and cervical thirds between male and female subjects The results of this study show that with the exception of maxillary canines, maxillary anterior teeth display a diverse shade distribution as well as gender differences. Conclusion : Clinically, when making a shade selection using the existing shade guide, one must consider the fact that even a single tooth consists of a variety of shades. The results of this study show that when selecting a shade from a number of groups is difficult, shades from A group are the most consistent with the natural shade or maxillary anterior teeth.

• 디자인학연구
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.383-392
• /
• 2004

본 연구는 형태와 색채의 상관관계를 중요시한 칸딘스키(W. Kandinsky)의 작품을 미술치료의 관점에서 분석하였다. 작품분석과 관련된 대부분의 논문들은 미학적 접근에서 연구되고 있으며, 미술치료관점에서의 분석은 이루어지고 있지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구는 이제까지 행해져 온 미술치료의 연구에 하나의 새로운 방향을 제시하고자 하며, 그 가능성에 대하여 연구하고자 한다. 시각언어를 표현하는 색채, 형태와 인간의 심리적인 상호관계를 분석하여 이를 바탕으로 색채심리 및 Gestalt이론, 지각심리학적 접근을 통한 미술치료방법의 가능성을 제시하고자 한다. 인간의 색채심리와 형태심리에 근거하여 어린이의 건강한 정서적 성장을 위한 일러스트레이션의 개발과 아동교육프로그램 및 놀이교구개발 등에 응용하는 것이 본 연구의 최종목적이다. 그 선행연구로 미술치료모델로서 칸딘스키의 작품 '원 속의 원(CERCLES DANS CERCLE)'을 칸딘스키의 이론적 입장과 미술치료입장에서 분석해 보았다. 이를 통하여 인간정서에 긍정적인 역할과 정서순화를 목적으로 하는 하나의 새로운 미술 치료모델자료로서 활용하고자 한다.

• 한국측량학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2011

강원도 인제군 인제읍 덕산리 지역은 2006년 7윌 12일부터 16일까지 4일간 국지적 집중호우로 인하여 대규모 산사태 및 토석류 발생한 지역이다. 이때 발생한 산사태 및 토석류로 인한 가옥 매몰로 2명이 사망하는 등 많은 인명 및 재산피해가 발생 하였다. 산사태 및 토석류 발생 지역이 대부분 산지로 이루어져있어 현장에 직접 접근하여 피해규모를 판단하는데 어려움이 있으나 항공사진을 이용하면 산사태 및 토석류 발생 지역 특성 및 피해규모를 보다 신속하고 정확하게 분석할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 항공사진을 이용하여 강원도 인제 지역의 토석류 발생지역을 확인, 분석하였다. 토석류 발생지역을 발단부, 유하부, 퇴적부로 나누어 육안판독에 의한 디지타이징으로 각 지점에 대한 정보를 추출하였고, GIS를 이용한 지형도, 염상도, 토양도와의 중첩 분석을 통하여 토석류 발생지점에 대한 지형학적, 임상학적, 토양학적 특성 및 발생 현황을 분석하였다. 종합적으로 분석해본 결과 $36^{\circ}$ 정도의 경사에서 산사태가 발생하여 $26^{\circ}$ 경사도에서는 흐름으로 진행하다가 $21^{\circ}$ 경사 아래에서는 더 이상 흐름으로 진행하지 못하고 퇴적하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 임상인자 중에서는 수종의 종류에 따라 큰 연관성이 나타났으며, 토양인자 중에서는 유효토심 및 토양모재, 침식등급과 토석류 발생과의 연관성을 파악할 수 있었다.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.28-38
• /
• 2005

근래에 들어 진행된 시추공을 이용한 각종 측정 장비의 개발에 따라 지하정보의 가시화는 중요한 관심의 초점으로 대두되었다. 이를 위해 시추공벽 영상의 모니터링과 동시에 여러 가지 분석틀을 제공할 수 있는 장비가 개발되고 있으나 불량한 암반조건이나 소수의 엔진이어만이 접근할 수 있는 곳에서는 그 장비의 활용이 극히 제한적이다. 그리하여 최소한의 기능만을 보유하고 휴대가 가능한 시추공 카메라가 개발되어 상용화 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 휴대용 시추공 카메라를 이용하여 얻은 지하정보를 토대로 암반 내에 발달해있는 불연속면의 분포를 3차원으로 가시화 하는 수리학적인 형식화 과정과 가시화된 이미지의 해석방법을 제시하고 이에 대한 사례연구로서 두 지역에 적용하였다. 형식화 과정은 3차원 공간좌표에서 불연속면의 방향성분(경사각, 경사방향 및 심도)이 지시한 위치관계를 시추공의 선주향(trend)와 주향경사(plunge)의 변화에 기초하여 고찰함을 의미하며, 그 결과 일련의 조건식을 유도한다. 두 지역에 대한 사례연구를 통해, 본 연구에서 제시한 가시화 기법이 국지적인 불연속면의 분포가 중요한 경우 지반공학적(geotechnical)으로 유용한 수단이 될 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제46권6호
• /
• pp.532-537
• /
• 2009

Objective : Recently, motion preservation has come to the forefront of emerging technologies in spine surgery. This is the important background information of the emergence of cervical arthroplasty as an alternative to arthrodesis that offers the promise of restoring normal spinal movement and reduces a kinematic strain on adjacent segments. The study was designed to evaluate early surgical outcome and radiological effects of $Bryan^{(R)}$ cervical disc prosthesis. Methods : The authors retrospectively reviewed radiographic and clinical outcomes in 52 patients who received the $Bryan^{(R)}$ Cervical Disc prosthesis, for whom follow-up data were available. Static and dynamic radiographs were measured by computer to determine the angles formed by the endplates of the natural disc preoperatively, those formed by the shells of the implanted prosthesis, the angle of functional spine unit (FSU), and the C2-7 Cobb angle. The range of motion (ROM) was also determined radiographically, whereas clinical outcomes were assessed using Odom's criteria, visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and neck disability index (NDI). Results : A total of 71 $Bryan^{(R)}$ disc were placed in 52 patients. A single-level procedure was performed in 36 patients, a two-level procedure in 13 patients, and a three-level procedure in 3. Radiographic and clinical assessments were made preoperatively. Mean follow-up duration was 29.2 months, ranging from 6 to 36 months. All of the patients were satisfied with the surgical results by Odom's criteria, and showed significant improvement by VAS and NDI score (p < 0.05). The postoperative ROM of the implanted level was preserved without significant difference from preoperative ROM of the operated level (p < 0.05). 97% of patients with a preoperative lordotic sagittal orientation of the FSU were able to maintain lordosis. The overall sagittal alignment of the cervical spine was preserved in 88.5% of cases at the final follow up. Interestingly, preoperatively kyphotic FSU resulted in lordotic FSU in 70% of patients during the late follow up, and preoperatively kyphotic overall cervical alignment resulted in lordosis in 66.6% of the patients postoperatively. Conclusion : Arthroplasty using the $Bryan^{(R)}$ disc seemed to be safe and provided encouraging clinical and radiologic outcome in our study. Although the early results are promising, this is a relatively new approach, therefore long-term follow up studies are required to prove its efficacy and its ability to prevent adjacent segment disease.