• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to review the characteristics of patients who visited the emergency room of a Korean medical hospital with musculoskeletal disorders during the last 5 years and to provide a potential basis for future studies and emergency medical practice. Methods : Patient visit records between May 1st, 2010 and February 28th, 2015 were reviewed and patients with musculoskeletal disorders were included in a retrospective analysis. Results : A total of 5,218 patient visit records were initially reviewed and 1,485 patients (28.46 %) were included in the analysis. S code group was the most frequently diagnosed coding group of Korean Standard Classification of Diseases. The male to female ratio was 1.05:1 and patients in their thirties represented the highest age group. When classified by time of visit, the distribution of patients was similar from 10:00 to 22:59. The most frequently visited day and month were Sunday and September. 879 patients (59.19 %) visited the emergency room within 24 hours from onset of symptoms. The most common symptom site was the low back (45.59 %), followed by ankle (13.94 %) and neck (13.80 %). The most frequently used treatment method was acupuncture (92.32 %), followed by infrared (45.45 %), TENS (30.03 %) and herbal medication (29.02 %). The follow-up and admission rates were 30.24 % and 13.00 % respectively. 343 patients (23.10 %) received Western medical treatment within a day before visiting the emergency room of the Korean medical hospital. Conclusions : This analysis provides the latest information on the characteristics of patients who visited the emergency room of a Korean medical hospital with musculoskeletal disorders. The results can provide the basis for further studies and for other attempts to improve the clinical setting of the emergency room.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.109-122
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• 2002

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effects of the Nuegra on enhancement of the masculine and physical activities in general through measuring changes of the testosterone, FSH and subjective symptoms like fatigue, insomnia, urinary stream, muscular weakness, libido and erectile dysfunction. Total 168 male subjects were enrolled from 12 urology, internal medicine clinics and general practitioner, During the 6-week investigational period, 2 capsules of Nuegra were given to the subjects right after meal for 4 weeks, and 1 capsule of Nuegra was added each time in subjects with no or minimal effect. Testoster-one and FSH levels were measured at first visit and last visit, for evaluating masculine activities. To avoid bias and standardize the test results, only one clinic was assigned as a central lab, and all blood samples were transferred. General information and subjective symptoms were evaluated at first visit and at 2 weeks interval, week 2, 4 and 6 using VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). The mean age of the subjects were 51.8${\pm}$8.2 years old (range: 36.1-82.1). Based on the subjects who were tested on testosterone and FSH levels at day l and week 6, the means were 4.4${\pm}$1.4 nmol/L (range: 2.6-7.7), 8.6${\pm}$9.6 mIU/mL (range: 0.3-40.4), respectively at day 1. At week 6, the results were 4.9 ${\pm}$1.6 (2.6-8.9 range), 9.4${\pm}$13.1 (1.0-53.9 range), respectively. Marginally significant difference between pre-dose and post-dose was present. Statistically significant differences were revealed in general assessment for subjective symptoms, fatigue, insomnia, erectile dysfunction, etc. In fatigue, response rates were 39.6, 65.4 and 76.4% at week 2, 4 and 6, respectively (P < 0.0001). Response vates for erectile dysfunction were 13.4, 41.2 and 72.7% at week 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.0001), respectively, Response rates for libido were 13.6, 51.6 and 73.5% at week 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.0001), respectively. For urinary stream response rates were 26.9, 44.7 and 66.8% at week 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.0001), respectively. VAS for muscular weakness did not show significant results that response rates were 40, 60 and 80% at week 2, 4, and 6 from 8.2 (P ＝ 0.24), respectively. Response rates for insomnia were 50, 60, 100% at week 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.0001), respectively. The results shows that Nuegra tends to enhance masculine activities including libido, erectile dysfunction and urinary stream and also effective for improving general conditions especially insomnia, muscular weakness and fatigue. In conclusion, this investigation has demonstrated that Nuegra does not only have tendency to increase masculine activities through increased secretion of the testosterone and FSH but also improve general conditions such as erectile dysfunction, libido, fatigue and muscular power.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.591-600
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• 2023

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a modified Double-Ovsynch protocol vs artificial insemination following estrus detection (AIED) for the enhancement of reproductive performance in Hanwoo cattle. Methods: Four hundred twelve Hanwoo cows were allocated to two treatment groups. The first group of cows were administered gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) on Day 36 (±0.6), prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) on Day 46 (8 to 12 days later), and GnRH on Day 49, which was followed by Ovsynch, consisting of an injection of GnRH on Day 56, PGF_2α on Day 63, and GnRH 56 h and timed AI (TAI) 16 h later (modified Double-Ovsynch group, n = 203). The second group of cows underwent AIED (AIED group, n = 209) and were designated as controls. Results: The pregnancy per AI 60 days after the first AI was higher in the modified Double-Ovsynch (68.5%) than in the AIED (56.5%) group, resulting in a higher probability of pregnancy per AI (odds ratio: 1.68, p<0.05). Moreover, cows in the modified Double-Ovsynch group were more likely (hazard ratio: 1.28, p<0.05) to be pregnant by 150 days after calving than cows in the AIED group, and this difference was associated with a lower mean number of AIs per conception (1.27 vs 1.39, p<0.05) and a shorter median interval between calving and pregnancy (72 vs 78 days, p<0.1). Conclusion: The modified Double-Ovsynch protocol, adjusted according to the herd visit schedule, can be readily used to increase the pregnancy per AI following the first AI and to shorten the interval between calving and pregnancy in beef herds.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.141-152
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to search for the ways to diversify Outdoor/Environmental Education Program in the Nature Study Center(NSC), especially for the middle school students. For this study, various research methods such as literature review, questionnaire survey (448 students, 11 middle school teachers, 19 NSC staffs), interview and participant observation are used the process of this study consists of two steps. The first step is to define research questions through pilot survey and the second is to investigate the research questions, in the form of hypotheses through main survey. Nine hypotheses are formulated. Six are related with program elements (educational goals, student characteristics, staff resources, teaching methods, instructional resources, contents). three are related with program implementation process(preplan, implementation, post-evaluation). The hypotheses are tested and alternatives for program improvement are proposed. 1. Educational goals : Educational goals of NSC should be focused on Outdoor /Environmental Education and each NSC should specialize on its own theme. The objectives of every sub-program should be unified toward educational goals. 2. Student characteristics: The Outdoor/Environmental Education Program should reflect student characteristics: sex, urban/rural origins, normal/handicapped, number of visit and so on. 3. Staff resources : Provide qualified staff with professional knowledge and positive attitudes, reeducate staffs periodically, reduce management staff and increase teaching staffs. Provide permanent and well paid position, encourage and give opportunities and the middle school teachers to participate in program. 4. teaching method: Increase outdoor classes two way communication between teaching staffs and students adopt more open ended teaching method so that students can exercise coworks in small groups. 5. Instructional resources: Diversify NSC sites(mountains, coastal areas, urban areas and so on), teaching media (audio/visual equipments, graphic design of signs). Consider design for handicapped and integrate indoor and outdoor educational facilities. Plan nature trails with separate themes, allign nature trail so that it passes through diverse environments. 6. Content : Reflect characteristic site potential specialize on day or night program, on seasonal program, and on site specific social issues(such as interpreting of environmental damages around the NSCs). 7. Preplan: Get Information and know about visiting students in advance. Discuss with middle school teachers and adjust program weeks before visits if many or all of the students had already visited a NSC. arrange a visit to other NSC. Provide an introductory class for the teachers and students before they visit a NSC. 8. Implementation: During NSC visit and classes apply various and appropriate techniques to collect in formation for later evaluation. Improve NSC provided evaluation sheet so as to reflect student characteristic. Compare with formal education and investigate on effects of NSC program. 9. Post-evaluation: Formalize a post-evaluation process and organization. During the winter vacation, develop new programs based on the post-evaluationacation, for the next year. Also, have comparative evaluation meetings of staff from various NSCs during the winter vacation while there is no visitors and classes.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.202-207
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• 2000

연구목적은 우식발생률이 높은 시기인 초등학교와 중고등학교 연령군의 정신지체장애인과 정상인의 우식경험도를 비교 조사하는 것이었다. 서울시와 평택시의 특수학교에 재학 중인 정신지체장애인 250명과 성남시의 정상인 210명을 연구대상으로 하였다. 구강검사를 통해 우식경험도를 조사하고, 보호자를 대상으로 연간 치과방문 횟수, 우식예방진료 경험, 칫솔질 행동 등을 설문 조사하였다. 우식경험치 수(dmft+DMFT)는 정신지체장애인이 3.28로서 정상인의 4.66보다 유의하게 적었다. 우식치 수(dt+DT)는 정신지체장애인이 2.24로서 정상인의 1.50보다 유의하게 많았으나, 충전치 수(ft+FT)는 정신지체장애인이 0.71로서 정상인의 3.06보다 유의하게 적었다. 충전치율(ft+FT rate)은 정신지체장애인이 19.78%로서 정상인의 58.89%보다 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.01). 정신지체장애인의 연간 치과방문 횟수는 한 번도 방문하지 않은 경우가 51.2%로서 가장 많았고 평균은 1.15회이었으며, 우식 예방진료를 받은 경우는 38.0%이었다. 정신지체장애인의 1일 칫솔질 횟수는 평균 2.16회이었고, 1회 칫솔질 시간은 1분이 41.0%, 2분이 37.3% 등이었으며, 스스로 칫솔질을 하는 경우가 51.2% 보호자가 칫솔질을 대신해 주는 경우가 35.5%, 보호자의 도움을 받으며 하는 경우가 13.3%이었다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.159-185
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• 2016

여행을 계획하는 일은 매우 복잡하고 많은 시간을 필요로 한다. 여행 계획을 정할 때에는 보통 관심 지점(point of interests, POIs)을 선택하고 그에 따른 다양한 제약 조건들을 고려하여 일정을 계획 한다. 관심 지점을 선정할 때 친구들에게 의견을 묻거나 인터넷에서 직접 정보를 찾으며 여행사의 도움을 받기도 한다. 하지만 이러한 방법들은 다음과 같은 어려움이 있다. 친구들에게 의견을 묻는 경우에는 친구들이 방문해 보지 못한 장소에 대한 정보를 얻기 어렵고 인터넷에서 정보를 찾는 경우에는 오히려 너무 많은 여행 정보들 때문에 필요한 정보를 탐색하고 정리하는데 많은 시간이 필요하며 여행사의 도움을 받을 때에는 여행 일정이 여행을 제공해주는 업체들 쪽으로 편중될 우려가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 여행 일정 계획 시스템인 CYTRIP을 제안한다. CYTRIP은 웹 기반의 추천 시스템으로써, 여행 정보를 공유할 수 있는 공간을 제공하고, 이를 통해 참여자들의 집단 지성에 따른 관심 지점을 추천 받는다. 그리고 PDDL3를 통해 추천된 지점들의 시간적, 공간적 제약조건 따라 여행 일정이 자동으로 생성되며 이렇게 생성된 일정은 지도 위에 표시되어 사용자에게 제공된다. 여행을 계획할 때에 정해진 기간 동안 모든 추천 관심지점을 방문할 수 없는 경우가 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 피하기 위해 정해진 시간에 방문 가능한 관심 지점들의 후보 집합을 선택하고 이 후보 집합들에 대한 여행 일정을 생성한다. 제안하는 시스템의 성능평가를 위해 사용자 평가를 실시하였다. 사용자 평가를 위해 한국관광공사에서 제공하는 데이터를 활용하였고 평가 결과 제안하는 시스템이 여러 참여자들의 집단 지성을 통해 여행 일정을 계획하는데 유용하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.226-236
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 조기 유아기 우식증의 위험 인자를 규명하고 일치된 조기 유아기 우식증의 정의를 수립하는데 기초연구로서 층화집락추출법으로 선출된 강릉시 만 5세 유치원 아동들의 보호자 364명을 대상으로 이들 아동들의 조기 유아기 우식증과 관련된 행동 식이 요인, 태아기나 출생기의 상태에 대한 설문조사연구를 시행한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 조사대상의 4분의 3이상(76.1%)의 아동이 생후 12개월 이후까지 연장된 수유를 하였으나 수면과 연관된 부적절한 수유의 빈도는 21.3%로 낮게 나타났다. 2. 대부분 보호자들(91.3%)이 이가 날 때부터 이를 닦아 주어야 한다는 사실을 알고있었음에도 불구하고, 맹출 직후 이를 닦기 시작한 경우는 35.1%에 지나지 않고 특히 2세 이후에야 이닦기를 시작하는 경우가 약 40%이상으로 조사되었다. 3. 현재 하루 칫솔질 회수는 1회 이상이 90%이상으로 매우 높게 나타났으나 5명 중 3명의 아동(61.4%)이 보호자의 도움 없이 혼자 이를 닦는 것으로 나타났으며, 간식섭취 빈도는 하루 1-3회가 약 60%, 수시로 섭취하는 대상이 약40%를 차지하여 비교적 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다($x^2-test$, p<.05 or Fisher's exact test, p>.05). 4. 대부분(87%)의 첫 치과방문시기가 3세 이상인 경우로 나타나, 조기 유아기 우식증 예방에 대한 관심이 필요한 것으로 생각되었으나, 5세 아동의 예방적 치과방문 경험이 비교적 높은 것(40.2%)으로 보아 강릉지역 보호자의 구강건강에 대한 높은 의식수준을 반영한다고 볼 수 있다. 5. 보호자의 구강환경관리상태와 아동의 일일 평균 칫솔질 회수, 예방적 치과방문, 최초 치과 방문 시기와의 상관관계 및 지역별, 공사립 유치원별 및 남녀별 차이는 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았다($x^2-test$, p>.05 or Fisher's exact test, p>.05).

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2008

사회심리적인 모형인 구강건강신념모형이 예방적인 측면에서 구강건강행위에 영향을 미치므로 구강건강신념을 구성하는 요소와 구강건강관련 행동간의 관련성을 규명하고자 초등학교 고학년 490명을 대상으로 개별자기기입방식에 의한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 통계프로그램 SPSS 14.0을 활용하여 T-test, 일변량 T검정, One-way ANOVA, 피어슨 상관분석을 하여 나타난 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 일반적 특성에 따른 구강건강신념은 유의한 차이가 없었으나 구강보건행동은 하루 칫솔질 횟수에서 여자가 남자보다 유의하게 조금 더 높았으며, 연간 치과의료기관 방문 횟수는 고학년일수록 유의하게 낮았다(p < 0.01). 2. 학생들의 구강건강신념과 구강건강행동의 상관관계에서 하루 칫솔질 횟수는 감수성, 장애도와 부의 미미한 상관성을 나타내었다. 그리고 연간 치과의료기관 방문횟수는 감수성, 심각성과 정의 미미한 상관성을 나타났었고, 하루 우식성식품 섭취횟수는 감수성, 심각성, 장애도와 정의 미미한 상관성를 나타내었으나 유익성과는 부의 미미한 상관성을 나타내었다. 3. 구강건강신념간의 상관관계는 감수성을 높게 느낄수록 심각성과 장애도는 높게 나타나지만 유익성은 낮아지며, 심각성을 높게 느낄수록 장애도는 높아지는 반면에 유익성은 낮아졌다. 또한 유익성이 높을수록 중요도는 높아지는 반면 장애도는 낮아졌다. 이상의 결과에서 알 수 있듯이 자신의 구강질환에 대한 인식의 정도나 구강상태를 심각하게 생각할수록 하루 우식성식품 섭취횟수와 연간 치과의료기관 방문횟수는 많았으나 칫솔질 횟수는 낮았다. 이는 칫솔질을 적게 하거나 우식성식품 섭취횟수와 연간 치과의료기관 방문횟수가 많을수록 자신의 구강상태가 나쁠 것이라는 생각을 하고 있으며, 치과진료에 대한 장애를 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 위의 결과를 미루어보아 구강건강신념과 구강건강행동은 서로 상호 관련성이 있음을 알 수 있으나 강한 상관성은 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 자기주도적 행동이 시작되는 초등학교 고학년의 올바른 구강건강신념 및 구강건강행동을 유도하기 위해서는 보다 적극적인 전문가에 의한 지속적이고 체계적인 학교구강보건 교육프로그램이 강화되어야 하겠다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2003

Filgrastim is used as an indispensable adjuvant drug to reduce the degree and duration of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. The purpose of this research is to study the use of filgrastim by reviewing retrospective medical records of breast cancer patients who have been treated by filgtastim in the National Cancer Center. 84 patients have received 323 cycles of chemotherapy, of which 134 cycles were treated by filgrastim $(41.5\%)$. Among those 134 cycles, 34 were for prophylaxis $(21.6\%)$, and 100 for treatment of neutropenia $(74.6\%)$. The frequence of filgrastim usage was more than $50\%$ in frequency with regimens containing docetaxel. For prophylaxis, the median of filgrastim initiation was measured on the day of chemotherapy (-3rd-13th). For the treatment, on the other hand, the median appeared on the 9th day (4th-2lst) after chemotherapy, which showed very wide distribution. Time to filgrastim initiation ranged between the 7th and the 9th day after chemotherapy in docetaxel+doxorubicin combination regimen and docetaxel single regimen, whereas it showed after the 10th day in doxorubicin+cyclophosphamide combination regimens. For the treatment, 48 out of 61 patients $(73.8\%)$ in 63 cycles have experienced fever, had to visit the emergency room, required hospitalization, caused infection, transfusion, dosage reduction and schedule changes in spite of using filgrastim with chemotherapy. For prophylaxis, 11 out of 19 patients $(17.9\%)$ in 11 cycles have experienced the same results. In conclusion, the guideline of time to the initiation and the last is required for cost-effective administration of filgrastim because of the difference occurring ANC nadir, the severity and duration of neutropenia by chemotherapy regimens.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.34-43
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• 2007

Background: Previous research has suggested that single doses of a standardised Panax ginseng extract can decrease fasted blood-glucose levels and modulate cognitive performance in healthy young volunteers. The latter has generally been seen in terms of improved secondary memory performance. However, both the cognitive effects of chronic administration of ginseng and the potential modulation of working memory have received comparatively little research attention. Aims: The current double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced cross-over study investigated the effects of 8-weeks administration of Korean ginseng extract (200 mg) on cognitive performance, gluco-regulatory parameters and ratings of subjective mood and 'quality of life'. Methods: 'Eighteen healthy young participants were assessed pre-dose and 3 hours post-dose on the mornings of Day 1, Day 29 and Day 57 of 8 week treatment regimens of both placebo and ginseng. A four-week placebo wash-out separated the treatment phases. Each assessment included the Cognitive Drug Research battery, computerised working memory tasks, and Bond-Lader mood scales. The WHO Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF) was completed once per visit. Gluco-regulatory parameters were assessed with assays of blood glucose, insulin and HbA1c. Results: Data from the 16 participants that completed the study showed that there were no significant, acute treatment related differences on Day 1 of treatment, or in gluco-regulatory parameters throughout the study. However, time related performance improvements were evident following chronic administration of ginseng on the '3-Back' and 'Corsi-block' computerised working memory tasks. Ginseng was also associated with an improved score on the 'social relations' subscale of the WHOQOL-100, and a significant shift on the 'calm' factor of the Bond-Lader mood scales (from calm/relaxed towards excited/tense). Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that Korean ginseng extract can modulate working memory performance and subjective ratings of 'quality of life' and mood. Replication with a larger sample size may further elucidate the actions of this product.