• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.6D
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• pp.549-556
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• 2012

Longitudinal tunnels are defined as tunnels with length of over 1km. Because of Korea's topographical conditions and as safety measures for linear design, many tunnels are inevitably being constructed in Korea. The number of longitudinal tunnels constructed on expressways amounted to 104 as of the end of 2010 with a total length of 192km. Given the increasing demand for tunnels and the increasing length of tunnels, a safety evaluation of longitudinal tunnels needs to be conducted. As such, this study selected design elements, transportation environment and delineation system as elements to check and tried to determine factors influencing road crashes. For this, tunnels have been classified based on history of crashes; ones with crashes and ones without crashes and statistically meaningful explanatory variables were selected. By using these variables, a logit model was development in order to better grasp the factors that directly and strongly influence crashes. The result, related to crashes as well as the analysis were utility tunnel interior materials of driving lane and passing lane, which are related to driver's visibility, lateral width widening to consolidate space in a tunnel, and annual average daily traffic (AADT) per lane. These results may be used in the future as analysis indicators when drawing up plans to prevent crashes in longitudinal tunnels.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.395-402
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• 2016

The impact of a large water control project on surrounding environment(temperature and relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, present weather and visibility) was monitored. The survey have targeted on Silleuksa temple which is located in the waterside. The number of foggy days emerged as an environmental factor that can cause damage to cultural heritage. Under construction of weir since 2011, monthly relative humidity of Yeoju and Icheon was dropped to 9.6%. It depends on decrease in the number of raining days and precipitation of each year. Silleuksa temple is contiguous to Namhan River and only 100 m away from the waterside. Average wind speed is 0.5 m/s. Silleuksa has a site environmental factors which is often foggy. The number of foggy days of Silleuksa temple declined to 53 days soon after weir's completion. In case of fog, relative humidity of outside was higher than that of outside and inside of Josadang Shrine. Relative humidity difference of outside and inside of Josadang Shrine was 5.4% on average. Relative humidity of the number of foggy days is 6.3% higher on average than that of fine days. The width and dimensions of Namhan River increased by 1.45 times after weir's construction. It can change the number of foggy days. A long-term monitoring is positively necessary on fog occurrence and relative humidity.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.116-127
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• 2017

A fog on road is known as a weather factor that affects traffic flow. The method in order to solve the problem, recently, Variable Speed Limit(VSL) which provide reasonable speed limit by road and weather conditions in real time is introduced. However, if drivers do not comply with VSL, the road safety more decrease than without VSL because individual vehicle's speed deviation is larger than without VSL. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze to speed limit compliance and traffic characteristics under foggy conditions with and without VSL. A test using driving simulator divides into normal and foggy condition with visibilities are 200m, 150, 50~100m. The test results showed that 70 subjects's average speed mostly obeyed speed limit, but speed deviation generally declined with VSL. Especially, the speed deviation more reduced under foggy conditions. According to this study, compliance of VSL clearly rose in low visibility and VSL helped improve road safety due to reduction of speed deviation. The results of this study are expected to make use of reasonable speed limit for reference.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 1999

The main objective of this study was to develop a concept of service marketing promotion in nursing that is derived from the concepts of service marketing theory. This research was a descriptive study, at the factor isolation level. The principle of concept derivation suggested by Walker and Avant (1988) and the Hybrid model suggested by Schwarz-Barcott and Kim (1993) were employed as the research method. The data were collected from December, 1997 to April. 1998 at a large general hospital located in Seoul. The procedures of this study were as follows: First. at the theoretical phase: the meaning, attributes, and definition of service marketing promotion were identified through an extensive review of the literature. Second, at the empirical phase: fieldwork was done to identify the promotional activities and events in nursing. Top nurse managers from 4 units (Director of Nursing, Head nurses of inpatient nursing unit, outpatient nursing unit. and home care nursing unit) were interviewed and the content of the interview was analyzed to identify the meaning and attributes of promotion in nursing. Other methods such as brochures and other audio-visual materials which were relevant to nursing promotion were used to supplement the interviews. Finally, the results of the theoretical and empirical analyses were intergrated to develop a concept of service marketing in nursing practice. A final definition of service marketing promotion in nursing was identified as follows. 1. Promotion as a marketing function in nursing service is concerned with communication to target markets on all information related to nursing service in order to satisfy the objectives of both a nursing service organization and the target markets. 2. The goals of nursing service promotion include: 1) increasing visibility of nursing services and delivering the information on nursing services, 2) affirming the value of nursing services, so it can contribute to formulation of reimbursement policy for nursing services. 3) advancing the general image of the nursing profession and nursing services. 4) achieving and attaining a desirable positioning for nurses among health care professionals. and 5) creating and stimulating the demand for nursing services. 3. In order to obtain these goals it is necessary to provide information on nursing services, to persuade target markets. to remind them about nursing services. and to establish a collaborative relationship with related departments. 4. The tools used to carry out the above functions of promotion in nursing are the providing nursing services, public relations and publicity. QA of nursing, advertising, and sales promotion. 5. The target markets of nursing service include the nursing customer markets. the internal markets, the influence markets. the recruitment markets. the supplier markets. and the nursing referral markets. In conclusion, the concept of promotion in other service marketing areas can be applied to the promotion of nursing service marketing. The promotion of nursing service is more than just effective communication in nursing service. it is the effective use of the concepts of service marketing promotion. Promotion of nursing service will contribute to create and expand nursing services.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2007

In this study, we have performed contrast-detail analysis for an amorphous selenium(a-Se) based digital X-ray imaging system by using a contrast-detail phantom(CDRAD 2.0) to test its low contrast performance. The X-ray imaging system utilizes an 500-mm-thick a-Se semiconductor X-ray absorber coated over an amorphous silicon(a-Si) TFT(thin-film transistor) detector matrix with a $139mm{\times}139mm$ pixel size and a $46.7cm{\times}46.7cm$ active area. In the measurement of contrast-detail curves we first acquired X-ray images of the CDRAD 2.0 phantom at given test conditions(i.e., 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 kVp, and 16 mA.s), and then evaluated the contrast-detail characteristics of the imaging system from each phantom image by using an image quality factor called the image-quality-figure-inverse(IQFinv). The IQFinv values for the imaging system gradually improved with the photon fluence, indicating the improvement of image visibility: 24.4, 35.3, 39.2, 41.5, and 43.4 at photon fluences of $1.8{\times}105$, $5.9{\times}105$, $11.3{\times}105$, $19.4{\times}105$, and $29.4{\times}105$ photons/$mm^2$, respectively.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.8
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• pp.579-588
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• 2013

This paper proposes an effective watermarking approach for copyright protection of fire video images. The proposed watermarking approach efficiently utilizes the inherent characteristics of fire data with respect to color and texture by using a gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering. GLCM is used to generate a texture feature dataset by computing energy and homogeneity properties for each candidate fire image block. FCM is used to segment color of the fire image and to select fire texture blocks for embedding watermarks. Each selected block is then decomposed into a one-level wavelet structure with four subbands [LL, LH, HL, HH] using a discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and LH subband coefficients with a gain factor are selected for embedding watermark, where the visibility of the image does not affect. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking approach achieves about 48 dB of high peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and 1.6 to 2.0 of low M-singular value decomposition (M-SVD) values. In addition, the proposed approach outperforms conventional image watermarking approach in terms of normalized correlation (NC) values against several image processing attacks including noise addition, filtering, cropping, and JPEG compression.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to draw safe environmental project factors for enhancing the safety of children in peripheral space around children's park and suggest environmental project measures for peripheral spaces around children's parks, based on the survey of children's park users' consciousness on peripheral spaces. Physical space range for this study was limited to low-rise housing area wihtin the radius of 250m, as peripheral spaces around children's parks in which children's playgrounds were built. In addition, the target areas for examining users' consciousness on peripheral spaces around children's parks were selected according to following criteria. 1)areas with highter portion of children; 2) those with higher portion of single-family houses/multi-housing/tenement houses, which constitute low-rise housing areas; and 3) those with higher safety accident rate of children, which was measured based on criminal and traffic accidents. The finding are as follows: first, users' consciousness on safety accidents that are likely to occur in peripheral spaces around children's parks was examined to show that there is most prominent difference between satisfaction and necessity. This result suggests that users are clearly conscious of the necessity of environmental improvement rather than the satisfaction with the current peripheral environment around children's park.; second, for the difference between satisfaction with and necessity of environmental project factors for access/boundary spaces around children's pakrs, there is most significant difference between the satisfaction with and the necessity of establishment of facilities against illegal parking for clear visibility of community roads, for access spaces, and the separate establishment of bicycle racks around main entry into parks, for boundary spaces. Users' necessity of the establishment of them is judged to be derived from the fact that the safety of children and even adults is threatened, because bicycles invaded into the deep inside of children parks. This study analyzed a correlation between satisfaction and necessity through factor and IPA analysis, and should be initially considenred if the future environmental improvement project would be conducted to promote safe environment in peripheral spaces around children's parks in the future. It will be necessary to provide practical environmental project factors through a field investigation.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.59-75
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• 2010

In this study, location evaluation of the natural environment of ports in the Joseon Dynasty was carried out to investigate the outport of east coast for the conquest of Usanguk. As a result of study, there were 55 ports and naval stations in the Joseon Dynasty, including the Yeongokpo, Aninpo, Samcheokpo, Susanpo, and Wolsongpo. As a result of the restoration work in the sea level that was done in the sixth century, the sea level at that time was about 1m higher than that at present. In terms of the location type, three types were identified via natural-environment analysis. Location type I consists of a total of 21 ports suitable for defense due to the sand spit in all the sides and because it is located in the bay of small and medium rivers. Location type II is composed of 22 ports close to the open seas, and location type III consists of a total of 12 ports centering on the bay. A total of nine ports satisfied the location factor in the shortest distance analysis(targeting location type I), 15 ports in the slope analysis, 13 ports in the hinterland analysis, 13 ports in the visibility analysis, and 11 ports in the ocean current analysis. It was found in the final evaluation that the I level regions consist of two ports(Obunjin and Mangyangjin). Obunjin has a location characteristic that is advantageous for defense and that makes it suitable to serve as an anchorage harbor for a large-scale fleet as its water level is deep and as it has a wide embayment. In conclusion, Obunjin is considered the outport that has the highest possibility of serving as Isabu's departure port for the conquest of Usanguk.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.13-23
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• 2023

Unlike building construction projects, where the activity is repeatedly carried out in a limited area, civil engineering projects such as roads and railroads are carried out in a linear type in a horizontal working space over several tens of kilometers. Each activity is managed with a station number that has a unit of distance from the starting point to the end point. For this reason, since the work location information of the activity is a major management factor, the Gantt chart system that expresses only schedule information may have limitations. In this study, authors propose a method for constructing a linear schedule chart that can simultaneously express schedule information indicating the start and finish dates and location information indicating the start and end positions of each activity, and develop a system for generating a linear schedule chart. In the study, the coordinate axes of the linear schedule chart consisted of distance and date values on the X and Y axes, respectively, and each activity was expressed as a symbol that can infer the type of work to increase the visibility of the linear schedule chart compared to the simple bar chart method. The linear schedule chart generation system was reviewed for practical applicability by utilizing the actual schedule data of bridge structures in a railroad project.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.160-174
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• 2023

LiDAR plays a key role in autonomous vehicles, and to improve its visibility, it is necessary to improve its performance and the detection objects. Accordingly, this study proposes a shape for traffic safety signs that is advantageous for self-driving vehicles to recognize. Improvement plans are also proposed using a shape-recognition algorithm based on point cloud data collected through LiDAR sensors. For the experiment, a DBSCAN-based road-sign recognition and classification algorithm, which is commonly used in point cloud research, was developed, and a 32ch LiDAR was used in an actual road environment to conduct recognition performance tests for 5 types of road signs. As a result of the study, it was possible to detect a smaller number of point clouds with a regular triangle or rectangular shape that has vertical asymmetry than a square or circle. The results showed a high classification accuracy of 83% or more. In addition, when the size of the square mark was enlarged by 1.5 times, it was possible to classify it as a square despite an increase in the measurement distance. These results are expected to be used to improve dedicated roads and traffic safety facilities for sensors in the future autonomous driving era and to develop new facilities.