• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.492-501
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• 2018

Obesity is a worldwide disease and one of the major risk factors. Virus among many factors can lead to obesity. Adenovirus 36 (Ad-36) is the adipogenic virus linked with human obesity. Nevertheless, there is no drug to treat both Ad-36 infection and obesity associated with virus. For the precedent study on anti-cholesterol test, Distylium racemosum (D. racemosum), Quercus salicina (Q. salicina) and Raphiolepis indica (R. indica) were selected. This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-cholesterol effects, anti-lipid effects and inhibition of Ad-36 replication from three extracts. D. racemosum ($50{\mu}g/mL$) inhibited lipid accumulation on 3T3-L1 adipocyte. D. racemosum inhibited adipocyte differentiation through suppression of regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) genes and adipocyte-specific genes such as adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). D. racemosum inhibited replication of Ad-36 at $50{\mu}g/mL$ of concentration. Therefore, the extract of D. racemosum could be a candidate for development of anti-Ad-36 and anti-obesity drugs.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2005

Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-l) based lentivirus vector has demonstrated great potential as gene therapy vectors mediating efficient gene delivery and long-term transgene expression in both dividing and nondividing cells. However, for clinical studies it must be confirmed that vector preparations are safe and not contaminated by replication competent lentivirus (RCL) related to the parental pathogenic virus, HIV-l. In this study, we would like to establish the method for titration and RCL detection of lentivirus vector. The titration was determined by vector expression containing the green fluorescent protein, GFP in transduced cells. The titer was $1{\times}10^7$ Transducing Unit/ml in the GFP expression assay and $8.9{\times}10^7$ molecules/ml in the real-time PCR. Also, for the detection of RCL, we have used a combination method of PCR and p24 antigen detection. First, PBS/psi and VSV-G region in the genomic DNA of transduced cells was detected by PCR assay. Second, transfer and expression of the HIV-1 gag gene was detected by p24 ELISA. In an attempt to amplify any RCL, the transduced cells were cultured for 3 weeks (amplification phase) and the supernatant of amplified transduced cell was used for the second transduction to determine whether a true RCL was present (indicator phase). Analysis of cells and supernatant at day 6 in indicator phase were negative for PBS/psi, VSV-G, and p24 antigen. These results suggest that they are not mobilized and therefore there are no RCL in amplification phase. Thus, real-time PCR is a reliable and sensitive method for titration and RCL detection of lentivirus vector.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2000

한국에서 분리된 전염성 조혈괴저바이러스(infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, IHNV)인 IHNV-PRT의 non-viron(NV)단백질을 암호화하고 있는 cDNA를 클로닝하여 이들의 염기서열을 분석하였다. NV는 336bpzmrl의 open reading frame을 포함하였으며 이로부터 111개의 아미노산 서열을 외국에서 분리된 IHNV들과 비교 분석한 결과 90-95%의 상동성을 보였다. 이러한 사실은 INHV의 NV단백질 유전자들은 IHNV의 strain에 관계없이 매우 보존되어 있음을 나타내준다. Northern blotting을 사용하여 NV의 발현을 측정한 결과 감염 후 20 시간분터 발현이 증가함을 확인 힐수 있었다. NV가 바이러스의 증식에 필요한지의 여부를 확인하기 위하여 바이러스 유전자의 antisense DNA를 사용하여 바이러스 증식 억제에 관한 실험을 수행하였다. Glycoprotein (G)의 antisense DNA를 처리한 경우 바이러스의 증식이 거의 억제된 반면 NV에 대한 antisense DNA를 처리한 경우 바이러스 증식에 거의 변화가 없었다. 이로부터 배양중인 세포가 있어서 NV는 증식에 필수적이지 않은 것으로 판단된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2006

The 5′-region of Potato virus X (PVX) RNA, which contains an AC-rich, single-stranded region and stem-loop structure 1 (SL1), affects RNA replication and assembly. Using Systemic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) and the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we demonstrate that SL1 interacts specifically with tobacco protoplast protein extracts (S100). The 36 nucleotides that correspond to the top region of SL1, which comprises stem C, loop C, stem D, and the tetra loop (TL), were randomized and bound to the S100. Remarkably, the wild-type (wt) sequence was selected in the second round, and the number of wt sequences increased as selection proceeded. All of the selected clones from the fifth round contained the wt sequence. Secondary structure predictions (mFOLD) of the recovered sequences revealed relatively stable stem-loop structures that resembled SL1, although the nucleotide sequences therein were different. Moreover, many of the clones selected in the fourth round conserved the TL and C-C mismatch, which suggests the importance of these elements in host protein binding. The SELEX clone that closely resembled the wt SL1 structure with the TL and C-C mismatch was able to replicate and cause systemic symptoms in plants, while most of the other winners replicated poorly only on inoculated leaves. The RNA replication level on protoplasts was also similarly affected. Taken together, these results indicate that the SL1 of PVX interacts with host protein(s) that play important roles related to virus replication.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.384-394
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• 2024

Background: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), known to latently infect the host's trigeminal ganglion, can lead to severe herpes encephalitis or asymptomatic infection, potentially contributing to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. The virus generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that significantly impact viral replication and induce chronic inflammation through NF-κB activation. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an oxidative stress regulator, can prevent and treat HSV-1 infection by activating the passive defense response in the early stages of infection. Methods and results: Our study investigated the antiviral effects of ginsenoside Rg5, an Nrf2 activator, on HSV-1 replication and several host cell signaling pathways. We found that HSV-1 infection inhibited Nrf2 activity in host cells, induced ROS/NF-κB signaling, and triggered inflammatory cytokines. However, treatment with ginsenoside Rg5 inhibited ROS/NF-κB signaling and reduced inflammatory cytokines through NRF2 induction. Interestingly, the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 suppressed the expression of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) and enhanced the expression of KEAP1 in HSV-1 infected cells. This led to the reversal of VP16 expression inhibition, a protein factor associated with HSV-1 infection, thereby promoting HSV-1 replication. Conclusion: These findings suggest for the first time that ginsenoside Rg5 may serve as an antiviral against HSV-1 infection and could be a novel therapeutic agent for HSV-1-induced neuroinflammation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.233-239
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• 2024

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation has recently emerged as a significant co-transcriptional modification involved in regulating various RNA functions. It plays a vital function in numerous biological processes. Enzymes referred to as m6A methyltransferases, such as the methyltransferase-like (METTL) 3-METTL14-Wilms tumor 1 (WT1)-associated protein (WTAP) complex, are responsible for adding m6A modifications, while m6A demethylases, including fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5), can remove m6A methylation. The functions of m6A-methylated RNA are regulated through the recognition and interaction of m6A reader proteins. Recent research has shown that m6A methylation takes place at multiple sites within hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNAs, and the location of these modifications can differentially impact the HBV infection. The addition of m6A modifications to HBV RNA can influence its stability and translation, thereby affecting viral replication and pathogenesis. Furthermore, HBV infection can also alter the m6A modification pattern of host RNA, indicating the virus's ability to manipulate host cellular processes, including m6A modification. This manipulation aids in establishing chronic infection, promoting liver disease, and contributing to pathogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the functional roles of m6A modification during HBV infection is crucial for developing innovative approaches to combat HBV-mediated liver disease. In this review, we explore the functions of m6A modification in HBV replication and its impact on the development of liver disease.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2002

The objective of the study was to clarify the mechanism of persistent infection of marine birnavirus (MABV) in various nonpermissive cell lines. It was observed in CHSE-214, RTG-2 and RSBK-2 that the virus produced at high yield with typical cytopathic effect (CPE). On the contrary, the CPE was not produced in EPC, FHM and BF-2 cells. However amount of virus protein in both permissive and nonpermissive cell lines detected by ELISA was almost the same. Electron microscopy showed virions in permissive cells but not in nonpermissive cells. From the results, it is clear that virus protein and RNA were produced in nonpermissive cells as observed in permissive cells; however, assembly of the virus particles did not occur in nonpermissive cells.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.208-213
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• 2002

The human polyomavirus JC virus is the etiologic agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). As the JC virus early promoter directs cell-specific expression of the viral replication factor large T antigen, transcriptional regulation constitutes a major mechanism of glial tropism in PML. It has been demonstrated that SV4O or JC virus large T antigen interacts with p53 protein and regulates many viral and cellular genes. In this study we founts that p53 represses the JC virus early promoter in both glial and nonglial cells To identify the cis-regulatory elements responsible for p53-mediated repression, deletional and site-directed mutational analyses were performed . Deletion of the enhancer region diminished p53-mediated transcriptional repression. However, point mutations of several transcription factor binding sites in the basal promoter region did not produce any significant changes. In support of this observation, when the enhancer was fused to a heterologous promoter, p53 red reduced the promoter activity about three fold. These results indicate that the enhancer region is important for tole repression of JC virus transcription by p53. Furthermore, coexpression of JC virus T antigen with a p53 protein abolished p53-mediated repression of the JC virus early promoter in non-glial cells, but not in glial cells. This finding suggests that T antigen interacts with p53 and regulates JC virus transcription in a cell-specific manner.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1361-1367
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• 2007

Nocardiopis sp. 유래의 protein kinase 저해제인 KT5720, KT5926을 사용하여 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) 증식에 미치는 세포변성의 억제를 지표로서 연구하였다. 그 결과 CAMP의존 kinase를 저해하는 KT5720, mysion light chain kinase (MLCK)를 저해하는 KT5926이 VSV에 의한 세포변성을 억제시켰다. Protein kinase inhibitor KT5720은 VSV의 증식에 영향을 미치지는 않지만, 세포변성과정은 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. Virus RNA 및 단백질 합성에서 PKA KT5720이 영향을 미치지 않는 것은 virus 증식에 영향이 없는 것으로 나타난다. Virus 증식과정에서 성질이 다른 protein kinase가 관여하는데, 이것은 negative strand virus에 대한 항virus 제 개발에 중요한 역할을 한다고 생각한다.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.65.1-65
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• 2003

In addition to the five well-characterized genes of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), this virus contains a sixth open reading frame (ORF6) that encodes a 4.8 kDa protein. TMV ORF6 overlaps the ORFs encoding the 30 kDa movement protein and the adjacent 17.5 kDa capsid protein. Although the 4.8 kDa protein could not be detected in vivo, alteration of the AUG codons of this ORF resulted in a mutant virus that attenuated the virulence of the mutated TMV in Nicotiana benthamiana, but not N. tabacum (tobacco). These sequence changes did not affect either the replication or movement of the mutated TMV. Expression of TMV ORF6 from the virus expression vector Potato virus X (PVX) intensified the virulence of this virus in N. benthmiana, but not tobacco, while expression of TMV ORF6 from the virus expression vector Tobacco rattle virus enhanced the pathogenicity observed in both N. benthamima and tobacco. Thus, the TMV ORF6 is a host- and virus-specific. virulence factor. However, two separate assays indicated that the TMV 4.8 kDa protein was not a suppression of RNA silencing. A fusion protein formed between the TMV 4.8 kDa protein and the green fluorescent protein was expressed from the PVX vector and localized to plasmodesmata. Possible roles of the 4.8 kDa protein in pathogenicity will be discussed