• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.369-378
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• 2019

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of virtual reality-based task training (VRBTT) using a smart glove on upper extremity function and activity of daily living in stroke patients. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with chronic stroke disease were randomly allocated to two groups: the VRBTT group (n=14) and the control group (n=15). All patients received 30 minutes of standard occupational therapy, 5 times a week, for 8 weeks. The VRBTT group performed an additional 30 minutes of virtual reality-based rehabilitation training, 5 times a week, for 8 weeks. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in upper extremity function, yielding an increase in FMA and K-WMFT (p<0.05). There was a more significant increase in the VRBTT group before and after interventions (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in MAS for the control group (p>0.05); however, there was a significant increase for the VRBTT group (p<0.05). In the activities of daily living, there was a significant difference in the values for K-MBI (p<0.05). In addition, both groups showed a significant increase for K-MBI and K-RNLI (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that VRBTT using smart gloves can have a more positive effect on upper extremity function and activities of daily living in stroke patients than conventional intervention methods. A variety of virtual reality-based contents and glove-shaped wearable devices will help stroke patients in rehabilitation clinics recover and return to society.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.203-216
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of a VR(virtual reality)-based biology class on both the cognitive and affective domains by developing and applying a VR-based biology program for 6th-grade elementary school students. For this research, we developed a VR teaching material about 'digestion' reflecting virtual reality characteristics and one hundred five students in an elementary school in an urban area participated in this study and took three VR-based lessons. To examine the cognitive effects of a VR-based biology class, the study subjects were divided into two groups. The experimental group was composed of 50 individuals who participated in VR-based biology lessons, while 55 students of a control group learned through general lessons. We collected data using drawing tasks for measuring students' modeling performance level from these groups and analyzed the cognitive effect of VR-based instruction. We also recorded 21 interviews of students after the intervention, which were transcribed to verify the students' perception of cognitive and affective effects. The key results are as follows: First, we demonstrated the possibility of applying a VR program reflecting VR characteristics (manipulation, multi-sensory, and interaction). Second, we found out that a VR-based biology class significantly enhances higher levels of thinking (spatial, abstract, and reflective thinking). Third, we examined students' perceptions on this program and came to the conclusion that VR characteristics positively affected cognitive and affective domains. This study may be able to contribute to offering guidelines on how to apply VR-programs to future science education effectively.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.177-190
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of health interventions using virtual reality (VR) on improving knowledge, attitudes, and skills; and inducing behavioral change among adolescents. Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. We searched Cochrane, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and Korean databases between database inception and April 10, 2021. Based on heterogeneity, a random- or fixed-effects model was used, as appropriate, to calculate effect sizes in terms of the standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR). Studies were selected if they verified the effects of health education using VR on adolescents; there was an appropriate control group; and if the effects of education were reported in terms of changes in knowledge, attitudes, skills, or behaviors. Results: This analysis included six studies (n = 1,086). The intervention groups showed greater responses in knowledge and attitudes (SMD = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.12 to 1.02]), skills related to health behavior (SMD = - 0.45, 95% CI [- 0.71 to - 0.19]), and behavioral change after 12 months (OR = 2.36, 95% CI [1.03 to 5.41]). Conclusion: The results confirm the effectiveness of health interventions using virtual reality (VR). Although the analysis include a small number of studies, a case can be made for health interventions using VR to be utilized as educational methods and strategies to prevent risky behaviors among adolescents.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.623-636
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• 2017

The use of virtual reality(VR)-based interventions for students with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) has received special attention as evidence-based practices for its feasiblity, practicality, and appropriateness. However, there is little research to investigate the effects of VR-based intervention for students with ASD in Korea. This study identifies and reviews studies applying VR-based interventions. In total, 13 experimental studies were found that examine the effects of VR interventions published from 1990 to 2016. The selected studies were analyzed by 6 variables including publication year, participants, research design, independent variable, dependent variable, and outcome. The results of this study showed the feasibility of the implementing VR-based interventions in various age group students with ASD. In addition, the utilization of VR techniques was particularly effective in improving a wide range of social communication skills including facial recognition, empathy, joint attention, understanding social context, and resolving issues due to limited cognitive abilities. Several recommendations for the future study on VR-based intervention for students with ASD such as interdisciplinary approach to VR-based interventions, support needs regarding characteristics of ASD, generalization and maintenance of acquired technology, and consideration for participants' cultural background. were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.121-133
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• 2022

Purpose: This study examined the impact of a virtual reality intervention program based on psychological needs on behavioral and psychological symptoms, apathy, and quality of life (QOL) in patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment living in nursing facilities. Methods: This study is nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design of quasi-experimental study. The study collected data from November 18, 2020 to July 24, 2021 from patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group) at three nursing facilities in G city using self-reporting and caregiver-informant reporting methods. The analysis employed the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, paired t-test, independent t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney U, repeated measures ANOVA, GEE, using SPSS/WIN 27.0. Results: The severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms (Wald 𝛘² = 2.68, p = .102) and the care burden of caregivers (Wald 𝛘² = 1.72, p = .190) were not significant and was no significant time and group interaction effect (Wald 𝛘² = 0.63, p = .426, Wald 𝛘² = 0.52, p =. 471). The difference in apathy and QOL score were statistically significant for the group-time interaction (F = 43.65, p < .001; F = 4.35, p = .041). Conclusion: The virtual reality intervention program of this study shows a positive effect on the apathy reduction and QOL of patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment residing in nursing facilities.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2021

The purpose of this study were to analyze effects of VR-based intervention on daily living skills and class attitudes of students with intellectual disabilities. To do this, 30 students with intellectual disabilities in the second and third grades of middle school were selected for this study and placed three group. A group took part in a class using only VR program, B group participated in experience activities program, and C group got in the intervention program that combine VR program and experience activities on daily living skills. Intervention programs were conducted 4 times in a week for 4 weeks from the fourth week of July to the third week of August and a class time of each class was 50 minutes. Evaluations were carried out in pre- and post-test. The Evaluation data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and scheffe'. In Result of study, daily living skills of C group was improved more higher than other groups and class attitudes of C group was improved more higher than group B. These results showed that the intervention combining VR program and direct experience activities was more effective than the other methods.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2024

Purpose: Cybersickness is a type of motion sickness induced by virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) environments that presents symptoms including nausea, dizziness, and headaches. This study aimed to investigate how cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) alleviates motion sickness symptoms and modulates brain activity in individuals experiencing cybersickness after exposure to a VR environment. Methods: This study was performed on two groups of healthy adults with cybersickness symptoms. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either cathodal tDCS intervention or sham tDCS intervention. Brain activity during VR stimulation was measured by 38-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). tDCS was administered to the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) for 20 minutes at an intensity of 2mA, and the severity of cybersickness was assessed pre- and post-intervention using a simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ). Result: Following the experiment, cybersickness symptoms in subjects who received cathodal tDCS intervention were reduced based on SSQ scores, whereas those who received sham tDCS showed no significant change. fNIRS analysis revealed that tDCS significantly diminished cortical activity in subjects with high activity in temporal and parietal lobes, whereas high cortical activity was maintained in these regions after intervention in subjects who received sham tDCS. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cathodal tDCS applied to the right TPJ region in young adults experiencing cybersickness effectively reduces motion sickness induced by VR environments.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 2023

Objective : The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the methods by which virtual reality (VR)-based occupational therapy interventions are applied to disabled children and adolescents and to assess their effectiveness. Methods : The RISS, DBpia, KCI, Science Direct, and CINAHL MEDLINE databases were searched for relevant literature from January 2012 to August 2022. The main search terms used were "virtual reality," "work therapy," "youth," "virtual reality," "occupational therapy," "child," and "adolescent." A total of 16 documents were selected for analysis by the 4th stage of the PRISMA flowchart. Results : In the 16 selected studies, VR-based occupational therapy when used with children and adolescents with disabilities and was shown to have meaningful effects. Among the types of cerebral palsy covered in the studies, the most common was hemiplegia, and the evaluation tools used for measurement of the VR effect were daily activities, cognition, exercise technology, social-interaction technology, and visual-perception evaluation. Nintendo wii and Microsoft Kinect produced the VR tools most commonly used to improve motor skills and daily life. Conclusion : The results of this study indicate that VR interventions can be used effectively in clinical practice. In the future, they may assist in the diagnosis of disabled children and adolescents, in helping to select VR tools that are suitable for the purposes of intervention, and in the presentation of specific methods.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.93-102
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the change in thickness of transvers abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique when virtual reality based ring fit adventure is applied to young adults in order to investigate the effect of ring fit adventure on core stabilization. Methods : 30 subjects participated in the experiment. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. 15 subjects performed ring fit adventure core exercise (experimental group) and 15 subjects bridge and dead bug exercise (control group). The ring fit adventure core exercise program consists of 6 types, 1) bow pull, 2) overhead lunge twist, 3) pendulum bend, 4) seated ring raise, 5) plank, 6) warrior III pose. Each exercise was performed for 5 minutes, for a total of 30 minutes. The bridege and dead bug exercise were performed for 15 minutes each for a total of 30 minutes. All interventions were performed 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Thickness of the abdominal muscles was measured with a ultrasound. The paired t-test was used to compare the thickness of the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique before and after intervention, and the comparison between groups was analyzed using the independent t-test. Results : As a result, in the experimental group, thickness of transverse abdominis and internal oblique increased significantly (p<.05), but external oblique decreased significantly (p<.05), and in the control group, thickness of transverse abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique increased significantly (p<.05). There was a significant difference in external oblique in the difference between groups (p<.05). Conclusion : These study results showed that core exercise using ring fit adventure can reduce external oblique and increased selective muscle activity of transverse abdominis and internal oblique of the deep abdominal muscles, so it is meaningful as an effective intervention for core stabilization.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.14 no.3_1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to suggest the fitness Avatar model for increasing physical activities in individuals with SCI(spinal cord injury). With the increasing of the disable, the ratio of individuals with SCI is also increasing. Avatar is a movable image that represents a person in a virtual reality environment or in cyberspace. With the expansion of new technology, such as video games and virtual reality, there has been an increase in the interest of using virtual reality in therapy. It is not easy for individuals with SCI to access tho sports facilities due to paraplegia. The increasing physical activities based on virtual reality will be the most innovative and future-oriented approach. First, building a system and establishing a comprehensive support system is essential to activate and spread variety of physical activities for individuals with SCI. Second, providing a appropriate feedback and identifying the effect of intervention will be considered.